List of American independent films

This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]} that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.^[8]

Differences from Hollywood

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films^[9][10] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards^[11][12]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation.^[13][14]

Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.^[15]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration^[16][17] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).^[18]

Background

The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,^[19][20][11] was previously associated with Poverty Row b movies (e.g. Republic Pictures^[21]), exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema^[22]), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.^{[23][24][25][14][26][27][28]}

A notable scholar of indie cinema is Ray Carney, known for championing the works of Cassavetes and Mark Rappaport.^[29]

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")^[30][31][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.^{[32][33][34][35][36][4]}

Divisions

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein^[37] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,^[38][39] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.^[40][41]

Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors

• Searchlight Pictures
• Fine Line Features (established by New Line Cinema)
• Lionsgate
• NEON
• A24
• Paramount Vantage
• Summit Entertainment
• Orion Pictures
• Samuel Goldwyn Company
• Warner Independent
• Picturehouse
• United Artists (first founded in 1919 as an independent studio that allowed more creative freedom^[42] for former silent film stars like Mary Pickford and Charles Chaplin)
• Blumhouse
• Cannon Films
• Sony Pictures Classics
• IFC Films
• Magnolia Pictures
• Janus Films
• Kino Lorber
• Roadside Attractions
• Bleecker Street
• MUBI
• Amazon Studios (in association with MGM)
• Netflix
• Oscilloscope

Sources

^{[43][2][44][30][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]}

List of notable American independent films

Pre-1950s

• Within Our Gates (1920)^[49]≈
• By Right of Birth (1921; now a lost film)^[42]
• Safety Last (1923)^[52]≈
• The Gold Rush (1925)^[53]≈
• The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1927)^[54]≈
• The Scar of Shame (1927)^[49]
• The Fall of the House of Usher (1928)^[54]≈
• Steamboat Bill Jr. (1928)^[52]≈
• Mamba (1930)^[28]
• Damaged Lives (1933)^[28]
• The Sin of Nora Moran (1933)^[28]
• The Vampire Bat (1933)^[28]
• Maniac (1934)^[55]
• The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936)^[56]≈
• Reefer Madness (1936)^[57][55]
• As the Earth Turns (1938)^[58]
• The Blood of Jesus (1941)^[49]≈
• Native Land (1942)^[59]
• Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)^[60][61]≈
• Hell-Bent for Election (1944)^[62][63]
• Brotherhood of Man (1945)^[64]
• Detour (1945)^{[65][66][67][52]}≈
• Mom and Dad (1945)^[68][69]≈
• Fireworks (1947)^[61]
• Motion Painting No. 1 (1947)^[27][70] ≈

1950s

• Outrage (1950)^[53]≈
• Five (1951)^[71]
• Othello (1952)^[53]
• Park Row (1952)^[72]
• Fear and Desire (1953)^[73][74]
• The Hitch-Hiker (1953)^[52]≈
• Little Fugitive (1953)^{[75][24][14][76]}≈
• Salt of the Earth (1954)^[77]≈
• Bride of the Monster (1955)^[78]
• Dementia (1955)^[79]
• Killer's Kiss (1955)^[73]
• The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)^[52]≈
• 3rd Ave. El (1955)^[80]
• The Adventures of an * (1957)^[81]
• Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957)^[82]
• On the Bowery (1957)^[24][14]≈
• 12 Angry Men (1957)^[49]≈
• Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1958)^[52]
• The Blob (1958)^[83]
• I Want to Live! (1958)^[52]
• The Screaming Skull (1958)^[82]
• Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)^[82]
• The Cry of Jazz (1959)^[53]≈
• Moonbird (1959)^[81][84]
• Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)^[75]
• Science Friction (1959)^[85]
• Pull My Daisy (1959)^[24][14]≈
• Shadows (1959)^{[86][75][24][14][49][87][77][76][88]}≈
• The Violinist (1959)^[89][85]

1960s

• The Flower Thief (1960)^[14]
• Munro (1960)^[81][90]
• Psycho (1960)^[91]≈
• The Savage Eye (1960)^[76]
• Allures (1961)^[54]≈
• The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)^[92]
• Blast of Silence (1961)^[93][94][95]
• The Connection (1961)^[75][24][76]
• The Exiles (1961)^[14][76]≈
• Night Tide (1961)^[96][97][98]
• Something Wild (1961)^[99][100]
• Carnival of Souls (1962)^{[101][102][103][104][105]}
• Eegah (1962)^[106]
• The Hole (1962)^[81]≈
• Wild Guitar (1962)^[106]
• Beach Party (1963)^[49]
• Blood Feast (1963)^[75][49][76]
• The Cool World (1963)^[24]≈
• The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies (1963)^[107]
• Mothlight (1963)^[54]
• Pianissimo (1963)^[108]
• The Sadist (1963)^[106]
• The Brig (1964)^[14]
• Help! My Snowman's Burning Down (1964)^[80]
• Nothing But a Man (1964)^[75][77]≈
• Teenage Strangler (1964)^[109]
• Two Thousand Maniacs (1964)^[110]
• Time Piece (1965)^[111][112]
• Vinyl (1965)^[24]
• Chafed Elbows (1966)^[13][24]
• Chelsea Girls (1966)^[77]
• A Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Double Feature (1966)^[113]
• Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)^[92]
• The Wild Angels (1966)^[49]
• The Box (1967)^[114]
• David Holzman's Diary (1967)^[24]≈
• Dont Look Back (1967)^[77]≈
• The Graduate (1967)^[115]≈
• The Jungle (1967)^[116]≈
• Portrait of Jason (1967)^{[80][14][77][52]}≈
• Spider Baby (1967)^[117]
• The Trip (1967)^[75][49]
• Who's That Knocking at My Door? (1967)^[75]
• Beyond the Law (1968)^[24][14]
• Faces (1968)^{[13][118][24][14][53]}≈
• Greetings (1968)^[13][24]
• Murder a la Mod (1968)^[24]
• Night of the Living Dead (1968)^{[86][75][119][120][49][110][87][121][77][88]}≈
• No More Excuses (1968)^[24]
• Symbiopsychotaxiplasm Take One (1968)^[14]≈
• Targets (1968)^[122]
• Why Man Creates (1968)^[112]≈
• Wild 90 (1968)^[24][14]
• Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969)^[52]
• Easy Rider (1969)^{[86][75][119][24][49][87][77][115]}≈
• The Learning Tree (1969)^[52]≈
• Midnight Cowboy (1969)^[49]≈
• Putney Swope (1969)^[24][123]≈

