Gladys Louise Smith (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979), known professionally as Mary Pickford, was a Canadian-American film actress, producer, screenwriter and film studio founder. A pioneer in the American film industry with a Hollywood career that spanned five decades, Pickford was one of the most popular actresses of the silent film era. Beginning her film career in 1909, by 1916 Pickford became Hollywood's first millionaire, and at the height of her career had complete creative control of her films and was one of the most recognizable women in the world.[3][4] Due to her popularity, unprecedented international fame, and success as an actress and businesswoman, she was known as the "Queen of the Movies". She was a significant figure in the development of film acting and is credited with having defined the ingénue type in cinema, a persona that also earned her the nickname "America's Sweetheart".[5]
Bust of Mary Pickford on University Avenue, near her Toronto birthplace
Mary Pickford was born Gladys Louise Smith [1] in 1892, at 211 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario,[6] now the location of the Hospital for Sick Children. Her father, John Charles Smith, was the son of English Methodist immigrants, and worked a variety of odd jobs. Her mother, Charlotte Hennessey, was of Irish Catholic descent and worked for a time as a seamstress. She had two younger siblings, both actors. Charlotte was billed as "Lottie Pickford" (born 1893) and John Charles Jr. was billed as "Jack Pickford" (born 1896). To please her husband's relatives, Pickford's mother baptized her children as Methodists, the religion of their father. John Charles Sr. was an alcoholic. He died on February 11, 1898, from a fatal blood clot caused by a workplace accident when he was a purser with Niagara Steamship.[6]
When Gladys was four years old, her household was under infectious quarantine as a public health measure. Their devoutly Catholic maternal grandmother (Catherine Faeley Hennessey) asked a visiting Roman Catholic priest to baptize the children. Pickford was at this time baptized as Gladys Marie Smith.[7][8]
After being widowed in 1898, Charlotte Smith began taking in boarders, one of whom was a Mr. Murphy, the theatrical stage manager for Cummings Stock Company, who soon suggested that Gladys, then age seven, and Lottie, then age six, be given two small theatrical roles—Gladys portrayed a girl and a boy, while Lottie was cast in a silent part in the company's production of The Silver King at Toronto's Princess Theatre (destroyed by fire in 1915, rebuilt, demolished in 1931), while their mother played the organ.[9][6] Pickford subsequently acted in many melodramas with Toronto's Valentine Stock Company, finally playing the major child role in its version of The Silver King. She capped her short career in Toronto with the starring role of Little Eva in the Valentine production of Uncle Tom's Cabin, adapted from the 1852 novel.[6]
Career
Early years
Mary Pickford, 1914–1915 (digitally restored)Mary Pickford, 1916
By the early 1900s, theatre had become a family enterprise. Gladys, her mother, and two younger siblings toured the United States by rail, performing in third-rate companies and plays. After six impoverished years, Pickford allowed one more summer to land a leading role on Broadway, planning to quit acting if she failed. In 1905, she played the boy Freckles in Hal Reid's The Gypsy Girl on tour, and at the Star Theatre on Broadway.[10] In 1906, Gladys, Lottie and Jack Smith supported singer Chauncey Olcott on Broadway in Edmund Burke.[11] Gladys finally landed a supporting role in a 1907 Broadway play, The Warrens of Virginia. The play was written by William C. deMille, whose brother, Cecil, appeared in the cast. David Belasco, the producer of the play, insisted that Gladys Smith assume the stage name Mary Pickford.[12] After completing the Broadway run and touring the play, however, Pickford was again out of work.
On April 19, 1909, the Biograph Company director D. W. Griffith screen-tested her at the company's New York studio for a role in the nickelodeon film Pippa Passes. The role went to someone else but Griffith was immediately taken with Pickford. She quickly grasped that movie acting was simpler than the stylized stage acting of the day. Most Biograph actors earned $5 a day but, after Pickford's single day in the studio, Griffith agreed to pay her $10 a day against a guarantee of $40 a week.[13]
Pickford, like all actors at Biograph, played both leading roles and bit parts, including mothers, ingénues, charwomen, spitfires, slaves, Native Americans, spurned women, and a prostitute. As Pickford said of her success at Biograph:
I played scrubwomen and secretaries and women of all nationalities ... I decided that if I could get into as many pictures as possible, I'd become known, and there would be a demand for my work.
