Manado Malay

Manado Malay
Manado Malay
Bahasa Manado
Native to	Indonesia
Region	North Sulawesi
Native speakers	850,000 (2001)
Language family	Malay Creole East Indonesian Manado Malay; ;
Dialects	Bitung; Bunaken;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xmm
Glottolog	mala1481

Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used,^[2] after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.

Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and Ternate loan words, as well as having traits such as its use of kita as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon.^[3] For example, the pronouns ngana ('you', singular) and ngoni ('you', plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin.^[4] Manado Malay has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.^[5]

Phonology

Vowels

The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.^[6]

Manado Malay vowels
	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

Consonants

Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.^[7]

North Moluccan Malay consonants
	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	p b	t d	c ɟ	k ɡ	ʔ
Fricative	f v	s			h
Lateral		l
Trill		r
Semivowel	w		j

Stress

Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable:

kadéra	'chair'
sténga	'half'
dói	'money'

However, there are also many words with final stress:

butúl	'right, correct, true'
tolór	'egg; testicle'
sabóng	'soap'

Grammar

Pronouns

Personal

Pronoun	Standard Indonesian	Manado Malay
First singular	aku	kita
First plural	kami/kita	torang
Second singular	kamu	ngana
Second plural	kalian	ngoni
Third singular	dia	dia
Third plural	mereka	dorang

Possessives

Possessives are built by adding pe to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus pe has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".

English	Manado Malay
My friend	kita pe tamang / ta pe tamang
Your (sing.) friend	ngana pe tamang / nga pe tamang
His/her book	dia pe buku / de pe buku
This book is yours (pl.)	ini ngana pe buku

Interrogative words

The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:

English	Manado Malay
why	kyápa
where	di mána
who	sápa
which one(s)	tu mána

Grammatical aspect

Ada ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:

Dorang ada turung pigi Wenang = 'They already went down to Wenang'
Torang so makang = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already'
kita = 'me', 'myself', 'I' or 'we', 'us'
torang = 'we', 'us'.

Nasal final

The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia, e.g.:

makang (Indonesian makan) = 'to eat',
jalang (Indonesian jalan) = 'to walk',
sirang (Indonesian siram) = 'to shower', etc.

Prefix

"ba-" prefix

The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, 'walking'), batobo (berenang, 'swimming'), batolor (bertelur, 'laying eggs')

"ma(°)-" prefix

° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.

The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, 'hooking fish'), manari (menari, 'dancing'), mancari (mencari, 'searching'), mamasa (memasak, 'cooking'), manangis (menangis, 'crying').

Influences

Loanwords

Due to the historical presence of the Dutch and the Portuguese in eastern Indonesia, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages. However, there is little influence from the local Minahasan languages, and borrowings from Spanish are not very prominent either – in spite of the historical Spanish dominance – suggesting that Manado Malay was transplanted from outside the Minahasa region.^[8] On the other hand, Portuguese influence is comparatively significant,^[8] considering that the Portuguese presence in the area was relatively limited.^[9] There is also a layer of loanwords from the non-Austronesian language of Ternate, which was controlled by the Portuguese in the period 1512–1655.^[8]

Standard Indonesian	Colloquial Indonesian	Manado Malay loanword	Source language	Source word	English
topi		capéo	Portuguese	chapéu	cap, hat
bosan		fastíu	Portuguese	fastio	bored
untuk		for	Dutch	voor	for
garpu	porok	fork	Dutch	vork	fork
tenggorokan		gargántang	Portuguese	garganta	throat
kursi	kadèra	kadéra	Portuguese	cadeira	chair
bendera		bandéra	Portuguese	bandeira	flag
saputangan		lénso	Portuguese	lenço	handkerchief
tapi		mar	Dutch	maar	but
jagung		mílu	Portuguese	milho	corn, maize
sudah	kêlar	klar	Dutch	klaar	finished
paman	om	om	Dutch	oom	uncle
nenek	oma	oma	Dutch	oma	grandmother
kakek	opa	opa	Dutch	opa	grandfather
teduh		sómbar	Portuguese	sombra	shade
keringat		suár	Portuguese	suar	sweat
bibi	tantê	tánte	Dutch	tante	aunt
dahi		tésta	Portuguese	testa	forehead, temple
penyu		tuturúga	Portuguese	tartaruga	turtle
sepatu		chapátu	Portuguese	sapato	shoe(s)
kebun		kintál	Portuguese	quintal	(agricultural) field or garden

Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay

Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:

baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: baku hantam ('to punch each other'), baku ajar ('to hit each other'), baku veto ('to debate one another'), baku sedu ('to laugh oneselves off'), and baku dapa ('to meet each other'). Originally a loanword from Ternate, it has spread through Manado Malay into other regions of Indonesia.^[10]

Examples

Examples :

Kita or ta = I
Ngana or na = you
Torang or tong = we
Dorang or dong = they
Io = yes
Nyanda’ or Nda = no (' = glottal stop)

Sentences :

Kita/ta pe mama da pi ka pasar : My mother went to the market
Nyanda’/Nda’ makang Ngana dari kalamareng. : You haven't eaten since yesterday.
Jang badusta ngana pa kita! : Don't lie to me!
Pasti torang/tong bisa! : We can surely it.

References

^ Manado Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Stoel 2007, p. 117.
^ Allen & Hayami-Allen 2002, p. 21.
^ Bowden 2005, p. 137.
^ Henley 1996, p. 86.
^ Warouw 1985, p. viii.
^ Warouw 1985, p. ix.
^ ^a ^b ^c Prentice 1994, p. 412.
^ Schouten 1998, p. 39–40.
^ Prentice 1994, p. 432.

Works cited

Allen, Robert B. Jr.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF). In Macken, Marlys (ed.). Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. pp. 21–24.
Bowden, John (2005). "Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 31 (2): 133–158.
Henley, David (1996). Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Prentice, Jack (1994). "Manado Malay: Product and agent of language change". In Dutton, Tom; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 411–442. doi:10.1515/9783110883091.411. ISBN 978-3-11-012786-7.
Schouten, M. J. C. (1998). Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677–1983. Leiden: KITLV Press. pp. 39–40.
Stoel, Ruben (2007). "The Intonation of Manado Malay". In van Heuven, Vincent J.; van Zanten, Ellen (eds.). Prosody in Indonesian Languages. LOT Occasional Series, Vol. 9. Utrecht: LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. pp. 117–150. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.464.9608. ISBN 978-90-78328-44-5.
Warouw, Martha Salea (1985). Kamus Manado-Indonesia (PDF). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.