Max Born

Max Born
Sünniaeg 11. detsember 1882
Wrocław (Saksa keisririik)
Surmaaeg 5. jaanuar 1970 (87-aastaselt)
Göttingen
Amet füüsik, teadlane
Autasud Londoni Kuningliku Seltsi liige, Nobeli füüsikaauhind
Autogramm
[muuda Wikidatas]

Max Born (11. detsember 1882 Breslau – 5. jaanuar 1970 Göttingen) oli juudi päritolu saksa matemaatik ja füüsik, Nobeli auhinna laureaat.

Ta oli üks kvantmehaanika alusepanijaid. Samuti aitas ta täiendada tahkisefüüsika haru ja optikaharu ning jälgis mitme märkimisväärse füüsiku tööd aastatel 1920–1930. Ta sai 1954. aastal Nobeli füüsikaauhinna töö "Alusuuringud kvantmehaanikas ja statistiline lainefunktsiooni tõlgendus" eest.

Elulugu

Max Born sündis 1882. aastal Breslaus (praegu Wrocław, Poola), mis oli Saksa keisririigi osa. Ta sündis juudi peres, tema isa Gustav Born oli Breslau ülikooli embrüoloogiaprofessor.

1904. aastal astus ta Göttingeni ülikooli ning tutvus kolme tunnustatud matemaatikuga (Felix Klein, David Hilbert ja Hermann Minkowski). Doktoritöö kirjutas ta teemal "Elastilise joone stabiilsus tasapinnal ja kosmoses". 1905. aastal alustas ta koos Minkowskiga erirelatiivsusteooria uuringuid. 1918. aastal kohtus ta Berliinis Fritz Haberiga ning nende arutlusest ainest, kus metalli reageerimisel halogeeniga tekib iooniline ühend, sündis Born-Haberi ringlus.

Esimese maailmasõja ajal töötas Born algul raadiooperaatorina, kuid hiljem tänu erialastele teadmistele viidi üle uurima helidiapasooni. 1921. aastal kolis Born Göttingeni tagasi ning kohtus taas oma sõbra ja kolleegi James Franckiga. Tänu Bornile sai Göttingenist üks maailma paremaid füüsikakeskusi.[viide?] 1925. aastal koostasid Max Born ja Werner Heisenberg maatriksimehaanika, mis esindas kvantmehaanikat. Järgmisel aastal koostas Max Born kompleksnumbrilise tõlgenduse (probability amplitude) Schrödingeri võrrandi jaoks. Seda tunnustati 1954. aastal Nobeli auhinnaga. Max Borni mõju laienes palju kaugemale tema enda uuringust.

Kui Saksamaal 1933. aasta jaanuaris tulid võimule natsid, pidi juudist Born põgenema. Ta emigreerus Suurbritanniasse, kus töötas St. Johni kolledžis Cambridge'is ning kirjutas aimeraamatu "Püsimatu universum" (inglise keeles "The Restless Universe") või "Aatomifüüsika" (inglise keeles "Atomic Physics"). See raamat sai peagi õpikuks. 1936. aasta oktoobris sai Born loodusfilosoofia professoriks Edinburghi Ülikoolis. Seal töötades jätkas ta oma uurimistööd füüsikast sakslastest abiliste E. Walter Kellermanni ja Klaus Fuchsiga. 31. augustil 1939, üks päev enne teise maailmasõja puhkemist Euroopas, sai ta Suurbritannia kodakondsuse ning jäi kuni 1952. aastani Edinburghi.

Vanaduspõlve veetis Max Born Lääne-Saksamaal Pyrmontis ja suri Göttingeni haiglas 5. jaanuaril 1970.

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