Indiewood

Indiewood (also known as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", or "quality")^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]} films are made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking system yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.^[8]

Background

The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,^[9][10][11] was previously associated with b movies, exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema^[12]), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.^{[13][14][15][16][17][18]}

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")^[19][20][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.^{[21][22][23][24][25][4]}

Divisions

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein^[26] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,^[27][28] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine, at Focus Features.^[29]

Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors

• Searchlight Pictures
• Fine Line Features (established by New Line Cinema)
• Lionsgate
• NEON
• A24
• Paramount Vantage
• Summit Entertainment
• Orion Pictures
• Samuel Goldwyn Company
• Warner Independent
• Picturehouse
• United Artists (first founded in 1919 as an independent studio that allowed more creative freedom^[30] for former silent film stars like Mary Pickford and Charles Chaplin)
• Blumhouse
• Cannon Films
• Sony Pictures Classics
• IFC Films
• Magnolia Pictures
• Janus Films
• Kino Lorber
• Roadside Attractions
• Bleecker Street
• MUBI
• Amazon Studios (in association with MGM)
• Oscilloscope

Sources

^{[31][2][32][19][33][34][35][36][37][38]}

Differences from Hollywood

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films^[39][40] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987's satire Hollywood Shuffle and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards^[11]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation, the polar opposite to the conformist, gray-flannel conformity of 1950s America.^[41][16]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration^[42] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).^[43]

List of selected Indiewood/Pre-Indiewood filmmakers

• Julie Dash^{[19][35][6][44]}
• Cheryl Dunye^[45][44]
• Kathleen Collins^[6][7]
• Lizzie Borden^{[3][35][46][47][48]}
• Ava DuVernay^{[49][50][35][51]}
• Dee Rees^{[49][50][52][51][53]}
• Chloe Zhao^[54][55][56]
• Lulu Wang^[57]
• Mira Nair^{[33][35][6][58]}
• Barry Jenkins^[57]
• Billy Woodberry^[7]
• Marlon Riggs^[45]
• Stanley Nelson^[59]
• Charles Burnett^[60][61]

^{[37][62][7][48]}

• William Greaves^[16]
• Wendell B. Harris Jr.^[63][64]
• Oscar Micheaux^[65]
• Ryan Coogler^[66][67]
• Tyler Perry^[68][14]
• Spike Lee^{[19][5][36][69][7]}

^{[9][47][16][37][64][62][48][70]}

• Reginald Hudlin^{[71][58][67][72]}
• John Singleton^[19]
• Robert Townsend^[19][64]
• Walter Salles^[33]
• Ramin Bahrani^[5][73]
• Alfonso Cuaron^[33]
• Denzel Washington^[19]
• Ang Lee^{[19][33][5][45]}
• Lee Daniels^[51][74]
• Daniels^[75][57][76]
• Wayne Wang^{[5][36][47][64][77]}
• Lee Isaac Chung^[57][56]
• Lisa Cholodenko^{[78][79][35][45][6][44]}
• Mario Van Peebles^[80]
• Melvin Van Peebles^{[62][81][37][48]}
• Robert Rodriguez^{[20][3][19][4][82][58][67]}
• Gregory Nava^[16]
• Robert M. Young^[16]
• Miguel Arteta^[5][83][67]
• Guillermo del Toro^[33][73]
• Chris Eyre^[78]
• Taika Waititi^[84]
• Nina Menkes^[85]
• Claudia Weill^[14][50][86]
• Donna Deitch^[87][70]
• Joyce Chopra^[16][64]
• Mary Harron^[88][35][67]
• Jennie Livingston^[45]
• Penelope Spheeris^[89][90][91]
• Martha Coolidge^[35][6]
• Kelly Reichardt^[35][57][53]
• Debra Granik^{[35][74][14][92][73][53][62][93]}
• Alice Wu^[93]
• Eliza Hittman^[93]
• Susan Seidelman^{[5][35][36][47]}
• Adrienne Shelly^[74][67]
• Joan Micklin Silver^[94]
• Ralph Bakshi^[95]
• Don Bluth^[96][97][98]
• Will Vinton^[99][100]
• Suzan Pitt^[101]
• Don Hertzfeldt^{[102][103][101][104][105]}
• Bill Plympton^{[106][103][107][108][105]}
• John and Faith Hubley^[109]
• George Griffin^[110][111]
• Mark Osborne^[112]
• Candy Kugel^[113]
• Janie Geiser^[114][111]
• Fred Mogubgub^[115]
• John Canemaker^[111]
• Joanna Priestley^[116][108]
• PES^[117][105]
• Nina Paley^[102]
• Nicole Holofcener^[5][35]
• Tom McCarthy^[5][67]
• Alex Garland^[57]
• Patty Jenkins^[118][119]
• Sarah Polley^[120]
• Sian Heder^[121]
• Lena Dunham^[35]
• Greta Gerwig^[57]
• Miranda July^{[122][35][83][67]}
• Bette Gordon^[123][70]
• Nancy Savoca^[6][67][46]
• Todd Haynes^{[124][79][125][48]}