1970s

• The Further Adventures of Uncle Sam (1970)^[124]
• Husbands (1970)^[24][14]
• Is It Always Right to Be Right? (1970)^[124]
• Joe (1970)^[125]
• Maidstone (1970)^[24][14]
• Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1970)^{[75][126][87][77]}≈
• Wanda (1970)^{[75][127][52]}≈
• Billy Jack (1971)^[52]
• Let's Scare Jessica to Death (1971)^[128]
• (nostalgia) (1971)^[54]≈
• Shinbone Alley (1971)^[129]
• THX-1138 (1971)^[119][87]
• Two-Lane Blacktop (1971)^[75][87]≈
• Fritz the Cat (1972)^[129]
• The Last House on the Left (1972)^[128]
• Pink Flamingos (1972)^{[6][75][119][49][77][67][52]}≈
• Badlands (1973)^[24][88]≈
• Coffy (1973)^[117]
• Frank Film (1973)^[26][112]≈
• Ganja & Hess (1973)^[49]
• Godmonster of Indian Flats (1973)^[130]
• Heavy Traffic (1973)^[129]
• Mean Streets (1973)^{[86][119][87][77]}≈
• Messiah of Evil (1973)^{[131][132][130]}
• Sisters (1973)^[128]
• Benji (1974)^{[91][133][134]}
• Closed Mondays (1974)^[112]
• Dark Star (1974)^{[120][49][87][52]}
• Female Trouble (1974)^[49]
• Fuji (1974)^[54]≈
• The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)^{[75][119][128][120][49][87][77]}
• A Woman Under the Influence (1974)^{[119][118][49]}≈
• 200 (1975)^[112]
• A Boy and His Dog (1975)^[135]
• Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (1975)^[133]
• Coney (1975)^[136]
• The Giant Spider Invasion (1975)^[137][132]
• Hester Street (1975)^[6][127]≈
• Kick Me (1975)^[26]
• Quasi at the Quackadero (1975)^[27]≈
• The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)^[49][121]≈
• Harlan County U.S.A. (1976)^[127]≈
• The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976)^[52]
• Massacre at Central High (1976)^[132]
• Rocky (1976)^[138]≈
• Alambrista! (1977)^[6][24]≈
• Eraserhead (1977)^{[6][86][75][119][128][120][14]}

^{[49][126][87][77][115][88]}≈

• Furies (1977)^[26]
• The Hills Have Eyes (1977)^[128][139]
• Killer of Sheep (1977)^{[86][140][75][119][14][87][77][88]}≈
• Opening Night (1977)^[49]
• Dawn of the Dead (1978)^[128]
• Gates of Heaven (1978)^[141]
• Girlfriends (1978)^{[142][24][143][127]}≈
• Halloween (1978)^{[75][119][128][120][144]}≈
• Martin (1978)^{[128][132][130]}
• Northern Lights (1978)^[6][24]
• Piranha (1978)^[119]
• The Whole Shootin' Match (1978)^[145]
• Asparagus (1979)^[146][147]
• Bush Mama (1979)^[24][133]≈
• The Driller Killer (1979)^[148]
• Heartland (1979)^[6][24][133]
• Psychotronic Man (1979)^{[149][150][132]}
• The Wizard of Speed and Time (1979)^[27]

1980s

• Atlantic City (1980)^[151]≈
• Friday the 13th (1980)^[86][120]
• The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)^[152]≈
• Moon Breath Beat (1980)^[26]≈
• Personal Problems (1980)^[153][154]
• Out of the Blue (1980)^[7]
• Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980)^{[5][75][133][77]}≈
• The Decline of Western Civilization (1981)^[155]≈
• The Evil Dead (1981)^{[86][119][49][87][156][153][154]}
• Ms.45 (1981)^[153][154]
• My Dinner with Andre (1981)^{[6][49][141][153][154]}
• One from the Heart (1981)^[67][52]
• Polyester (1981)^[49]
• Will (1981)^{[157][153][154]}
• Zoot Suit (1981)^[158][159]≈
• The Atomic Cafe (1982)^{[160][161][5]}≈
• The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez (1982)^{[6][24][120][14][153][154]}≈
• Chan Is Missing (1982)^{[5][158][157][141][52][153][154]}≈
• Eating Raoul (1982)^[162]
• First Blood (1982)^[30]
• Forbidden Zone (1982)^[163]
• Illusions (1982)^[6]≈
• Liquid Sky (1982)^[6][164]
• Losing Ground (1982)^{[6][75][7][153][154]}≈
• The Loveless (1982)^[6]
• Say Amen Somebody (1982)^[153][154]
• The Secret of NIMH (1982)^{[165][166][167][129]}
• Smithereens (1982)^[47][168]
• White Dog (1982)^[169]
• Born in Flames (1983)^[77]
• El Norte (1983)^{[158][14][153][154]}≈
• Koyaanisqatsi (1983)^[170][171]≈
• Lianna (1983)^[133]
• My Brother's Wedding (1983)^{[7][153][154]}
• Seventeen (1983)^{[157][153][154]}
• Style Wars (1983)^[65]
• Suburbia (1983)^[7]
• Sundae in New York (1983)^[172]
• Variety (1983)^[162][156]
• Bless Their Little Hearts (1984)^{[7][153][154]}≈
• The Brother from Another Planet (1984)^[5][133]
• Choose Me (1984)^{[6][173][7][156]}
• Hair Piece: A Film for Nappyhead People (1984)^[174][175]≈
• In Heaven There Is No Beer? (1984)^[153]
• The Killing Floor (1984)^[5]
• Love Streams (1984)^[49]
• A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)^{[30][176][120][49][157][153][154]}≈
• Paris, Texas (1984)^[177][156]
• Repo Man (1984)^[178][179]
• Stop Making Sense (1984)^[51]≈
• Stranger Than Paradise (1984)^{[180][5][177][6][181][87][133][77][169][154]}

^{[182][75][119][120][14][49][157][153]}≈

• Streetwise (1984)^[171][7]
• The Terminator (1984)^{[30][5][86][119][144][87][121][156]}≈
• This Is Spinal Tap (1984)^{[86][6][157][153][154]}≈
• The Times of Harvey Milk (1984)^[5][6]≈
• Wildrose (1984)^{[183][153][154]}
• The World of Tomorrow (1984)^[184]
• The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)^[185]
• Blood Simple (1985)^{[3][180][176][86][6][87]}

^{[181][182][24][75][119][120][49][153][154]}

• The Breakfast Club (1985)^[186][121]≈
• Day of the Dead (1985)^[153][154]
• Desert Hearts (1985)^{[47][75][173][5][156]}
• Desperately Seeking Susan (1985)^[47]≈
• Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)^{[187][3][6][24][5]}
• Mala Noche (1985)^{[5][153][154]}
• Re-Animator (1985)^[5]
• Runaway Train (1985)^[87]
• Smooth Talk (1985)^{[6][157][7][153][154]}
• Teen Wolf (1985)^[144]
• The Toxic Avenger (1985)^[133][156]
• Trip to Bountiful (1985)^[187][24]
• Blue Velvet (1986)^{[86][6][49][157][87][5][156][153][154]}
• The Cosmic Eye (1986)^[153][154]
• Down By Law (1986)^[23]
• Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)^[182][181]
• Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986)^{[188][153][154]}
• Hoosiers (1986)^[24][91]≈
• Platoon (1986)^[6][24][156]≈
• Parting Glances (1986)^{[173][7][156][153][154]}
• Salvador (1986)^[24][5]
• She's Gotta Have It (1986)^{[30][5][48][86][75][77][154]}