She appeared in 51 films in 1909—almost one a week—with her first starring role being in The Violin Maker of Cremona opposite future husband Owen Moore.[14] While at Biograph, she suggested to Florence La Badie to "try pictures", invited her to the studio and later introduced her to D. W. Griffith, who launched La Badie's career.[15]
In January 1910, Pickford traveled with a Biograph crew to Los Angeles. Many other film companies wintered on the West Coast, escaping the weak light and short days that hampered winter shooting in the East. Pickford added to her 1909 Biographs (Sweet and Twenty, They Would Elope, and To Save Her Soul, to name a few) with films made in California.[16][17]
Actors were not listed in the credits in Griffith's company. Audiences noticed and identified Pickford within weeks of her first film appearance. Exhibitors, in turn, capitalized on her popularity by advertising on sandwich boards that a film featuring "The Girl with the Golden Curls", "Blondilocks", or "The Biograph Girl" was inside.[18]
Pickford left Biograph in December 1910. The following year, she starred in films at Carl Laemmle's Independent Moving Pictures Company (IMP). IMP was absorbed into Universal Pictures in 1912, along with Majestic. Unhappy with their creative standards, Pickford returned to work with Griffith in 1912. Some of her best performances were in his films, such as Friends, The Mender of Nets, Just Like a Woman, and The Female of the Species. That year, Pickford also introduced Dorothy and Lillian Gish—whom she had befriended as new neighbors from Ohio[19]—to Griffith,[6] and each became a major silent film star, in comedy and tragedy, respectively. Pickford made her last Biograph picture, The New York Hat, in late 1912.
She returned to Broadway in the David Belasco production of A Good Little Devil (1912). This was a major turning point in her career. Pickford, who had always hoped to conquer the Broadway stage, discovered how deeply she missed film acting. In 1913, she decided to work exclusively in film. The previous year, Adolph Zukor had formed Famous Players in Famous Plays. It was later known as Famous Players–Lasky and then Paramount Pictures, one of the first American feature film companies.[citation needed]
Mary Pickford, 1916
Pickford left the stage to join Zukor's roster of stars. Zukor believed film's potential lay in recording theatrical players in replicas of their most famous stage roles and productions. Zukor first filmed Pickford in a silent version of A Good Little Devil. The film, produced in 1913, showed the play's Broadway actors reciting every line of dialogue, resulting in a stiff film that Pickford later called "one of the worst [features] I ever made ... it was deadly".[6] Zukor agreed; he held the film back from distribution for a year.
Pickford's work in material written for the camera by that time had attracted a strong following. Comedy-dramas, such as In the Bishop's Carriage (1913), Caprice (1913), and especially Hearts Adrift (1914), made her irresistible to moviegoers. Hearts Adrift was so popular that Pickford asked for the first of her many publicized pay raises based on the profits and reviews.[20] The film marked the first time Pickford's name was featured above the title on movie marquees.[20]Tess of the Storm Country was released five weeks later. Biographer Kevin Brownlow observed that the film "sent her career into orbit and made her the most popular actress in America, if not the world".[20]
Her appeal was summed up two years later by the February 1916 issue of Photoplay as "luminous tenderness in a steel band of gutter ferocity".[6] Only Charlie Chaplin, who slightly surpassed Pickford's popularity in 1916,[21] had a similarly spellbinding pull with critics and the audience. Each enjoyed a level of fame far exceeding that of other actors. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, Pickford was believed to be the most famous woman in the world, or, as a silent-film journalist described her, "the best known woman who has ever lived, the woman who was known to more people and loved by more people than any other woman that has been in all history".[6]
Stardom
