Lista form słabych w języku angielskim

Formy słabe w języku angielskim – formy nieakcentowane, występujące najczęściej w złożeniach czasownik + not, zaimek osobowy + czasownik posiłkowy lub modalny.

Czasownik z przeczeniem not

Czasowniki posiłkowe

To be

• are + not → aren't /ɑːnt/
• is + not → isn't /ɪzənt/
• was + not → wasn't /ˈwɒzənt/
• were + not → weren't wɜːnt/^[1]

To have

• have + not → haven't /hævnt/
• has + not → hasn't /ˈhævənt/
• had + not → hadn't /ˈhædənt/^[2]

To do

• do + not → don't /dəʊnt/
• does + not → doesn't /ˈdʌzənt/
• did + not → didn't /dɪdənt/^[3]

Czasowniki modalne

• will + not → won't /wəʊnt/^[4]
• shall + not → shan't /ʃɑːnt/
• can + not → can't /kɑːnt/
• must + not → mustn't /ˈmʌsənt/
• may + not → mayn't /ˈmeɪənt/ forma bardzo rzadka^[5]
• would + not → wouldn't /ˈwʊdənt/^[6]
• should + not → shouldn't /ʃʊdənt/
• might + not → mightn't /ˈmaɪtənt/
• ought (to) + not → oughtn't /ˈɔːtənt/
• dare + not → daren't /deənt/
• used + not → usedn't /juːsənt/
• need + not → needn't /niːdənt/^[5]

Zaimek + czasownik

to be

• I + am → I'm /aɪm/
• you + are → you're /jə/
• he + is → he's /his/
• she + is → she's /ʃiz/
• it + is → it's /ɪts/
• we + are → we're /wɪə/
• they + are → they're /ðeə/^[1]
• there + is → there's /ðeəz/

have

• I + have → I've /aɪv/
• you + have → you've /juːv/
• he + has → he's /hiz/
• she + has → she's /ʃiz/
• it + has → it's /ɪts/
• we + have → we've /wiːv/
• they + have → they've^[2] /ðeɪv/
• there + has → there's /ðeəz/

• I + had → I'd /aɪd/
• you + had → you'd /juːd/
• he + had → he'd /hiːd/
• she + had → she'd /ʃiːd/
• we + had → we'd /wiːd/
• they + had → they'd^[2] /ðeɪd/
• there + had → there'd /ðeəd/

Czasowniki modalne

will, shall

• I + will/shall → I'll /aɪl/
• you + will/shall → you'll /juːl/
• he + will/shall → he'll /hiːl/
• she + will/shall → she'll /ʃiːl/
• it + will/shall → it'll /ɪtl/
• we + will/shall → we'll /wiːl/
• they + will/shall → they'll^[4] /ðeɪl/
• there + will/shall → there'll /ðeəl/

would

• I + would → I'd /aɪd/
• you + would → you'd /juːd/
• he + would → he'd /hiːd/
• she + would → she'd /ʃiːd/
• we + would → we'd /wiːd/
• they + would → they'd^[6] /ðeɪd/
• there + would → there'd /ðeəd/

Inne

• let + us → let's /lets/
• you + all → y’all /jɑl/

W bardzo potocznej angielszczyźnie formy czasowników be, have + not mogą przyjmować formę ain't /eɪnt/^[5].

Przypisy

1. Geoffrey Leech: An A – Z of English Grammar and Usage. Harlow: Longman, 2001, s. 60-63. ISBN 0-582-40574-2.
2. Geoffrey Leech: An A – Z of English Grammar and Usage. Harlow: Longman, 2001, s. 190-192. ISBN 0-582-40574-2.
3. Geoffrey Leech: An A – Z of English Grammar and Usage. Harlow: Longman, 2001, s. 128=132. ISBN 0-582-40574-2.
4. Geoffrey Leech: An A – Z of English Grammar and Usage. Harlow: Longman, 2001, s. 592-593. ISBN 0-582-40574-2.
5. Michael Swan: Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, s. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-442098-3.
6. Geoffrey Leech: An A – Z of English Grammar and Usage. Harlow: Longman, 2001, s. 601-603. ISBN 0-582-40574-2.