^{[119][24][120][157][87][115][67]}≈

• Sherman's March (1986)^{[157][77][5][153][154]}≈
• Something Wild (1986)^[6][7]
• Stand By Me (1986)^[24][91]
• Swimming to Cambodia (1986)^[153][154]
• True Stories (1986)^[6][5]
• Working Girls (1986)^{[3][47][181][182]}
• The Big Easy (1987)^[24]
• Border Radio (1987)^{[6][14][173][156]}
• The Brave Little Toaster (1987)^{[189][190][144][191]}
• Dirty Dancing (1987)^{[192][75][144]}
• Evil Dead II (1987)^[87][169]
• Hollywood Shuffle (1987)^{[6][157][11][183][153][154]}
• House of Games (1987)^[158]
• Matewan (1987)^{[5][49][162][87][133][153][154]}≈
• Miami Connection (1987)^[193]
• Near Dark (1987)^[6]
• Raising Arizona (1987)^[5][194][6]
• River's Edge (1987)^{[6][181][157][169][153][154]}
• Your Face (1987)^[195]
• The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years (1988)^{[155][153][154]}
• Earth Girls Are Easy (1988)^[48]
• Eight Men Out (1988)^[133]
• Hairspray (1988)^{[196][181][182][49]}≈
• Heat and Sunlight (1988)^{[14][157][153][154]}
• Ko-Ko (1988)^[197]
• Lady in White (1988)^[198]
• Let's Get Lost (1988)^{[157][153][154]}
• The Moderns (1988)^[6]
• Patty Hearst (1988)^[48]
• Powaqqatsi (1988)^[170]
• Running on Empty (1988)^[7]
• Stand and Deliver (1988)^[24]≈
• The Thin Blue Line (1988)^{[3][171][120][77][153][154]}≈
• Torch Song Trilogy (1988)^[24]
• Who Killed Vincent Chin? (1989)^[153]≈
• All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)^[167][199]
• Chameleon Street (1989)^{[200][157][153][154]}
• Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (1989)^[6]
• Do the Right Thing (1989)^{[30][19][24][49][156]}≈
• Drugstore Cowboy (1989)^{[86][75][19][24][49][87]}
• Heathers (1989)^{[6][181][182][24][49][169]}
• Longtime Companion (1989)^[48][6]
• Roger & Me (1989)^{[171][5][48][6][201][182][77][24][153][154]}≈
• sex, lies and videotape (1989)^{[31][202][170][203][4][5][157][154][176][48][194][86][204][181][182][75][87][156]}

^{[119][188][24][205][120][14][49][77][115]}≈

• Sidewalk Stories (1989)^{[24][153][154]}
• True Love (1989)^{[47][6][181][182][153][154]}
• The Unbelievable Truth (1989)^{[31][201][182][75][157][153][154]}

1990s

• All My Relations (1990)^[206]
• The Grifters (1990)^{[48][201][182][24]}
• House Party (1990)^{[176][6][201][182][144]}≈
• Jacob's Ladder (1990)^[30]
• King of New York (1990)^[207]
• Metropolitan (1990)^{[31][5][48][86][6][88]}
• Miller's Crossing (1990)^[5][6][24]
• Mountains of the Moon (1990)^[30]
• Paris Is Burning (1990)^[208][48]≈
• Pump Up the Volume (1990)^[209][210]
• Sink or Swim (1990)^[194][210]≈
• Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)^{[30][144][211][52]}
• To Sleep with Anger (1990)^{[212][213][140][49]}≈
• Total Recall (1990)^[30]
• Trust (1990)^{[201][182][200]}
• Wild at Heart (1990)^[48][6][24]
• Barton Fink (1991)^[5][6]
• Daughters of the Dust (1991)^{[5][47][6][75][49]}≈
• Dogfight (1991)^[6]
• Homicide (1991)^[24]
• L.A. Story (1991)^[30]
• Truth or Dare (1991)^[171][48]
• Mississippi Masala (1991)^{[6][201][182]}
• My Own Private Idaho (1991)^{[30][171][208][48][86][119][49]}
• Night on Earth (1991)^[48][49]
• Poison (1991)^[194][210]

^{[6][201][182][75][87][77]}

• Queen of Diamonds (1991)^[214][215]≈
• Rambling Rose (1991)^[6]
• The Rapture (1991)^[216]
• Slacker (1991)^{[31][4][5][46][201][182][75][119]}

^{[77][210][118][14][49][87]}≈

• Straight Out of Brooklyn (1991)^[6]
• Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)^[30][5][49]≈
• American Me (1992)^[159]
• Bad Lieutenant (1992)^{[86][6][14][87][207]}
• Basic Instinct (1992)^[30]
• Bob Roberts (1992)^[204]
• A Brief History of Time (1992)^[201][182]
• Ferngully: The Last Rainforest (1992)^[217]
• Gas Food Lodging (1992)^{[4][6][201][182][24][133][210]}
• Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)^[49]
• In the Soup (1992)^[6]
• The Living End (1992)^[5][208][6]
• One False Move (1992)^[218][219]
• Passion Fish (1992)^[5][200]
• The Player (1992)^[220][48][6]
• Reservoir Dogs (1992)^{[31][3][4][221][194][86][210]}

^{[6][201][222][182][49][87][223][88]}

• Simple Men (1992)^[6]
• Swoon (1992)^[6]
• The Tune (1992)^[224]
• Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)^[49][52]
• Alma's Rainbow (1993)^[174]
• Dazed and Confused (1993)^{[5][225][194][86][6][87][210]}
• El Mariachi (1993)^{[31][30][4][5][226][201][182][75][119][188][49]}≈
• Menace II Society (1993)^[6]
• Mi Vida Loca (1993)^[5][6]
• Red Rock West (1993)^[6]
• Ruby in Paradise (1993)^{[201][182][24]}
• Short Cuts (1993)^{[220][171][86][87]}
• Suture (1993)^[201][182]
• The Wedding Banquet (1993)^[5][6]≈
• Clean, Shaven (1994)^[6]
• Clerks (1994)^{[31][170][3][4][5][176][11][115]}

^{[194][86][6][201][226][91][87][210]}

^{[222][182][75][119][118][49]}≈

• Dumb and Dumber (1994)^[227]
• Fresh (1994)^[6][228]
• Go Fish (1994)^{[5][208][6][201][182]}
• Hoop Dreams (1994)^{[171][4][48][201][182][49]}≈
• The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)^[6]
• I Like It Like That (1994)^[6]
• The Last Seduction (1994)^[6][119]
• Little Odessa (1994)^[229]
• Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994)^[6]
• Pulp Fiction (1994)^{[230][231][202][3][203][121][77][115]}