Mary Pickford, 1920
Pickford starred in 52 features throughout her career. On June 24, 1916, Pickford signed a new contract with Zukor that granted her full authority over production of the films in which she starred,[22] and a record-breaking salary of $10,000 a week.[23] In addition, Pickford's compensation was half of a film's profits, with a guarantee of $1.04 million (US$22,040,000 in 2024),[24] making her the first actress to sign a million-dollar contract.[14] She also became vice-president of Pickford Film Corporation.[14]
Occasionally, she played a child, in films such as The Poor Little Rich Girl (1917), Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1917), Daddy-Long-Legs (1919), and Pollyanna (1920). Pickford's fans were devoted to these "little girl" roles, but they were not typical of her career.[6] Due to her lack of a normal childhood, she enjoyed making these pictures. Given how small she was at under five feet, and her naturalistic acting abilities, she was very successful in these roles. Douglas Fairbanks Jr., when he first met her in person as a boy, assumed she was a new playmate for him, and asked her to come and play trains with him, which she obligingly did.[25]
In August 1918, Pickford's contract expired and, when refusing Zukor's terms for a renewal, she was offered $250,000 to leave the motion picture business. She declined, and went to First National Pictures, which agreed to her terms.[26] In 1919, Pickford, along with D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, and Douglas Fairbanks, formed the independent film production company United Artists. Through United Artists, Pickford continued to produce and perform in her own movies; she could also distribute them as she chose. In 1920, Pickford's film Pollyanna grossed around $1.1 million.[27] The following year, Pickford's film Little Lord Fauntleroy was also a success, and in 1923, Rosita grossed over $1 million as well.[27] During this period, she also made Little Annie Rooney (1925), another film in which Pickford played a child, Sparrows (1926), which blended the Dickensian with newly minted German expressionist style, and My Best Girl (1927), a romantic comedy featuring her future husband Charles "Buddy" Rogers.
The arrival of sound was her undoing. Pickford underestimated the value of adding sound to movies, claiming that "adding sound to movies would be like putting lipstick on the Venus de Milo".[27]
She played a reckless socialite in Coquette (1929), her first talkie,[28] a role for which her famous ringlets were cut into a 1920s' bob. Pickford had already cut her hair in the wake of her mother's death in 1928. Fans were shocked at the transformation.[29] Pickford's hair had become a symbol of female virtue, and when she cut it, the act made front-page news in The New York Times and other papers. Coquette was a success and won her an Academy Award for Best Actress,[30] although this was highly controversial.[31] The public failed to respond to her in the more sophisticated roles. Like most movie stars of the silent era, Pickford found her career fading as talkies became more popular among audiences.[30]
Her next film, The Taming of The Shrew, made with husband Douglas Fairbanks, was not well received at the box office.[32] Established Hollywood actors were panicked by the impending arrival of the talkies. On March 29, 1928, The Dodge Brothers Hour was broadcast from Pickford's bungalow, featuring Fairbanks, Chaplin, Norma Talmadge, Gloria Swanson, John Barrymore, D. W. Griffith, and Dolores del Río, among others. They spoke on the radio show to prove that they could meet the challenge of talking movies.[33]
A transition in the roles Pickford selected came when she was in her late thirties, no longer able to play the children, teenage spitfires, and feisty young women so adored by her fans, and not suited for the glamorous and vampish heroines of early sound. In 1933, she underwent a Technicolor screen test for an animated/live-action film version of Alice in Wonderland, but Walt Disney discarded the project when Paramount released its own version of the book. Only one Technicolor still of her screen test still exists.