^{[126][36][82][69][58][67][16][62][44]}

• John Waters^{[127][128][6][48]}

^{[46][67][16][37]}

• Greg Araki^{[45][6][63][129]}
• Sean Baker^{[57][130][40][16]}
• Lodge Kerrigan^[53]
• Alex Ross Perry^[131]
• Jeff Nichols^[132]
• Mike Nichols^[133]
• Henry Jaglom^[14]
• Jim McBride^[14]
• Jonas Mekas^[14][16]
• Mark Rappaport^[16]
• Andrew Bujalski^[16][48]
• John Cameron Mitchell^[83][67]
• Gus Van Sant^{[134][135][19][120][69][6][9][16]}
• Steve James^[120][58]
• Wim Wenders^[120][70]
• Jim McKay^[5]
• Bo Burnham^[57]
• Joel and Ethan Coen^{[25][2][136][129]}

^{[71][36][82][46][67][9][47][64][62]}

• Mark and Jay Duplass^[40][37]
• Sam Raimi^[69][62][70]
• Josh and Benny Safdie^[57][16][37]
• Joe Swanberg^[16]
• Rian Johnson^[83][67]
• Christopher Guest^{[32][137][129]}
• Alan Rudolph^{[6][87][7][70]}
• James Gray^[25][36]
• Andrea Arnold^[57]
• Robert Eggers^[57]
• George A. Romero^{[69][37][138][62][48]}
• Wes Craven^[139][133]
• John Carpenter^{[139][69][47][72][37][62]}
• Yorgos Lanthimos^[57]
• Ari Aster^[57]
• Paul Schrader^[57]
• Alex Kendrick^[140]
• Mike Mills^{[141][142][57]}
• Joe Wright^[143]
• Jim Jarmusch^{[80][19][36][69][144][13][64][129]}

^{[46][47][16][62][7][48]}

• Rob Nilsson^[64]
• Zach Braff^[145]
• George Clooney^[32]
• James Mangold^[2][36][58]
• Sam Mendes^[2][3]
• Spike Jonze^{[88][146][20][69][62]}
• Errol Morris^{[118][3][19][120][58]}

^{[67][47][77][48]}

• Martin Scorsese^{[118][119][14][147][129][62][48]}
• Sam Fuller^[148][149]
• John Cassavetes^{[69][73][14][147][62]}

^{[48][150][151]}

• Brian de Palma^[14][139]
• Robert Downey Sr^[14]
• Norman Mailer^[14][16]
• Andy Warhol^[14][16][48]
• Kenneth Anger^[48]
• Herk Harvey^[152]
• Ron Rice^[16]
• Robert Frank^[16]
• Kent Mackenzie^[16]
• Neil Jordan^[119]
• James Marsh^{[120][74][67]}
• Greg Mottola^{[153][137][6]}
• Jon Favreau^[133]
• Bennett Miller^[119]
• Jonathan Caouette^[118][120]
• Larry Clark^[3][69]
• Abel Ferrara^{[154][69][58][67][16][63][62]}
• Michel Gondry^{[88][155][69]}
• Wes Anderson^{[156][39][146][69]}

^[37][63][48]

• Noah Baumbach^{[157][5][137][93]}
• Sofia Coppola^{[158][20][159][5][69][37][62][160]}
• Kathryn Bigelow^[6][53]
• Allison Anders^{[124][20][5][89][58]}

^{[67][87][129][70]}

• Barbara Kopple^[86]
• Shirley Clarke^{[91][14][16][48][151]}
• Barbara Loden^[16]
• Roger Corman^{[161][72][37][48]}
• Paul Bartel^[123]
• Herschell Gordon Lewis^[138]
• John Sayles^{[5][36][6][58][67][16][63][123][62][129][48]}
• Jonathan Demme^[7]
• Tom DiCillo^{[20][19][36][6][58][67]}
• Carson Davidson^[91]
• Doug Liman^{[69][162][67][62]}
• Darren Aronofsky^{[20][4][162][67][62][163][164]}
• Jason Reitman^{[135][2][119][62]}
• Godfrey Reggio^[145][120]
• Ross McElwee^[64][48]
• Alexander Payne^{[124][146][118][5]}
• Kimberly Peirce^{[124][45][129]}
• David O. Russell^{[124][146][118][67]}
• Kevin Smith^{[124][20][145][165][71][160][11]}