^{[4][221][180][46][6][75][14][49][67]}≈

• The Red Book (1994)^[232][233]≈
• Reality Bites (1994)^[201][182]
• River of Grass (1994)^[47][6]
• Serial Mom (1994)^[234][6][49]
• Spanking the Monkey (1994)^{[31][3][30][201][182][119]}
• What Happened Was... (1994)^[235][210]
• Altair (1995)^[236][233]
• Before Sunrise (1995)^{[86][201][49]}
• The Brothers McMullen (1995)^{[4][6][201][226][182]}
• Closer to Home (1995)^[237]
• Crumb (1995)^[171][4]
• Dead Man (1995)^[6]
• Dead Man Walking (1995)^[170][6]
• The Doom Generation (1995)^[133][210]
• Friday (1995)^{[158][209][210]}
• Kicking and Screaming (1995)^{[225][238][210]}
• Kids (1995)^{[3][5][48][86][204][6][75][119][209]}
• Leaving Las Vegas (1995)^[6]
• Living in Oblivion (1995)^{[201][182][119][238]}
• Safe (1995)^{[239][240][5][86][6][24][119]}
• Se7en (1995)^[3]
• Smoke (1995)^[120]
• The Usual Suspects (1995)^{[3][86][6][119][49][87]}
• Basquiat (1996)^[225][241]
• Big Night (1996)^{[6][226][182]}
• Bottle Rocket (1996)^{[242][31][3][86][49][200]}
• Box of Moonlight (1996)^[6]
• Citizen Ruth (1996)^{[242][31][3][5][6]}
• The Daytrippers (1996)^{[225][6][133]}
• The English Patient (1996)^{[187][30][4][48][6]}
• Fargo (1996)^{[187][30][5][6][133]}≈
• Flirting with Disaster (1996)^{[242][3][204][6]}

• Hard Eight (1996)^[31][3]
• I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)^{[6][226][182]}
• Lone Star (1996)^{[5][6][119][87][133]}
• Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)^[243]
• Schizopolis (1996)^[3][6]
• Sling Blade (1996)^{[203][4][5][48][49]}
• The Spitfire Grill (1996)^{[4][226][182][24]}
• Swingers (1996)^{[5][86][226][115]}

^{[182][119][49][87][209][210]}

• Trees Lounge (1996)^[229]
• Waiting for Guffman (1996)^[225][133]
• Walking and Talking (1996)^[5]
• The Watermelon Woman (1996)^[208]≈
• Welcome to the Dollhouse (1996)^{[31][3][4][5][235]}

^{[6][226][91][49][209][210]}

• When We Were Kings (1996)^[226][182]
• The Apostle (1997)^[6]
• Chasing Amy (1997)^{[204][6][209]}
• Cop Land (1997)^[2]
• Eve's Bayou (1997)^[229][52]≈
• Good Will Hunting (1997)^{[244][192][3][203][46][6][49]}
• Grosse Pointe Blank (1997)^[119][87]
• Gummo (1997)^{[30][5][86][119]}
• Henry Fool (1997)^[225][133]
• In the Company of Men (1997)^{[239][235][86][6][87][133][210]}
• Jackie Brown (1997)^[230][49]
• Lost Highway (1997)^[245][239]
• Love Jones (1997)^[229]
• Ulee's Gold (1997)^[24]
• American History X (1998)^[48]
• The Big Lebowski (1998)^{[246][5][115]}≈
• Boogie Nights (1998)^{[247][3][158][5][6][75][115]}
• Buffalo 66 (1998)^{[5][226][182][238][49]}
• Gods and Monsters (1998)^[6]
• Happiness (1998)^{[248][239][5][86][119][87][133]}
• High Art (1998)^{[239][6][226][182][88]}
• More (1998)^[249]
• New Rose Hotel (1998)^[235][210]
• The Opposite of Sex (1998)^[6][226]
• Next Stop Wonderland (1998)^[6]
• Pi (1998)^{[31][4][46][86][6][226][119][49][87]}
• Rushmore (1998)^{[242][3][5][119][77][115]}≈
• Shakespeare in Love (1998)^{[34][1][3][203][4][48]}
• Slam (1998)^[6]
• Smoke Signals (1998)^[5][6][11]≈
• The Spanish Prisoner (1998)^[226][182]
• Velvet Goldmine (1998)^[248][4][6]
• American Beauty (1999)^[34][2][250]
• American Movie (1999)^{[4][118][251]}
• Being John Malkovich (1999)^{[245][242][34][31][86][119][87]}
• The Blair Witch Project (1999)^{[231][170][30][4][250][46][86][226][222][182]}

^{[121][75][91][49][87][77]}

• The Boondock Saints (1999)^[209]
• Boys Don't Cry (1999)^{[248][5][208][133][11]}≈
• Buena Vista Social Club (1999)^[171]≈
• Cruel Intentions (1999)^[91]
• Dogma (1999)^[248][48]
• Election (1999)^{[248][242][3][5]}
• Fight Club (1999)^{[242][202][250]}
• Ghost Dog: Way of the Samurai (1999)^[86][87]
• Julien Donkey-Boy (1999)^[235][210]
• Magnolia (1999)^{[242][252][158][5][48]}
• The Sixth Sense (1999)^[250]
• Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (1999)^[253]
• The Straight Story (1999)^[24]
• The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)^[250]
• Three Kings (1999)^{[248][242][34]}
• The Virgin Suicides (1999)^{[209][48][223]}

2000s

• Almost Famous (2000)^[49]
• American Psycho (2000)^{[245][49][121]}
• Best in Show (2000)^[49]
• Chuck & Buck (2000)^{[5][254][182]}
• Finding Forrester (2000)^[255]
• George Washington (2000)^[49]
• Girlfight (2000)^{[254][182][133]}
• Memento (2000)^{[245][86][254][75][119][49][87][121][115]}≈
• Nurse Betty (2000)^[36]
• O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)^[36][5]
• Pitch Black (2000)^[87]
• Rejected (2000)^[195]
• Requiem for a Dream (2000)^{[86][241][256]}
• State and Main (2000)^[158]
• Traffic (2000)^{[34][192][158]}
• The Yards (2000)^[36]
• You Can Count on Me (2000)^{[5][254][182][238][256]}
• Donnie Darko (2001)^{[5][86][119][49][121][115]}
• Ghost World (2001)^{[230][5][256]}
• Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)^[254][182]
• In the Bedroom (2001)^[254]
• Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)^[49]
• The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)^[49]≈
• The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)^[5]
• Monster's Ball (2001)^[257]
• Mulholland Drive (2001)^{[245][49][256]}
• The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)^{[230][170][49]}
• Waking Life (2001)^[258][259]
• Y Tu Mama Tambien (2001)^[45]
• 25th Hour (2002)^[256]
• Adaptation (2002)^{[245][34][260][158][49]}
• Antwone Fisher (2002)^[158]
• Bend It Like Beckham (2002)^[261]
• Bowling for Columbine (2002)^[257][171]
• Chicago (2002)^[1][2][158]
• Far from Heaven (2002)^{[262][118][256]}
• Funny Ha Ha (2002)^[75][14][77]
• Gangs of New York (2002)^[158][48]
• Gerry (2002)^[14]
• Laurel Canyon (2002)^[238]
• My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)^{[231][257][44][5][75][49]}
• Naqoyqatsi (2002)^[170][171]
• Personal Velocity (2002)^[225]
• Punch-Drunk Love (2002)^[242][263]
• Real Women Have Curves (2002)^[254][182]≈
• Roger Dodger (2002)^[119]
• Secretary (2002)^[119][238]
• Solaris (2002)^[34]
• Spellbound (2002)^[257]
• 25th Hour (2002)^[49]
• American Splendor (2003)^{[245][257][254][264][119][118]}
• Capturing the Friedmans (2003)^{[257][171][254][256]}
• Coffee and Cigarettes (2003)^[261]
• Cold Mountain (2003)^[158]
• The Cooler (2003)^[261]
• Elephant (2003)^[44][14]
• The Fog of War (2003)^{[261][257][171]}≈
• Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)^[261]
• In America (2003)^[261]
• Kill Bill Volume 1 (2003)^[230]
• Lost in Translation (2003)^{[261][231][257][5][180][115]}