She retired from film acting in 1933 following three costly failures with her last film appearance being Secrets.[14][34] She appeared on stage in Chicago in 1934 in the play The Church Mouse and went on tour in 1935, starting in Seattle with the stage version of Coquette.[14] She also appeared in a season of radio plays for NBC in 1935 and CBS in 1936.[14] In 1936, she became vice-president of United Artists[34] and continued to produce films for others, including One Rainy Afternoon (1936), The Gay Desperado (1936), Sleep, My Love (1948; with Claudette Colbert), and Love Happy (1949), with the Marx Brothers.[6]
The film industry
Mary Pickford giving President Herbert Hoover a ticket for a film industry benefit for the unemployed, 1931
Pickford used her stature in the movie industry to promote a variety of causes. Although her image depicted fragility and innocence, she proved to be a strong businesswoman who took control of her career in a cutthroat industry.[35]
During World War I, she promoted the sale of liberty bonds, making an intensive series of fund-raising speeches, beginning in Washington, D.C., where she sold bonds alongside Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Theda Bara, and Marie Dressler. Five days later she spoke on Wall Street to an estimated 50,000 people. Though Canadian-born, she was a powerful symbol of American culture, kissing the American flag for cameras and auctioning one of her world-famous curls for $15,000. In a single speech in Chicago, she sold an estimated five million dollars' worth of bonds. She was christened the U.S. Navy's official "Little Sister"; the Army named two cannons after her and made her an honorary colonel.[6]
In 1916, Pickford and Constance Adams DeMille, wife of director Cecil B. DeMille, helped found the Hollywood Studio Club, a dormitory for young women involved in the motion picture business.[14] At the end of World War I, Pickford conceived of the Motion Picture Relief Fund, an organization to help financially needy actors. Leftover funds from her work selling Liberty Bonds were put toward its creation, and in 1921, the Motion Picture Relief Fund (MPRF) was officially incorporated, with Joseph Schenck voted its first president and Pickford its vice president. In 1932, Pickford spearheaded the "Payroll Pledge Program", a payroll-deduction plan for studio workers who gave one half of one percent of their earnings to the MPRF. As a result, in 1940, the Fund was able to purchase land and build the Motion Picture Country House and Hospital, in Woodland Hills, California.[6]
An astute businesswoman, Pickford became her own producer within three years of her start in features. According to her Foundation, "she oversaw every aspect of the making of her films, from hiring talent and crew to overseeing the script, the shooting, the editing, to the final release and promotion of each project". She demanded (and received) these powers in 1916, when she was under contract to Zukor's Famous Players in Famous Plays (later Paramount). Zukor acquiesced to her refusal to participate in block-booking, the widespread practice of forcing an exhibitor to show a bad film of the studio's choosing to also be able to show a Pickford film. In 1916, Pickford's films were distributed, singly, through a special distribution unit called Artcraft. The Mary Pickford Corporation was briefly Pickford's motion-picture production company.[36]
Bungalow Mary Pickford War Funds, 1943
In 1919, she increased her power by co-founding United Artists (UA) with Charlie Chaplin, D. W. Griffith, and her soon-to-be husband, Douglas Fairbanks. Before UA's creation, Hollywood studios were vertically integrated, not only producing films but forming chains of theaters. Distributors (also part of the studios) arranged for company productions to be shown in the company's movie venues. Filmmakers relied on the studios for bookings; in return they put up with what many considered creative interference.[citation needed]
United Artists broke from this tradition. It was solely a distribution company, offering independent film producers access to its own screens as well as the rental of temporarily unbooked cinemas owned by other companies. In 1919, Pickford established The Mary Pickford Company, that was devoted exclusively to producing films distributed by United Artists. With the film Pollyanna being Mary's first film distributed by The United Artists.[37] Pickford and Fairbanks produced and shot their films after 1920 at the jointly owned Pickford-Fairbanks studio on Santa Monica Boulevard. The producers who signed with UA were true independents, producing, creating and controlling their work to an unprecedented degree. As a co-founder, as well as the producer and star of her own films, Pickford became the most powerful woman who has ever worked in Hollywood. By 1930, her acting career had largely faded.[30] After retiring three years later, however, she continued to produce films for United Artists. She and Chaplin remained partners in the company for decades. Chaplin left the company in 1955, and Pickford followed suit in 1956, selling her remaining shares for $3 million.[36]
She had purchased the rights to many of her early silent films with the intention of burning them on her death, but in 1970 she agreed to donate 50 of her Biograph films to the American Film Institute.[28] In 1976, she received an Academy Honorary Award for her contribution to American film.[28]
Personal life
Mary Pickford, 1921
Pickford was married three times. She married Owen Moore, an Irish-born silent film actor, on January 7, 1911. It is rumored she became pregnant by Moore in the early 1910s and had a miscarriage or an abortion. Some accounts suggest this resulted in her later inability to have children.[6] The couple's marriage was strained by Moore's alcoholism, insecurity about living in the shadow of Pickford's fame, and bouts of domestic violence.[38] The couple lived together on-and-off for several years.[39]
Pickford became secretly involved in a relationship with Douglas Fairbanks. They toured the U.S. together in 1918 to promote liberty bond sales for the World War I effort. Around this time, Pickford also suffered from the flu during the 1918 flu pandemic.[40] Pickford divorced Moore on March 2, 1920, after she agreed to his $100,000 demand for a settlement ($1.5 million in 2023, adjusted for inflation).[41] She married Fairbanks just days later on March 28, 1920, in what was described as the "marriage of the century" and they were referred to as the King and Queen of Hollywood.[14] They went to Europe for their honeymoon; fans in London and in Paris caused riots trying to get to the famous couple. The couple's triumphant return to Hollywood was witnessed by vast crowds who turned out to hail them at railway stations across the United States.