^{[36][69][166][67][73][47][37][62]}

• David Mamet^{[119][162][14]}
• Quentin Tarantino^{[156][39][19][4][136][71][36][62]}

^{[82][69][58][67][47][16][37][48][44]}

• Tim Burton^[167]
• Neil LaBute^{[25][79][5][69][62][129]}
• Todd Solondz^[79][20][5]

^{[154][69][67][62][129]}

• Terry Zwigoff^{[156][120][5]}
• David Cronenberg^[157]
• Christopher Nolan^{[88][20][168][69][37][62]}
• Whit Stillman^{[20][119][5][69]}
• Todd Field^[83][67]
• Richard Kelly^{[157][69][62]}
• Jean-Pierre Jeunet^[33]
• Julian Schnabel^[137][164]
• Jared Hess^[155][145]
• Charlie Kaufman^[155]
• Hal Hartley^{[20][19][5][137][58][67][16][64]}
• David Lynch^{[88][79][69][133]}

^{[139][37][64][62][48]}

• David Fincher^{[146][20][3][70]}
• Steven Soderbergh^{[23][64][62][129][48][70]}

^{[20][145][82][69][166][46][67][53][169][16][37]}

• Rob Reiner^{[69][14][47][147][64]}
• Oliver Stone^[14][70]
• Dennis Hopper^{[69][81][92][14][37][62][48][133]}
• Shane Carruth^[69][83]
• Anthony Minghella^[119]
• Harmony Korine^{[19][154][69][160]}
• Richard Linklater^{[39][48][160]}

^{[20][80][5][137][58][67][16][37][62]}

• Robert Altman^{[170][120][69][37][62]}
• William Friedkin^[119]
• James Cameron^{[69][72][62][70]}
• Damien Chazelle^[39][66][67]
• Tom Ford^[43]
• Michael Moore^{[80][157][118][4][5][58][14]}

^[47][48]

• Mel Gibson^[80][118]
• Paul Thomas Anderson^{[171][146][20]}
• Vincent Gallo^{[20][5][162][67]}
• Paul Haggis^[172][157]
• Bryan Singer^{[20][3][69][58][67][62]}
• James Toback^[120]
• Allen Baron^[151]
• Woody Allen^[69][67][46]

List of selected notable and important Pre-Indiewood films

Pre-1950s

• City Lights (1931)^[37]≈
• Reefer Madness (1936)^[173]
• The Great Dictator (1940)^[37]≈
• Rebecca (1940)^[37]≈

1950s

• Little Fugitive (1953)^{[81][14][16][174]}≈
• Salt of the Earth (1954)^[48]≈
• 3rd Ave. El (1955)^[91]
• The Adventures of an * (1957)^[109]
• Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957)^[161]
• On the Bowery (1957)^[14][16]≈
• 12 Angry Men (1957)^[37]≈
• The Screaming Skull (1958)^[161]
• Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)^[161]
• Moonbird (1959)^[109]
• Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)^[81]
• Pull My Daisy (1959)^[14][16]≈
• Shadows (1959)^{[69][81][14][16][37][62][48][174]}≈
• Some Like It Hot (1959)^[37]≈

1960s

• The Flower Thief (1960)^[16]
• Munro (1960)^[109][175]
• Psycho (1960)^[147]≈
• The Savage Eye (1960)^[174]
• The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)^[176]
• Blast of Silence (1961)^{[177][178][151]}
• The Connection (1961)^{[81][14][174]}
• The Exiles (1961)^[16][174]≈
• Something Wild (1961)^[179][180]
• Carnival of Souls (1962)^{[181][182][183][152]}
• The Hole (1962)^[109]≈
• Beach Party (1963)^[37]
• Blood Feast (1963)^{[81][37][174]}
• The Cool World (1963)^[14]≈
• The Brig (1964)^[16]
• Help! My Snowman's Burning Down (1964)^[91]
• Nothing But a Man (1964)^[81][48]≈
• Two Thousand Maniacs (1964)^[138]
• Time Piece (1965)^[184]
• Vinyl (1965)^[14]
• Chafed Elbows (1966)^[41][14]
• Chelsea Girls (1966)^[48]
• A Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Double Feature (1966)^[185]
• Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)^[176]
• The Wild Angels (1966)^[37]
• The Box (1967)^[186]
• David Holzman's Diary (1967)^[14]≈
• Dont Look Back (1967)^[48]≈
• The Graduate (1967)^[133]≈
• The Jungle (1967)^[187]≈
• Portrait of Jason (1967)^[91][16][48]≈
• Spider Baby (1967)^[188]
• The Trip (1967)^[81][37]
• Who's That Knocking at My Door? (1967)^[81]
• Beyond the Law (1968)^[14][16]
• Faces (1968)^{[41][73][14][16][150]}≈
• Greetings (1968)^[41][14]
• Murder a la Mod (1968)^[14]
• Night of the Living Dead (1968)^{[69][81][92][47][37][138][62][189][48]}≈
• No More Excuses (1968)^[14]
• Symbiopsychotaxiplasm Take One (1968)^[16]≈
• Wild 90 (1968)^[14][16]
• Easy Rider (1969)^{[69][81][92][14][37][62][48][133]}≈
• Midnight Cowboy (1969)^[37]≈
• Putney Swope (1969)^[14]≈

