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Ma'di
Ma'di
Ma'di ti
Region	Uganda, South Sudan
Ethnicity	Madi
Native speakers	(310,000 cited 1982–2002)
Language family	Nilo-Saharan? Central Sudanic Eastern Moru–Madi Southern Ma'di; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Moyo; Adjumani (Oyuwi); Lokai; Ɓurulo; Pandikeri;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mhi
Glottolog	madi1260
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ma'di (pronounced [màɗí]) is a Central Sudanic language spoken in Uganda and South Sudan. It is one of the Moru–Madi languages. The Madi people refer to their language as Ma'di ti, literally "Ma'di mouth".

The Ma'di people are found in Magwi County in South Sudan, and in Adjumani and Moyo districts in Uganda. Their population is about 390,000 (90,000 in South Sudan).

Ma'di is mutually intelligible with Olu'bo, Lugbara, Moru, Avokaya, Kaliko and Logo, all of which are also Moru–Madi languages.

Sociolinguistics

Most Ma'di people are bilingual. In Uganda, the educated class speaks English as the second language and some also speak Swahili. In South Sudan, the educated Ma'dis speak English and/or Arabic. The South Sudanese Ma'di also speak Juba Arabic, spoken in South Sudan and not understood in the North. The form of Juba Arabic spoken by the Ma'di is influenced by the Nubi language spoken in Uganda among Muslims who are mainly descendants of Gordon's troops. Loanwords in Ugandan Ma'di are therefore mainly of English and/or Swahili origin and in Sudanese Ma'di of English and/or Juba Arabic origin.

There is an interesting linguistic interaction between the Ma'di, the Acholi and the Kuku. Most Ma'dis speak Acholi but hardly any Acholi speak Ma'di. This is possibly because during the first civil war in the Sudan, most Sudanese Ma'di were settled among the Acholi in Uganda. Possibly for the same reasons, most Kukus speak fluent Ugandan Ma'di, but hardly any Ma'di speak Kuku. It is still possible even today to find among the Sudanese Ma'di people who can trace their ancestry to the neighbouring tribes – Bari, Kuku, Pajulu, Acholi, etc. Hardly any of them can now speak their 'ancestral' languages; they speak Ma'di only and have become fully absorbed into the Ma'di community.

Crazzolara claims that there are linguistic traces of Ma'di found in Nilotic languages like Dinka (especially Atwot), Nuer and Lwo (Acholi, Alur and Lango) and among the Bantu (Nyoro and Ganda).^{[citation needed]} There are also some claims which maintain that there are Acholi speaking clans in Pakele in Adjumani (in Adjumani District), whose Ma'di accent is said to be completely different from that of the other Ma'di in the area. In Adjumani itself, the Oyuwi (ojuwt) clans are said to speak three languages: Ma'di, Kakwa and Lugbara.

Phonology

Ma'di is a tonal language, which means that meanings of words depend on the pitch. There are three tone levels (high, mid and low). The language has a number of implosives: /ɓ/ ('b), /ɗ/ ('d), /ʄ/ ('j), /ɠɓ/ ('gb). There are a number of secondarily (/kʷ/) and doubly articulated sounds (/ɡb/, /kp/) in addition to the singularly articulated sounds (/f/, /v/). The language also has glottal stops (/ʔ/), which can be found word medially and initially.

Consonants

Simple consonants^[2]
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d		g
	prenasalized	ᵐb	ⁿd		ᵑg
Implosive		ɓ	ɗ	ʄ
Affricate	voiceless		tʃ
	voiced		dʒ
	prenasalized		ⁿdʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s			h
	voiced	v	z
	prenasalized	ᶬv
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Trill			r
Approximant			l	j

Doubly-articulated and secondarily-articulated consonants^[3]
		Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	kp	tʷ	kʷ	ʔʷ
	voiced	gb	dʷ	gʷ
	prenasalized	mgb	ⁿdʷ	ᵑgʷ
Implosive		ɠɓ (ɓʷ)
Affricate			tʃʷ
Fricative					(hʷ)
Nasal		ŋm (mʷ)
Trill			rʷ
Approximant		w	lʷ

Vowels

There are ten vowels in the language, divided into +ATR /a, e, i, o, u/ and -ATR /ʌ, ɛ, ɨ, ɔ, ʊ/. The symbols used in Blackings and Fabb (2003) were chosen for "visual clarity" and do not reflect their IPA values or the standard orthography.^[4]

[-ATR] vowels in Madi
.	Front	Central	Back
Close	ɨ		ʊ
Mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low		ʌ

[+ATR] vowels in Madi
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Low		a

Orthography

Currently there are two systems used in writing Ma'di, categorised as the old and the new system. The old system completely ignores tones, making reading more difficult. The old system also uses only five vowels (a, e, i, o, u). The new systems employs ten vowels (see the tables on the previous section). It also identifies four tones: high (close), mid, low and falling.

Examples:^{[citation needed]}

pắ - leg [high tone]
pa - descendants of [ mid tone, unmarked]
pá - pluck [low tone]
sấ - time, clock [falling tone]

The examples below show how heavy and light vowels compare:^{[citation needed]}

Ốpí - waist [heavy vowel; high tones]
Ópí - chief, king [light vowel; high tones]
mvự - drink [heavy vowels; mid tones]
mvu - jump, skip, gather [light vowels; mid tones]

Works in Ma'di

Printed material in Ma'di is scarce. The only general published works in Ma'di are missionary publications such as the translation of the New Testament, and prayer and song booklets by the Catholic missionaries. The Ma'di Ethnic and Heritage Welfare Association in Britain publishes a quarterly bilingual (English and Ma'di) paper called Ma'di Lelego.

In the spring of 1998, Radio Uganda began regular broadcasts in Ma'di.

References

^ Ma'di at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Blackings & Fabb 2003, pp. 27.
^ Blackings & Fabb 2003, pp. 28.
^ Blackings & Fabb 2003, p. 6.

Bibliography

A'babiku, Rose. A Key History of Ma'di.
Blackings, Mairi; Fabb, Nigel (2003). A Grammar of Ma'di. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017940-7.
Blackings, Mairi (2011). Ma'di English - English Ma'di Dictionary (2nd ed.). Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783862880539. OCLC 748104528.
Fuli, Severino (2002). Shaping a Free Southern Sudan: Memoirs of our struggle. Loa Parish: Loa Catholic Mission Council. OCLC 50912733.