The Mark of Zorro (1920) and a series of other swashbucklers gave the popular Fairbanks a more romantic, heroic image. Pickford continued to epitomize the virtuous but fiery girl next door. Even at private parties, people instinctively stood up when Pickford entered a room; she and her husband were often referred to as "Hollywood royalty". Their international reputations were broad. Foreign heads of state and dignitaries who visited the White House often asked if they could also visit Pickfair, the couple's mansion in Beverly Hills.[12]
On June 24, 1937, Pickford married her third and last husband, actor and band leader Charles "Buddy" Rogers. They adopted two children: Ronald Charles (born 1937, adopted 1943, a.k.a. Ronnie Pickford Rogers), and Roxanne (born 1944, adopted 1944). A PBS American Experience documentary described Pickford's relationship with her children as tense. She criticized their physical imperfections, including Ronnie's small stature and Roxanne's crooked teeth. Both children later said their mother was too self-absorbed to provide real maternal love. In 2003, Ronnie recalled that "Things didn't work out that much, you know. But I'll never forget her. I think that she was a good woman".[43]
After retiring from the screen, Pickford became an alcoholic, as her father had been. Her mother Charlotte died of breast cancer in March 1928. Her siblings, Lottie and Jack, died of alcohol-related causes in 1936 and 1933. These deaths, her divorce from Fairbanks, and the end of silent films left Pickford deeply depressed. Her relationship with her adopted children, Roxanne and Ronald, was turbulent at best. Pickford withdrew and gradually became a recluse, remaining almost entirely at Pickfair and allowing visits only from Lillian Gish, her stepson Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and a few select others. In 1955, she published her memoirs, Sunshine and Shadows.[28] She had previously published Why Not Try God in 1934, an essay on spirituality and personal growth, My Rendezvous with Life (1935), an essay on death and her belief in an afterlife and also a novel in 1935, The Demi-Widow.[34][14]
In the mid-1960s, Pickford often received visitors only by telephone, speaking to them from her bedroom. Charles "Buddy" Rogers often gave guests tours of Pickfair, including views of a genuine western bar Pickford had bought for Douglas Fairbanks, and a portrait of Pickford in the drawing room. A print of this image now hangs in the Library of Congress.[36] When Pickford received an Academy Honorary Award in 1976, the Academy sent a TV crew to her house to record her short statement of thanks—offering the public a very rare glimpse into Pickfair Manor.[47] Charitable events continued to be held at Pickfair, including an annual Christmas party for blind war veterans, mostly from World War I.[14]
Mary Pickford posing with a group of employees during her visit to the General Engineering Company (Canada) munitions factory on June 5, 1943
Pickford acquired American citizenship when she married Fairbanks, an American citizen, in 1920. MGM agent William A. Orr reported to the US Congress in 1932 that Pickford was an American citizen.[48] Pickford also believed that she had ceased to be a British subject upon marrying Fairbanks.[49] However, she held and traveled under British and later Canadian passports which she renewed regularly at the British and Canadian consulates in Los Angeles. She also owned a house in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Towards the end of her life, Pickford made arrangements with the Canadian Department of Citizenship to officially acquire Canadian citizenship because she wished to "die as a Canadian". Canadian authorities were not sure that she had ever lost her Canadian citizenship, given her passport status, but her request was approved and she officially became a Canadian citizen.[50][51]
The tomb of actress Mary Pickford in the Garden of Memory, Forest Lawn Glendale
Pickford was awarded a star in the category of motion pictures on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6280 Hollywood Blvd.[53]
Her handprints and footprints are displayed at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California. Although the theater's official account credits Norma Talmadge as having inspired the theater's tradition of putting footprints in concrete when she accidentally stepped into wet concrete,[54] in a short interview during the September 13, 1937, Lux Radio Theatre broadcast of a radio adaptation of A Star Is Born, Sid Grauman related another version of how he got the idea to put hand and foot prints in the concrete, involving Pickford. He said it was "pure accident. I walked right into it. While we were building the theatre, I accidentally happened to step in some soft concrete. And there it was. So, I went to Mary Pickford immediately. Mary put her foot into it".[55]: 194
The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study at 1313 Vine Street in Hollywood, constructed by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, opened in 1948 as a radio and television studio facility.