1970s

• The Further Adventures of Uncle Sam (1970)^[190]
• Husbands (1970)^[14][16]
• Is It Always Right to Be Right? (1970)^[190]
• Maidstone (1970)^[14][16]
• Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1970)^{[81][191][62][48]}≈
• Wanda (1970)^[81][86]≈
• Let's Scare Jessica to Death (1971)^[139]
• McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971)^[37]≈
• THX-1138 (1971)^[92][62]
• Two-Lane Blacktop (1971)^[81][62]≈
• The Last House on the Left (1972)^[139]
• Pink Flamingos (1972)^{[6][81][92][37][48]}≈
• Badlands (1973)^[14]≈
• Coffy (1973)^[188]
• Mean Streets (1973)^{[69][92][62][48]}≈
• Messiah of Evil (1973)^[192]
• Sisters (1973)^[139]
• Benji (1974)^{[147][129][193]}
• Dark Star (1974)^[47][37][62]
• Female Trouble (1974)^[37]
• The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)^{[81][92][139][47][37][62][48]}
• A Woman Under the Influence (1974)^[92][73][37]≈
• Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (1975)^[129]
• Coney (1975)^[194]
• Head (1975)^[110][111]
• Hester Street (1975)^[6][86]≈
• The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)^[37][189]≈
• Harlan County U.S.A. (1976)^[86]≈
• Alambrista! (1977)^[6][14]≈
• Eraserhead (1977)^{[6][69][81][92][139][47][16]}

^{[37][191][62][48][133]}≈

• The Hills Have Eyes (1977)^[139]
• Killer of Sheep (1977)^{[69][195][81][92][16][62][48]}≈
• Opening Night (1977)^[37]
• Dawn of the Dead (1978)^[139]
• Gates of Heaven (1978)^[77]
• Girlfriends (1978)^{[196][14][50][86]}≈
• Halloween (1978)^{[81][92][139][47][72]}≈
• Martin (1978)^[139]
• Northern Lights (1978)^[6][14]
• Piranha (1978)^[92]
• The Whole Shootin' Match (1978)^[197]
• Asparagus (1979)^[198][101]
• Bush Mama (1979)^[14][129]≈
• Heartland (1979)^[6][14][129]

List of notable and important Indiewood films

1980s

• Atlantic City (1980)^[199]≈
• Friday the 13th (1980)^[69][47]
• The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)^[200]≈
• Out of the Blue (1980)^[7]
• Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980)^{[5][81][129][48]}≈
• The Decline of Western Civilization (1981)^[90]≈
• The Evil Dead (1981)^{[69][92][37][62][70]}
• My Dinner with Andre (1981)^[6][37][77]
• Polyester (1981)^[37]
• Will (1981)^[64]
• Zoot Suit (1981)^[119][201]≈
• The Atomic Cafe (1982)^{[202][203][5]}≈
• The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez (1982)^{[6][14][47][16]}≈
• Chan Is Missing (1982)^{[5][119][64][77]}≈
• Eating Raoul (1982)^[123]
• First Blood (1982)^[19]
• Forbidden Zone (1982)^[204]
• Illusions (1982)^[6]≈
• Liquid Sky (1982)^[6][205]
• Losing Ground (1982)^[6][81][7]≈
• The Loveless (1982)^[6]
• The Secret of NIMH (1982)^{[206][207][96][97]}
• Smithereens (1982)^[35]
• White Dog (1982)^[208]
• Born in Flames (1983)^[48]
• El Norte (1983)^[119][16]≈
• Koyaanisqatsi (1983)^[145][120]≈
• Lianna (1983)^[129]
• My Brother's Wedding (1983)^[7]
• Seventeen (1983)^[64]
• Suburbia (1983)^[7]
• Sundae in New York (1983)^[209]
• Variety (1983)^[123][70]
• Bless Their Little Hearts (1984)^[7]≈
• The Brother from Another Planet (1984)^[5][129]
• Choose Me (1984)^{[6][87][7][70]}
• In Heaven There Is No Beer? (1984)^[210]
• The Killing Floor (1984)^[5]
• Love Streams (1984)^[37]
• A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)^{[19][71][47][37][64]}≈
• Paris, Texas (1984)^[144][70]
• Repo Man (1984)^[211][212]
• Stranger Than Paradise (1984)^{[136][5][144][6][46][62][129][48][208]}