^{[86][75][119][118][49][87][256]}

• Monster (2003)^{[261][257][158]}
• Open Water (2003)^[257]
• The Room (2003)^[265]
• Shattered Glass (2003)^[261]
• The Station Agent (2003)^{[257][5][254][266][119]}
• Taranation (2003)^{[257][30][171]}
• Thirteen (2003)^{[261][257][5]}
• 21 Grams (2003)^[261]
• The Aviator (2004)^[257]
• Baadasssss! (2004)^[261]
• Before Sunset (2004)^[261][256]
• Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)^{[245][261][34][86][49]}
• Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)^{[261][257][3][171]}
• Garden State (2004)^{[170][5][222][182][75][49]}
• Keane (2004)^[238]
• The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)^[252]
• Maria Full of Grace (2004)^[44][254]
• Mean Creek (2004)^[263]
• The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)^[45][267]
• Napoleon Dynamite (2004)^{[231][257][170][268][254][222][182][119][49][121][115][256]}
• Palindromes (2004)^[49]
• The Passion of the Christ (2004)^{[261][231][257][119]}
• Primer (2004)^{[5][86][254][182][75][119][118][49]}
• Saw (2004)^[5][49]
• Sideways (2004)^{[269][231][257][158][5][119][118][49]}
• Silver City (2004)^[270]
• Super Size Me (2004)^{[231][257][170][171][254][182]}
• Take Out (2004)^[14]
• A Very Long Engagement (2004)^[257][44]
• We Don't Live Here Anymore (2004)^[44]
• The Aristocrats (2005)^[231]
• Brick (2005)^{[271][254][182][49]}
• Brokeback Mountain (2005)^{[271][18][269][118][49][256]}≈
• Capote (2005)^{[271][272][158]}
• Corpse Bride (2005)^[273]
• Crash (2005)^{[271][274][1][158]}
• Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)^[24]
• Good Night and Good Luck (2005)^{[44][272][158]}
• Hostel (2005)^[5][49]
• Hustle & Flow (2005)^[231][254]
• Man Push Cart (2005)^[118]
• Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005)^[275][254]
• Mutual Appreciation (2005)^[14]
• The Notorious Betty Page (2005)^[271]
• Pride & Prejudice (2005)^[272]
• The Puffy Chair (2005)^[10][49]
• The Squid and the Whale (2005)^{[264][49][256]}
• Syriana (2005)^[5]
• Babel (2006)^[271]
• Barnyard (2006)^[224]
• Blood Tea and Red String (2006)^[276]
• Bobby (2006)^[271]
• Facing the Giants (2006)^[277][278]
• For Your Consideration (2006)^[44]
• Friends with Money (2006)^[271]
• Half Nelson (2006)^[271]
• Hoodwinked! (2006)^[224]
• An Inconvenient Truth (2006)^{[271][279][182]}
• Iraq in Fragments (2006)^[271]
• Inland Empire (2006)^{[245][5][280][256]}
• Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (2006)^[271]
• Jesus Camp (2006)^[271]
• Little Children (2006)^[271]
• Little Miss Sunshine (2006)^{[271][268][77][115]}

^{[279][222][182][259][75][118][91][49][87][256]}

• Marie Antoinette (2006)^[271]
• Nacho Libre (2006)^[170]
• The Namesake (2006)^[269]
• Old Joy (2006)^[238]
• The Painted Veil (2006)^[44]
• Pan's Labyrinth (2006)^{[271][45][118]}
• A Prairie Home Companion (2006)^[271]
• Quinceañera (2006)^{[279][182][118]}
• A Scanner Darkly (2006)^{[271][44][158]}
• Southland Tales (2006)^[269]
• Thank You for Smoking (2006)^[271][260]
• The Darjeeling Limited (2007)^[158]
• The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)^[44]
• I'm Not There (2007)^[44]
• In Bruges (2007)^[281][49]
• In the Valley of Elah (2007)^[269][44]
• Juno (2007)^{[269][44][192][5][119][118][91][49][115][256]}
• Margot at the Wedding (2007)^[269][5]
• A Mighty Heart (2007)^[269]
• No Country for Old Men (2007)^{[44][2][24][49]}
• No End in Sight (2007)^[269][118]
• Paranormal Activity (2007)^{[5][222][75][49][52]}
• The Savages (2007)^[44][158]
• Sicko (2007)^[269]
• Sunshine (2007)^[269]
• There Will Be Blood (2007)^{[44][158][204]}
• Waitress (2007)^{[269][279][238][256]}
• The Visitor (2007)^{[281][5][267]}
• American Teen (2008)^[282]
• Baghead (2008)^[10]
• Be Kind Rewind (2008)^[283]
• Fireproof (2008)^[278][281]
• Frozen River (2008)^{[221][47][281][24][238]}
• In Search of a Midnight Kiss (2008)^[87]
• Man on Wire (2008)^[279]
• Rachel Getting Married (2008)^{[5][281][238][256]}
• Sita Sings the Blues (2008)^[284][285]
• Synecdoche, New York (2008)^[180][5][49]
• Twilight (2008)^[5]
• Tyson (2008)^[171]
• Wendy and Lucy (2008)^[5][256]
• The Wrestler (2008)^{[266][118][87]}
• Adventureland (2009)^[5]
• Coraline (2009)^[286]
• The Cove (2009)^[279][182]
• Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)^[286]
• 500 Days of Summer (2009)^[49]
• The Hurt Locker (2009)^[1][2][287]≈
• Inglourious Basterds (2009)^[192][158]
• Moon (2009)^[260][49]
• My Dog Tulip (2009)^[224]
• Precious (2009)^{[288][5][289][279][182][118]}
• Revolutionary Road (2009)^[44]
• A Serious Man (2009)^[49][256]
• A Single Man (2009)^{[18][259][256][290]}
• Sin Nombre (2009)^[267]
• Trash Humpers (2009)^[291]