In 1948, Mary Pickford built a seven-bedroom, eight-bathroom, 6,050-square-foot (562 m2) estate on 2.12 acres (8,600 m2) at the B Bar H Ranch, California, where she lived and then later sold.[57]
A first-run movie theatre in Cathedral City, California, is called The Mary Pickford Theatre, which was established on May 25, 2001.[58] The theater is a grand one with several screens and is built in the shape of a Spanish Cathedral, complete with bell tower and three-story lobby. The lobby contains a historic display with original artifacts belonging to Pickford and Buddy Rogers, her last husband. Among them are a rare and spectacular beaded gown she wore in the film Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (1924) designed by Mitchell Leisen, her special Oscar, and a jewelry box. [citation needed]
The 1980 stage musical The Biograph Girl, about the silent film era, features the character of Pickford.
A bust and historical plaque marks her birthplace in Toronto, now the site of the Hospital for Sick Children.[60] The plaque was unveiled by her husband Buddy Rogers in 1973. The bust by artist Eino Gira was added ten years later.[61] Her date of birth is stated on the plaque as April 8, 1893. This can only be assumed to be because her date of birth was never registered; throughout her life, beginning as a child, she led many people to believe that she was a year younger than her real age, so that she appeared to be more of an acting prodigy and continued to be cast in younger roles, which were more plentiful in the theatre.[62]
The family home had been demolished in 1943, and many of the bricks delivered to Pickford in California. Proceeds from the sale of the property were donated by Pickford to build a bungalow in East York, Ontario which was then a Toronto suburb. The bungalow was the first prize in a lottery in Toronto to benefit war charities, and Pickford unveiled the home on May 26, 1943.[63]
Pickford was featured on a Canadian postage stamp in 2006.[66]
From January 2011 until July 2011, the Toronto International Film Festival exhibited a collection of Mary Pickford memorabilia in the Canadian Film Gallery of the TIFF Bell LightBox building.[67]
In February 2011, the Spadina Museum, dedicated to the 1920s and 1930s era in Toronto, staged performances of Sweetheart: The Mary Pickford Story, a one-woman musical based on the life and career of Pickford.[68]
Since 2013, the Mary Pickford Foundation has sponsored The Pickford Composers and The Pickford Ensemble at Pepperdine University, composed of students learning to develop music scores for live players to support silent films onscreen.[69]
In 2013, a copy of an early Pickford film that was thought to be lost (Their First Misunderstanding) was found by Peter Massie, a carpenter tearing down an abandoned barn in New Hampshire. It was donated to Keene State College and is currently undergoing restoration by the Library of Congress for exhibition. The film is notable as being the first in which Pickford was credited by name.[70][71]
On August 29, 2014, while presenting Behind The Scenes (1914) at Cinecon, film historian Jeffrey Vance announced he is working with the Mary Pickford Foundation on what will be her official biography.
The Google Doodle of April 8, 2017, commemorated Mary Pickford's 125th birthday.[72]
The Girls in the Picture, a 2018 novel by Melanie Benjamin, is a historical fiction about the friendship of Mary Pickford and screenwriter Frances Marion.[73]
^ abBiography, pbs.org. Accessed December 20, 2023.
^Photoplay, Volume 18, Issues 2–6. Macfadden Publications. 1920. p. 99.
^Katherine H. Adams, Michael L. Keene and Jennifer C. Koella (December 8, 2011). Seeing the American Woman, 1880–1920: The Social Impact of the Visual Media Explosion. McFarland. p. 32.