^{[67][81][92][47][16][37][64]}≈

• Streetwise (1984)^[120][7]
• The Terminator (1984)^{[19][5][69][92][72][62][189][70]}≈
• This Is Spinal Tap (1984)^[69][6][64]≈
• The Times of Harvey Milk (1984)^[5][6]≈
• The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)^[213]
• Blood Simple (1985)^{[3][136][71][69][6][62]}

^{[46][67][14][81][92][47][37]}

• The Breakfast Club (1985)^[214][189]≈
• Desert Hearts (1985)^{[35][81][87][5][70]}
• Desperately Seeking Susan (1985)^[35]≈
• Down By Law (1986)^[13]
• Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)^{[215][3][6][14][5]}
• Mala Noche (1985)^[5]
• Re-Animator (1985)^[5]
• Runaway Train (1985)^[62]
• Smooth Talk (1985)^[6][64][7]
• Teen Wolf (1985)^[72]
• The Toxic Avenger (1985)^[129][70]
• Trip to Bountiful (1985)^[215][14]
• Blue Velvet (1986)^{[69][6][37][64][62][5][70]}
• Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)^[67][46]
• Hoosiers (1986)^[14][147]≈
• Platoon (1986)^[6][14][70]≈
• Parting Glances (1986)^[87][7][70]
• Salvador (1986)^[14][5]
• She's Gotta Have It (1986)^{[19][5][36][69][81][48]}

^{[92][14][47][64][62][133]}≈

• Sherman's March (1986)^[64][48][5]≈
• Something Wild (1986)^[6][7]
• Stand by Me (1986)^[14][147]
• True Stories (1986)^[6][5]
• Working Girls (1986)^{[3][35][46][67]}
• The Big Easy (1987)^[14]
• Border Radio (1987)^{[6][16][87][70]}
• The Brave Little Toaster (1987)^{[216][217][72]}
• Dirty Dancing (1987)^{[135][81][72]}
• Evil Dead II (1987)^[62][208]
• Hollywood Shuffle (1987)^[6][64][11]
• House of Games (1987)^[119]
• Matewan (1987)^{[5][37][123][62][129]}≈
• Near Dark (1987)^[6]
• Raising Arizona (1987)^[5][82][6]
• River's Edge (1987)^{[6][46][64][208]}
• Your Face (1987)^[103]
• The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years (1988)^[90]
• Earth Girls Are Easy (1988)^[36]
• Eight Men Out (1988)^[129]
• Hairspray (1988)^{[128][46][67][37]}≈
• Heat and Sunlight (1988)^[16][64]
• Ko-Ko (1988)^[218]
• Lady in White (1988)^[219]
• Let's Get Lost (1988)^[64]
• The Moderns (1988)^[6]
• Patty Hearst (1988)^[36]
• Powaqqatsi (1988)^[145]
• Running on Empty (1988)^[7]
• Stand and Deliver (1988)^[14]≈
• The Thin Blue Line (1988)^{[3][120][47][48]}≈
• Torch Song Trilogy (1988)^[14]
• All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)^[96][98]
• Chameleon Street (1989)^[63][64]
• Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (1989)^[6]
• Do the Right Thing (1989)^{[19][9][14][37][70]}≈
• Drugstore Cowboy (1989)^{[69][81][9][14][37][62]}
• Heathers (1989)^{[6][46][67][14][37][208]}
• Longtime Companion (1989)^[36][6]
• Roger & Me (1989)^{[120][5][36][6][58][67][48]}

^[14]≈

• Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989)^{[20][220][145][221][4][5][64]}

^{[71][36][82][69][166][46][67][81][62][70] [92][169][14][153][47][16][37][48][133]}≈

• Sidewalk Stories (1989)^[14]
• True Love (1989)^{[35][6][46][67]}
• The Unbelievable Truth (1989)^{[20][58][67][81][64]}