2010s

• Beginners (2010)^[292][49]
• Black Swan (2010)^{[118][158][49][87][256]}
• Blue Valentine (2010)^{[158][279][182][49][256]}
• Catfish (2010)^[171]
• Greenberg (2010)^[44]
• Inside Job (2010)^[171]
• The Kids Are All Right (2010)^[18][293]
• The King's Speech (2010)^[2]
• Meek's Cutoff (2010)^[47]
• Winter's Bone (2010)^{[9][221][47][279][24][119][118][238][49][87]}
• The Color Wheel (2011)^[294]
• The Descendants (2011)^[158]
• Drive (2011)^[49][256]
• Margaret (2011)^[256]
• Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011)^[49]
• Pariah (2011)^{[295][296][289][238]}≈
• Project Nim (2011)^[171]
• Take Shelter (2011)^[297][216]
• The Tree of Life (2011)^[49]
• Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)^{[9][86][279][118][49][88]}
• Frances Ha (2012)^{[75][256][223]}
• Fresh Guacamole (2012)^[298][299]
• It's Such a Beautiful Day (2012)^{[284][147][300]}
• The Master (2012)^[158]
• Middle of Nowhere (2012)^{[301][302][289]}
• Paranorman (2012)^[286]
• The Place Beyond the Pines (2012)^[49]
• Spring Breakers (2012)^[49][256]
• Dallas Buyers Club (2013)^[9][158][52]
• Fruitvale Station (2013)^{[303][182][49]}
• Moonrise Kingdom (2013)^[49][256]
• Nebraska (2013)^[260]
• Only God Forgives (2013)^[49]
• 12 Years a Slave (2013)^[1][2]≈
• The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)^[91]
• Birdman (2014)^[9][187][1]
• The Boxtrolls (2014)^[286]
• Boyhood (2014)^{[9][187][2][49]}
• Ex Machina (2014)^[304]
• Foxcatcher (2014)^[9]
• Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)^[9][187][49]
• The Imitation Game (2014)^[187][2]
• Listen Up Philip (2014)^[305]
• Nightcrawler (2014)^[260]
• The Theory of Everything (2014)^[187][2]
• Whiplash (2014)^{[9][187][2][303][182][260][49][256]}
• Carol (2015)^[256]
• Dope (2015)^[306][49]
• It Follows (2015)^[49]
• Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015)^[49]
• Spotlight (2015)^[1][2]
• Tangerine (2015)^{[307][10][14][49][256]}
• The VVitch (2015)^{[304][49][256]}
• World of Tomorrow (2015)^[308]
• American Honey (2016)^[304]
• Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016)^[49]
• Manchester by the Sea (2016)^[49]
• Moonlight (2016)^{[293][2][46][304][75][49][256]}
• Swiss Army Man (2016)^[49]
• 20th Century Women (2016)^{[309][304][49]}
• Call Me By Your Name (2017)^[310][49]
• The Disaster Artist (2017)^[310]
• First Reformed (2017)^[304]
• The Florida Project (2017)^{[46][304][49][256]}
• Get Out (2017)^[46][75][49]
• Good Time (2017)^[49]
• I, Tonya (2017)^[310][311]
• Lady Bird (2017)^{[46][304][310][256]}
• Phantom Thread (2017)^[49]
• The Shape of Water (2017)^{[2][310][311]}
• Eighth Grade (2018)^{[304][86][49][256]}
• Hereditary (2018)^[304][49]
• Isle of Dogs (2018)^[286]
• The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2018)^[304][256]
• Minding the Gap (2018)^[256]
• The Rider (2018)^[312][313]
• The Farewell (2019)^[304][256]
• First Cow (2019)^[304]
• Hair Love (2019)^[314]
• Jojo Rabbit (2019)^[2]
• The Lighthouse (2019)^[49]
• Marriage Story (2019)^[315]
• The Peanut Butter Falcon (2019)^[259]
• Uncut Gems (2019)^[304][49]

2020s

• Cryptozoo (2020)^{[316][317][318]}
• The Forty-Year-Old Version (2020)^[52]
• Minari (2020)^[304][256]
• Nomadland (2020)^{[319][320][52]}
• Zola (2020)^{[304][75][256]}
• CODA (2021)^[321][75]
• Jockey (2021)^[312][322]
• Pig (2021)^[256]
• Shiva Baby (2021)^[323]
• Summer of Soul (2021)^[324][325]
• Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)^{[326][327][304][328][75][49][329]}
• Fire of Love (2022)^[330]
• Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)^{[331][332][333][334]}
• My Year of Dicks (2022)^[335][336]
• Tár (2022)^[337]
• The Whale (2022)^[337]
• American Fiction (2023)^[51]
• Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project (2023)^[16]
• The Holdovers (2023)^[51]
• Kokomo City (2023)^[16]
• Ninety-Five Senses (2023)^[338]
• Past Lives (2023)^[51][256]
• Poor Things (2023)^[51]
• Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (2023)^[51]
• Saltburn (2023)^[51]
• Sound of Freedom (2023)^[339][51]
• The Sweet East (2023)^[340]
• Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour (2023)^[51]
• A Thousand and One (2023)^[256]
• War Is Over! (2023)^[341]
• Babes (2024)^[342]
• Civil War (2024)^[343]
• Gasoline Rainbow (2024)^[344]
• Priscilla (2024)^[343]
• I Saw the TV Glow (2024)^[342]
• Thelma (2024)^[342]

List of notable directors of American independent cinema

• Ayoka Chenzira^[175][174]
• Julie Dash^{[30][47][6][345]}
• Cheryl Dunye^[208][345]
• Kathleen Collins^[6][7]
• Lizzie Borden^{[3][47][181][120][77]}
• Ava DuVernay^{[346][143][47][289]}
• Dee Rees^{[346][143][295][289][238]}
• Chloe Zhao^{[312][313][320]}
• Celine Song^[51]
• Lulu Wang^[304]
• Mira Nair^{[45][47][6][201]}
• Barry Jenkins^[304]
• Billy Woodberry^[7]
• Marlon Riggs^[208]
• Stanley Nelson^[271]
• Charles Burnett^[212][213]

^{[49][87][7][77]}

• William Greaves^[14]
• Wendell B. Harris Jr.^[200][157]
• Oscar Micheaux^[347]
• Ryan Coogler^[303][182]
• Tyler Perry^[348][24]
• Spike Lee^{[30][5][48][86][7]}