^Whitfield, Eileen: Pickford: the Woman Who Made Hollywood (1997), pp. 8, 25, 28, 115, 125, 126, 131, 300, 376. University Press of Kentucky; ISBN 0-8131-2045-4
^Lane, Christina (January 29, 2002). Mary Pickford. St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
Ernest GrueningSenator Amerika Serikat dari AlaskaMasa jabatan3 Januari 1959 – 3 Januari 1969PendahuluKursi dibentukPenggantiMike GravelGubernur Teritorial Alaska ke-7Masa jabatan6 Desember 1939 – 10 April 1953WakilBob BartlettPendahuluJohn TroyPenggantiFrank Heintzleman Informasi pribadiLahirErnest Henry Gruening(1887-02-06)6 Februari 1887New York City, New York, Amerika SerikatMeninggal26 Juni 1974(1974-06-26) (umur 87)Washington, D.C., Amerika SerikatPartai polit...
68th Corps(Generalkommando zbV 68)Flag of the Staff of a Generalkommando (1871–1918)ActiveMarch 1918-1919Disbanded1919Country German EmpireBranchArmyEngagementsWorld War IInsigniaAbbreviationGenkdo zbV 68Military unit The 68th Corps (German: Generalkommando zbV 68) was a corps formation of the German Army in World War I. It was formed in March 1918 and was still in existence at the end of the war.[1] Chronicle The 68th[2] Corps (z.b.V.)[3] was established in Mar...
وزارة الثقافة والإرشاد الإسلامي (إيران) وزارة الثقافة والإرشاد الإسلامي (إيران) تفاصيل الوكالة الحكومية البلد إيران تأسست 18 أغسطس 1984 المركز طهران35°41′35″N 51°25′57″E / 35.693169°N 51.432453°E / 35.693169; 51.432453 الإدارة موقع الويب الموقع الرسمي تعديل مصدري - تعدي�...
إدوين ماكسويل معلومات شخصية الميلاد 9 فبراير 1886[1] دبلن الوفاة 13 أغسطس 1948 (62 سنة) [1] ماساتشوستس مواطنة أيرلندا الحياة العملية المهنة ممثل، وممثل مسرحي، وممثل أفلام المواقع IMDB صفحته على IMDB تعديل مصدري - تعديل إدوين ماكسويل (بالإنجلي
‹ 1935 1950 › Парламентські вибори у Великій Британії 1945 Усі 640 місць у Палаті громад 5 липня 1945 Попередній Прем'єр міністрВінстон ЧерчилльКонсерватори Обраний Прем'єр міністрКлемент ЕттліЛейбористи Парламентські вибори у Великій Британії 1945 року — демо�...
The Right StuffTheatrical posterSutradara Philip Kaufman Produser Irwin Winkler Ditulis olehPhilip KaufmanTom Wolfe (buku)PemeranFred WardDennis QuaidEd HarrisScott GlennSam ShepardBarbara Hershey Lance HenriksenVeronica CartwrightJane DornackerPenata musikBill ContiSinematograferCaleb DeschanelDistributorWarner Bros.Tanggal rilis21 Oktober 1983Durasi193 menitNegara Amerika SerikatBahasa Inggris IMDbInformasi di IMDbAMGProfil All Movie Guide The Right Stuff merupakan sebuah film Am...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2023) لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع سنام (توضيح). سنام مدينة (مركز أ) علم سنامعلمOfficial seal of سنامشعار الإحداثيات 24°26′N 44°42′E / 24.433°N 44.700°E / 24.433; 44.700 تقسيم إداري &...
An armoured vehicle fitted with 'Adaptiv' infrared side panels, switched off (left), and on to simulate a large car (right),[1] demonstrates both crypsis and mimesis. Adaptiv is an active camouflage technology developed by BAE Systems AB to protect military vehicles from detection by far infrared night vision devices, providing infrared stealth. It consists of an array of hexagonal Peltier plates which can be rapidly heated and cooled to form any desired image, such as of the natural ...
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Kaiafas Lake – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Kaiafas LakeΛίμνη Καϊάφα (Greek)Kaiafas LakeLocationElis, GreeceCoordinates37°30′29.62″N 21°36′27.73″E / 37.50822...
Passport of the Republic of Djibouti issued to Djiboutian citizens Djiboutian passportFront cover of a contemporary Djiboutian biometric passport introduced in 2020.TypePassportIssued by DjiboutiPurposeIdentificationEligibilityDjiboutian nationals The Djiboutian passport is issued to citizens of Djibouti for international travel. The document is a biometric machine-readable passport with a blue cover with the text République de Djibouti above the coat of arms, and the text passport belo...