1990s

• All My Relations (1990)^[116]
• The Grifters (1990)^{[36][58][67][14]}
• House Party (1990)^{[71][6][58][67][72]}≈
• Jacob's Ladder (1990)^[19]
• Metropolitan (1990)^{[20][5][36][69][6]}
• Miller's Crossing (1990)^[5][6][14]
• Mountains of the Moon (1990)^[19]
• Paris Is Burning (1990)^[45][36]≈
• Pump Up the Volume (1990)^[160][222]
• Sink or Swim (1990)^[82][222]≈
• Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)^{[19][72][223]}
• To Sleep with Anger (1990)^{[60][61][195][37]}≈
• Total Recall (1990)^[19]
• Trust (1990)^[58][67][63]
• Wild at Heart (1990)^[36][6][14]
• Barton Fink (1991)^[5][6]
• Daughters of the Dust (1991)^{[5][35][6][81][37]}≈
• Dogfight (1991)^[6]
• Fast Food Matador (1991)^[113]
• Homicide (1991)^[14]
• L.A. Story (1991)^[19]
• Truth or Dare (1991)^[120][36]
• Mississippi Masala (1991)^[6][58][67]
• My Own Private Idaho (1991)^{[19][120][45][36][69][92][37]}
• Night on Earth (1991)^[36][37]
• Poison (1991)^[82][222]

^{[6][58][67][81][62][48]}

• Queen of Diamonds (1991)^[85]≈
• Rambling Rose (1991)^[6]
• The Rapture (1991)^[224]
• Rock-a-Doodle (1991)^[96]
• Slacker (1991)^{[20][4][5][34][58][67][81][92]}

^{[48][222][73][16][37][62]}≈

• Straight Out of Brooklyn (1991)^[6]
• Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)^[19][5][37]≈
• American Me (1992)^[201]
• Bad Lieutenant (1992)^{[69][6][16][62]}
• Basic Instinct (1992)^[19]
• Bob Roberts (1992)^[166]
• A Brief History of Time (1992)^[58][67]
• Ferngully: The Last Rainforest (1992)^[225]
• Gas Food Lodging (1992)^{[4][6][58][67][14][129][222]}
• Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)^[37]
• In the Soup (1992)^[6]
• The Living End (1992)^[5][45][6]
• Passion Fish (1992)^[5][63]
• The Player (1992)^[170][36][6]
• Reservoir Dogs (1992)^{[20][3][4][226][82][69][222]}

^{[6][58][227][67][37][62]}

• Simple Men (1992)^[6]
• Swoon (1992)^[6]
• Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)^[37]
• Dazed and Confused (1993)^{[5][137][82][69][6][62][222]}
• El Mariachi (1993)^{[20][19][4][5][162][58][67][81][92][169][37]}≈
• Menace II Society (1993)^[6]
• Mi Vida Loca (1993)^[5][6]
• Red Rock West (1993)^[6]
• Ruby in Paradise (1993)^[58][67][14]
• Short Cuts (1993)^{[170][120][69][62]}
• Suture (1993)^[58][67]
• The Wedding Banquet (1993)^[5][6]≈
• Clean, Shaven (1994)^[6]
• Clerks (1994)^{[20][145][3][4][5][71][11][133]}

^{[82][69][6][58][162][147][62][222]}

^{[227][67][81][92][73][37]}≈

• Dumb and Dumber (1994)^[228]
• Fresh (1994)^[6][229]
• Go Fish (1994)^{[5][45][6][58][67]}
• Hoop Dreams (1994)^{[120][4][36][58][67][37]}≈
• The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)^[6]
• I Like It Like That (1994)^[6]
• The Last Seduction (1994)^[6][92]
• Little Odessa (1994)^[230]
• Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994)^[6]
• Pulp Fiction (1994)^{[156][231][220][3][221][189][48][133]}