^{[19][120][14][49][157][87][77][156]}

• Reginald Hudlin^{[176][201][182][144]}
• John Singleton^[30]
• Robert Townsend^[30][157]
• Walter Salles^[45]
• Ramin Bahrani^[5][118]
• Alfonso Cuaron^[45]
• Denzel Washington^[30]
• Ang Lee^{[30][45][5][208]}
• Lee Daniels^[289][279]
• Daniels^{[327][304][328]}
• Wayne Wang^{[5][48][120][157][141]}
• Lee Isaac Chung^[304][320]
• Lisa Cholodenko^{[349][239][47][208][6][345]}
• Mario Van Peebles^[261]
• Melvin Van Peebles^{[87][75][49][77]}
• Robert Rodriguez^{[31][3][30][4][194][201][182]}
• Gregory Nava^[14]
• Robert M. Young^[14]
• Miguel Arteta^{[5][254][182]}
• Guillermo del Toro^[45][118]
• Chris Eyre^[349]
• Taika Waititi^[266]
• Nina Menkes^[214]
• Claudia Weill^{[24][143][127]}
• Donna Deitch^[173][156]
• Joyce Chopra^[14][157]
• Mary Harron^{[245][47][182]}
• Jennie Livingston^[208]
• Penelope Spheeris^{[350][155][80]}
• Martha Coolidge^[47][6]
• Kelly Reichardt^{[47][304][238]}
• Debra Granik^{[47][279][24][119][118][238][87][329]}
• Alice Wu^[329]
• Eliza Hittman^[329]
• Susan Seidelman^{[5][47][48][120]}
• Adrienne Shelly^[279][182]
• Joan Micklin Silver^[351]
• Signe Baumane^[112]
• Ralph Bakshi^[352]
• Don Bluth^{[167][129][199]}
• Will Vinton^{[353][354][112]}
• Suzan Pitt^[147]
• Don Hertzfeldt^{[284][195][147][308][355]}
• Bill Plympton^{[356][195][357][358][355][224][112]}
• John and Faith Hubley^[81][84]
• George Griffin^[359][233]
• Mark Osborne^[249]
• Candy Kugel^[360]
• Janie Geiser^[232][233]
• Fred Mogubgub^[361]
• John Canemaker^[233]
• Paul Fierlinger^[224]
• Joanna Priestley^{[206][358][112]}
• PES^[298][355]
• Nina Paley^[284][112]
• Mary Ellen Bute^[362][363]
• Nicole Holofcener^[5][47]
• Tom McCarthy^[5][182]
• Alex Garland^[304]
• Patty Jenkins^[257][158]
• Sarah Polley^[171]
• Sian Heder^[321]
• Lena Dunham^[47]
• Greta Gerwig^[304]
• Miranda July^{[275][47][254][182]}
• Bette Gordon^[162][156]
• Nancy Savoca^{[6][182][181]}
• Todd Haynes^{[248][239][364][77]}

^{[240][48][194][86][201][182][14][87][345]}

• John Waters^{[234][196][6][77]}

^{[181][182][14][49]}

• Greg Araki^{[208][6][200][133]}
• Sean Baker^{[304][307][10][14]}
• Stanley Kubrick^[73][74]
• Lodge Kerrigan^[238]
• Alex Ross Perry^[365]
• Jeff Nichols^[366][88]
• Mike Nichols^[115]
• Henry Jaglom^[24]
• Jim McBride^[24]
• Jonas Mekas^[24][14]
• Andrew Bujalski^[14][77]
• John Cameron Mitchell^[254][182]
• Gus Van Sant^{[255][192][30][171][86][6][19][14][290]}
• Steve James^[171][201]
• Wim Wenders^[171][156]
• Jim McKay^[5]
• Bo Burnham^[304]
• Joel and Ethan Coen^{[36][2][180][133]}

^{[176][48][194][181][182][19][120][157][87]}

• Mark and Jay Duplass^[10][49]
• Sam Raimi^{[86][87][156]}
• Josh and Benny Safdie^{[304][14][49]}
• Joe Swanberg^[14]
• Rian Johnson^[254][182]
• Christopher Guest^{[44][225][133]}
• Alan Rudolph^{[6][173][7][156]}
• James Gray^[36][48]
• Andrea Arnold^[304]
• Robert Eggers^[304]
• George A. Romero^{[86][49][110][87][77]}
• Wes Craven^[128][115]
• John Carpenter^{[128][86][120][144][49][87]}
• Yorgos Lanthimos^[304]
• Ari Aster^[304]
• Paul Schrader^[304]
• Mike Mills^{[292][309][304]}
• Joe Wright^[272]
• Jim Jarmusch^{[261][30][48][86][177][23][157][133]}

^{[181][120][14][87][7][77]}

• Rob Nilsson^[157]
• Zach Braff^[170]
• George Clooney^[44]
• James Mangold^[2][48][201]
• Sam Mendes^[2][3]
• Spike Jonze^{[245][242][31][86][87]}
• Errol Morris^{[257][3][30][171][201]}

^{[182][120][141][77]}

• Martin Scorsese^{[257][158][24][91][133][87][77]}
• Sam Fuller^[367][368]
• Edgar G. Ulmer^[28]
• John Cassavetes^{[86][118][24][91][87]}

^[77][53][95]

• Brian de Palma^[24][128]
• Robert Downey Sr^[24]
• Norman Mailer^[24][14]
• Andy Warhol^[24][14][77]
• Curtis Harrington^[96]
• Kenneth Anger^[77]
• Herk Harvey^[104]
• Ron Rice^[14]
• Robert Frank^[14]
• Kent Mackenzie^[14]
• Bii and Turner Ross^[369]
• James Marsh^{[171][279][182]}
• Greg Mottola^{[205][225][6]}
• Jon Favreau^[115]
• Bennett Miller^[158]
• Jonathan Caouette^[257][171]
• Larry Clark^[3][86]
• Abel Ferrara^{[235][86][201][182][14][200][87][207]}
• Michel Gondry^{[245][370][86]}
• Wes Anderson^{[230][9][242][86]}

^{[49][200][77]}

• Noah Baumbach^{[269][5][225][329]}
• Sofia Coppola^{[371][31][372][5][86][49][87][209]}
• Kathryn Bigelow^[6][238]
• Allison Anders^{[248][31][5][350][201]}

^{[182][173][133][156]}

• Barbara Kopple^[127]
• Shirley Clarke^{[80][24][14][77][95]}
• Barbara Loden^[14]
• Roger Corman^{[82][144][49][77]}
• Paul Bartel^[162]
• Herschell Gordon Lewis^[110]
• Dwain Esper^[55]
• Ray Dennis Steckler^{[107][106][373]}
• John Sayles^{[5][48][6][201][182][14][200][162][87][133][77]}
• Jonathan Demme^[7]
• Tom DiCillo^{[31][30][48][6][201][182]}
• Carson Davidson^[80]
• Doug Liman^{[86][226][182][87]}
• Darren Aronofsky^{[31][4][226][182][87][337][241]}
• Jason Reitman^{[192][2][158][87]}
• Godfrey Reggio^[170][171]
• Ross McElwee^{[157][77][374]}
• Alexander Payne^{[248][242][257][5]}
• Kimberly Peirce^{[248][208][133]}
• David O. Russell^{[248][242][257][182]}
• Kevin Smith^{[248][31][170][375][176][209][11]}

^{[48][86][204][182][118][120][49][87]}

• David Mamet^{[158][226][24]}
• Quentin Tarantino^{[230][9][30][4][180][176][48][87]}

^{[194][86][201][182][120][14][49][77][345]}

• Tim Burton^[286]
• Neil LaBute^{[36][239][5][86][87][133]}
• Todd Solondz^[239][31][5]

^{[235][86][182][87][133]}

• Terry Zwigoff^{[230][171][5]}
• Les Blank^[154]
• Christopher Nolan^{[245][31][376][86][49][87]}
• Whit Stillman^{[31][158][5][86]}
• Todd Field^[254][182]
• Richard Kelly^{[269][86][87]}
• Jean-Pierre Jeunet^[45]
• Julian Schnabel^[225][241]
• Jared Hess^[370][170]
• Charlie Kaufman^[370]
• Hal Hartley^{[31][30][5][225][201][182][14][157]}
• David Lynch^{[245][239][86][115]}