Memorial in Berlin, Germany 52°31′07″N 13°21′36″E / 52.5185°N 13.3600°E / 52.5185; 13.3600 Memorial to the First Homosexual Emancipation MovementView from across the Spree in 2018LocationBerlin, GermanyTypeMemorialDedicated dateFirst homosexual movement The memorial in 2017 The Memorial to the First Homosexual Emancipation Movement (German: Denkmal für die erste homosexuelle Emanzipationsbewegung) is a memorial in the neighbourhood of Moabit in Berlin...
Simbion internal: mitokondrion memiliki matriks dan membran, seperti sel proteobakteri yang bebas, dan mungkin berasal dari situ. Simbiogenesis atau teori endosimbiotik adalah teori yang menyatakan bahwa sel eukariot berasal dari organisme prokariot. Teori ini pertama kali dikemukakan pada tahun 1905 dan 1910 oleh ahli botani Rusia Konstantin Mereschkowski, dan kemudian dikembangkan dan diperkuat dengan bukti-bukti mikrobiologis oleh Lynn Margulis pada tahun 1967. Menurut teori ini, organel p...
Hospital in EnglandHospital of St NicholasThe 16th-century 140–142 Hospital Street might stand on the hospital siteShown in CheshireGeographyLocationNantwich, England, United KingdomCoordinates53°03′56″N 2°30′55″W / 53.0656°N 2.5153°W / 53.0656; -2.5153HistoryOpened1083Closed1548LinksListsHospitals in England The Hospital of St Nicholas (variously known as St Nicholas Hospital, the Hospice of St Nicholas and the free Chapel and Hospice of St Nicholas) was...
2007 South Korean television series Golden BridePromotional posterAlso known asBride From VietnamWritten byPark Hyun-joo [ko]Directed byWoon Goon-ilBaek Soo-chanStarringSong Jong-hoLee Young-ahSong Chang-euiChoi Yeo-jinKim Hee-chulCountry of originSouth KoreaNo. of episodes169ProductionExecutive producerGo Heung-sikProducerSon Ok-hyunRunning time70 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkSBS TVRelease23 June 2007 (2007-06-23) –8 May 2008 (2008-05-08) Golden BrideHangul황�...
Anthology Half in Shadow Dust-jacket illustration by Tim Kirk for Half in ShadowAuthorMary Elizabeth CounselmanIllustratorfrontispiece by Tim KirkCover artistTim KirkCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreFantasy, Horror short storiesPublisherArkham HousePublication date1978Media typePrint (hardback)Pagesix, 212 ppISBN0-87054-081-5OCLC4166637Dewey Decimal813/.5/4LC ClassPZ4.C862 Hal PS3553.O85 Half in Shadow is a collection of stories by author Mary Elizabeth Counselman. Most ...
The Big Pelican in 2009 The Big Pelican is one of Australia's big things and a popular tourist attraction. The Big Pelican is located on the foreshore of the Noosa River in Noosaville, Queensland on the Sunshine Coast. It is a popular spot for families to visit and take photos, as well as enjoy the surroundings and atmosphere.[1] References ^ The big pelican. 26°23′53″S 153°03′38″E / 26.39801°S 153.06043°E / -26.39801; 153.06043 This article about a...
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Dubious Luxury – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2...
Francisco Carrascón Aguado Información personalNacimiento 3 de diciembre de 1876 Tudela (España) Fallecimiento 31 de octubre de 1936 (59 años)Madrid (España) Causa de muerte Herida por arma de fuego Nacionalidad EspañolaInformación profesionalOcupación Compositor y organista Instrumento Órgano [editar datos en Wikidata] Francisco Carrascón Aguado (Tudela, Navarra, 3 de diciembre de 1876 — Madrid, noviembre de 1936), fue un compositor y organista español. Biografía Fue ...
American biographer and teacher Michael Shelden (born 1951)[1] is an American biographer and teacher, notable for his authorized biography of George Orwell, his history of Cyril Connolly's Horizon magazine, his controversial biography of Graham Greene, and his study of the last years of Mark Twain, Man in White. In March 2013 his Young Titan: The Making of Winston Churchill was published.[2] In 2016 his biography of Herman Melville, Melville in Love, was published by Ecco/Harp...
_digital_restoration.jpg)