^{[4][226][136][34][6][81][16][37]}≈

• The Red Book (1994)^[114][111]≈
• Reality Bites (1994)^[58][67]
• River of Grass (1994)^[35][6]
• Serial Mom (1994)^[127][6][37]
• Spanking the Monkey (1994)^{[20][3][19][58][67][92]}
• Thumbelina (1994)^[96]
• What Happened Was... (1994)^[154][222]
• Altair (1995)^[232][111]
• Before Sunrise (1995)^[69][58][37]
• The Brothers McMullen (1995)^{[4][6][58][162][67]}
• Crumb (1995)^[120][4]
• Dead Man (1995)^[6]
• Dead Man Walking (1995)^[145][6]
• The Doom Generation (1995)^[129][222]
• Friday (1995)^{[119][160][222]}
• Kicking and Screaming (1995)^{[137][53][222]}
• Kids (1995)^{[3][5][36][69][166][6][81][92][160]}
• Leaving Las Vegas (1995)^[6]
• Living in Oblivion (1995)^{[58][67][92][53]}
• The Pebble and the Penguin (1995)^[96]
• Safe (1995)^{[79][126][5][69][6][14][92]}
• Se7en (1995)^[3]
• Smoke (1995)^[47]
• The Usual Suspects (1995)^{[3][69][6][92][37][62]}
• Basquiat (1996)^[137][164]
• Big Night (1996)^[6][162][67]
• Bottle Rocket (1996)^{[146][20][3][69][37][63]}
• Box of Moonlight (1996)^[6]
• Citizen Ruth (1996)^{[146][20][3][5][6]}
• The Daytrippers (1996)^{[137][6][129]}
• The English Patient (1996)^{[215][19][4][36][6]}
• Fargo (1996)^{[215][19][5][6][129]}≈
• Flirting with Disaster (1996)^{[146][3][166][6]}

• Hard Eight (1996)^[20][3]
• I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)^[6][162][67]
• Lone Star (1996)^{[5][6][92][62][129]}
• Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)^[233]
• Schizopolis (1996)^[3][6]
• Sling Blade (1996)^{[221][4][5][36][37]}
• The Spitfire Grill (1996)^{[4][162][67][14]}
• Swingers (1996)^{[5][69][162][133]}

^{[67][92][37][62][160][222]}

• Trees Lounge (1996)^[230]
• Waiting for Guffman (1996)^[137][129]
• Walking and Talking (1996)^[5]
• The Watermelon Woman (1996)^[45]≈
• Welcome to the Dollhouse (1996)^{[20][3][4][5][154]}

^{[6][162][147][37][160][222]}

• When We Were Kings (1996)^[162][67]
• The Apostle (1997)^[6]
• Chasing Amy (1997)^{[166][6][160]}
• Cop Land (1997)^[2]
• Eve's Bayou (1997)^[230]≈
• Good Will Hunting (1997)^{[234][135][3][221][34][6][37]}
• Grosse Pointe Blank (1997)^[92][62]
• Gummo (1997)^{[19][5][69][92]}
• Henry Fool (1997)^[137][129]
• In the Company of Men (1997)^{[79][154][69][6][62][129][222]}
• Jackie Brown (1997)^[156][37]
• Lost Highway (1997)^[88][79]
• Love Jones (1997)^[230]
• Ulee's Gold (1997)^[14]
• American History X (1998)^[36]
• The Big Lebowski (1998)^{[235][5][133]}≈
• Boogie Nights (1998)^{[171][3][119][5][6][81][133]}
• Buffalo 66 (1998)^{[5][162][67][53][37]}
• Gods and Monsters (1998)^[6]
• Happiness (1998)^{[124][79][5][69][92][62][129]}
• High Art (1998)^{[79][6][162][67]}
• More (1998)^[112]
• New Rose Hotel (1998)^[154][222]
• The Opposite of Sex (1998)^[6][162]
• Next Stop Wonderland (1998)^[6]
• Pi (1998)^{[20][4][34][69][6][162][92][37][62]}
• Rushmore (1998)^{[146][3][5][92][48][133]}≈
• Shakespeare in Love (1998)^{[23][1][3][221][4][36]}
• Slam (1998)^[6]
• Smoke Signals (1998)^[5][6][11]≈
• The Spanish Prisoner (1998)^[162][67]
• Velvet Goldmine (1998)^[124][4][6]
• American Beauty (1999)^[23][2][236]
• American Movie (1999)^[4][73]
• Being John Malkovich (1999)^{[88][146][23][20][69][92][62]}
• The Blair Witch Project (1999)^{[231][145][19][4][236][34][69][162][227][67]}

^{[189][81][147][37][62][48]}

• The Boondock Saints (1999)^[160]
• Boys Don't Cry (1999)^{[124][5][45][129][11]}≈
• Buena Vista Social Club (1999)^[120]≈
• Cruel Intentions (1999)^[147]
• Dogma (1999)^[124][36]
• Election (1999)^{[124][146][3][5]}
• Fight Club (1999)^{[146][220][236]}
• Ghost Dog: Way of the Samurai (1999)^[69][62]
• Julien Donkey-Boy (1999)^[154][222]
• Magnolia (1999)^{[146][237][119][5][36]}
• The Sixth Sense (1999)^[236]
• Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (1999)^[238]
• The Straight Story (1999)^[14]
• The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)^[236]
• Three Kings (1999)^{[124][146][23]}
• The Virgin Suicides (1999)^[160][36]