^{[128][49][157][87][77]}

• David Fincher^{[242][31][3][156]}
• Steven Soderbergh^{[34][157][87][133][77][156]}

^{[31][170][194][86][204][181][182][238][188][14][49]}

• Rob Reiner^{[86][24][120][91][157]}
• Oliver Stone^[24][156]
• Dennis Hopper^{[86][75][119][24][49][87][77][115]}
• Shane Carruth^[86][254]
• Anthony Minghella^[158]
• Harmony Korine^{[30][235][86][209]}
• Richard Linklater^[9][77][209]

^{[31][261][5][225][201][182][14][49][87]}

• Robert Altman^{[220][171][86][49][87]}
• William Friedkin^[158]
• James Cameron^{[86][144][87][156]}
• Damien Chazelle^{[9][303][182]}
• Tom Ford^[18]
• Michael Moore^{[261][269][257][4][5][201][24]}

^[120][77]

• Mel Gibson^[261][257]
• Paul Thomas Anderson^{[247][242][31]}
• Vincent Gallo^{[31][5][226][182]}
• Paul Haggis^[377][269]
• Bryan Singer^{[31][3][86][201][182][87]}
• James Toback^[171]
• Woody Allen^{[86][182][181]}

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97. Night Tide - Variety
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102. How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
103. 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
104. Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
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114. 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
115. The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
116. The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
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118. Not Hollywood - Google Books
119. 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
120. Outsider Features - Google Books
121. 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
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123. Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
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130. Nightmare USA - Book by Stephen Thrower - MOVIES and MANIA
131. Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
132. NIGHTMARE USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents on Amazon.com
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134. 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
135. "A Boy and His Dog". New Beverly Cinema. 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
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139. Genre Film Archive THE HILLS HAVE EYES
140. To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
141. Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
142. Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
143. Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
144. Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
145. Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
146. MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
147. Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
148. Nick Johnstone (1999). Abel Ferrara: The King of New York. Omnibus Press: 8-9
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150. Stanley, John (2000). Creature Features: The Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Movie Guide (illustrated, revised ed.). Berkley Boulevard Books. p. 418. ISBN 0-425-17517-0.
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153. BAM "Indie '80s' film series: 'Decline II,' 'Spinal Tap,' 'River's Edge,' 'Let's Get Lost' & more - BrooklynVegan
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155. How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
156. Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
157. First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
158. Acting Indie - Google Books
159. America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
160. Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
161. "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
162. 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
163. ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
164. Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
165. AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
166. The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
167. HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
168. American Genre Film Archive SMITHEREENS
169. The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
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171. Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
172. The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
173. 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
174. February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
175. Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
176. Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
177. The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
178. Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
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184. FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
185. 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
186. Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
187. Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
188. The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
189. The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
190. THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
191. Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
192. An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
193. The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
194. The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
195. Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
196. Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
197. Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
198. Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
199. July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Annonuced - CriterionCast.com
200. 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
201. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
202. Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
203. The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
204. The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
205. Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
206. Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
207. Schlock & Awe: THE DRILLER KILLER - Nerdist
208. How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
209. 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
210. 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
211. Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
212. 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
213. Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
214. Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
215. KVIFF|Queen of Diamonds
216. Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
217. The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
218. ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
219. Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
220. Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
221. Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
222. A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
223. "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". The Criterion Channel. Feb 14, 2024.
224. Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
225. The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
226. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
227. Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
228. For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
229. Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
230. Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
231. CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
232. Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
233. Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
234. John Waters|Underground Film Journal
235. The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
236. Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
237. Closer to Home - Variety
238. US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
239. Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
240. Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
241. The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
242. "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
243. Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
244. What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
245. Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
246. The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
247. Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
248. Inside Indiewood|The Nation
249. Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
250. Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
251. John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
252. The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
253. CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
254. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
255. The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
256. Best American Indies: 'Tangerine', 'Past Lives' and More|IndieWire
257. Indiewood - Backstage
258. Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
259. The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
260. The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
261. 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
262. 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
263. 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
264. 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
265. 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
266. The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
267. The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
268. Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
269. iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
270. Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
271. Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
272. "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
273. Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
274. Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
275. Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
276. BLOOD TEA AND STRING - Film Threat
277. Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
278. Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
279. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
280. 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
281. Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
282. Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
283. Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
284. 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
285. Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
286. On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
287. Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
288. It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
289. Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
290. The Criterion Channel's July 2024 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
291. 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
292. Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
293. Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
294. Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
295. Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
296. Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
297. The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
298. Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
299. Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
300. It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
301. 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
302. 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
303. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
304. The best A24 films to date|EW.com
305. 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
306. LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
307. Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
308. The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
309. BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
310. 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
311. Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
312. Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
313. The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
314. 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
315. Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story - Los Angeles Times
316. Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
317. Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
318. 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
319. Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
320. Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
321. Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
322. How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
323. Indie Focus: Sitting with the anxious comedy of 'Shiva Baby' - Los Angeles Times
324. Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
325. Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
326. 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
327. A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
328. Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
329. Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
330. Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
331. A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
332. 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
333. Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
334. A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
335. Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
336. A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
337. The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
338. "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
339. 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
340. Gasoline Rainbow: A pleasantly meandering Gen-Z road trip from upcoming auteur siblings the Ross brothers - The Irish Times
341. "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
342. Top indie films of 2024: unveiling this year's best gems|Meer
343. Best Indie Movies of 2024 (So Far) - MovieWeb
344. ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Review: Five Zoomers Hit the Road to Put Off Growing Up in an Endearing, Semi-Improvised Indie - Variety
345. Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
346. 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
347. Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
348. Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
349. Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
350. DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
351. MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
352. 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
353. A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
354. Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
355. Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
356. ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
357. Indie Animation - WSJ
358. Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
359. Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
360. The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
361. Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
362. Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective
363. CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
364. Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
365. Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
366. 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
367. House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
368. Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
369. ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Release Set With Mubi Ahead Of Pic’s Venice Debut - Deadline
370. Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
371. Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
372. Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
373. THE EYES OF RAY DENNIS STECKLER - Spectacle Theater
374. The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
375. Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
376. Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
377. 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times

Bibliography

• Spike, Mike, Slackers, & Dykes: A Guided Tour Across a Decade of American Independent Cinema, John Pierson
• A Killer Life, Christine Vachon
• Down & Dirty Pictures, Peter Biskind
• Indie: An American Film Culture, Michael Z. Newman Ph.D.
• American Independent Cinema, Geoff King
• Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation, Charles Solomon
• Nightmare USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents, Stephen Thrower

Notes

• ≈ indicates a National Film Registry inductee

See also

• New Hollywood
• American Eccentric Cinema
• Independent animation
• List of rediscovered films
• Classical Hollywood cinema

External links

• Indiewood Finally Figures Out That Their Movies Are Depressing on Vulture
• Indie, Inc. on Project MUSE
• 10 Indies We Love Archives on Film Independent
• "The Edge of Hollywood" episode of American Cinema on Annenberg Learner
• BAM's Indie 80s trailer on Vimeo
• Low-Budget, Independent Films, 1981 – Siskel and Ebert Movie Reviews
• AFS Essential Cinema: The Original Indies: The Birth of American Independent Cinema on official YouTube channel
• The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films at Oscars.org
• American Independents on The Criterion Channel