2000s

• Almost Famous (2000)^[37]
• American Psycho (2000)^{[88][37][189]}
• Best in Show (2000)^[37]
• Chuck & Buck (2000)^[5][83][67]
• Finding Forrester (2000)^[134]
• George Washington (2000)^[37]
• Girlfight (2000)^{[83][67][129]}
• Memento (2000)^{[88][69][83][81][92][37][62][189][133]}≈
• Nurse Betty (2000)^[25]
• O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)^[25][5]
• Pitch Black (2000)^[62]
• Rejected (2000)^[103]
• Requiem for a Dream (2000)^[69][164]
• State and Main (2000)^[119]
• Traffic (2000)^{[23][135][119]}
• The Yards (2000)^[25]
• You Can Count on Me (2000)^{[5][83][67][53]}
• Donnie Darko (2001)^{[5][69][92][37][189][133]}
• Ghost World (2001)^[156][5]
• Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)^[83][67]
• In the Bedroom (2001)^[83]
• Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)^[37]
• The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)^[37]≈
• The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)^[5]
• Monster's Ball (2001)^[118]
• Mulholland Drive (2001)^[88][37]
• The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)^{[156][145][37]}
• Waking Life (2001)^[239][240]
• Y Tu Mama Tambien (2001)^[33]
• Adaptation (2002)^{[88][23][241][119][37]}
• Antwone Fisher (2002)^[119]
• Bend It Like Beckham (2002)^[80]
• Bowling for Columbine (2002)^[118][120]
• Chicago (2002)^[1][2][119]
• Far from Heaven (2002)^[242][73]
• Funny Ha Ha (2002)^[81][16][48]
• Gangs of New York (2002)^[119][36]
• Gerry (2002)^[16]
• Laurel Canyon (2002)^[53]
• My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)^{[231][118][32][5][81][37]}
• Naqoyqatsi (2002)^[145][120]
• Personal Velocity (2002)^[137]
• Punch-Drunk Love (2002)^[146][243]
• Real Women Have Curves (2002)^[83][67]≈
• Roger Dodger (2002)^[92]
• Secretary (2002)^[92][53]
• Solaris (2002)^[23]
• Spellbound (2002)^[118]
• 25th Hour (2002)^[37]
• American Splendor (2003)^{[88][118][83][244][92][73]}
• Capturing the Friedmans (2003)^{[118][120][83]}
• Coffee and Cigarettes (2003)^[80]
• Cold Mountain (2003)^[119]
• The Cooler (2003)^[80]
• Elephant (2003)^[32][16]
• The Fog of War (2003)^{[80][118][120]}≈
• Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)^[80]
• In America (2003)^[80]
• Kill Bill Volume 1 (2003)^[156]
• Lost in Translation (2003)^{[80][231][118][5][136][133]}

^{[69][81][92][73][37][62]}

• Monster (2003)^{[80][118][119]}
• Open Water (2003)^[118]
• The Room (2003)^[245]
• Shattered Glass (2003)^[80]
• The Station Agent (2003)^{[118][5][83][84][92]}
• Taranation (2003)^{[118][19][120]}
• Thirteen (2003)^[80][118][5]
• 21 Grams (2003)^[80]
• The Aviator (2004)^[118]
• Baadasssss! (2004)^[80]
• Before Sunset (2004)^[80]
• Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)^{[88][80][23][69][37]}
• Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)^{[80][118][3][120]}
• Garden State (2004)^{[145][5][227][67][81][37]}
• Keane (2004)^[53]
• The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)^[237]
• Maria Full of Grace (2004)^[32][83]
• Mean Creek (2004)^[243]
• The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)^[33][246]
• Napoleon Dynamite (2004)^{[231][118][145][247][83][227][67][92][37][189][133]}
• Palindromes (2004)^[37]
• The Passion of the Christ (2004)^{[80][231][118][92]}
• Primer (2004)^{[5][69][83][67][81][92][73][37]}
• Saw (2004)^[5][37]
• Sideways (2004)^{[157][231][118][119][5][92][73][37]}
• Silver City (2004)^[248]
• Super Size Me (2004)^{[231][118][145][120][83][67]}
• Take Out (2004)^[16]
• A Very Long Engagement (2004)^[118][32]
• We Don't Live Here Anymore (2004)^[32]
• The Aristocrats (2005)^[231]
• Brick (2005)^{[59][83][67][37]}
• Brokeback Mountain (2005)^{[59][43][157][73][37]}≈
• Capote (2005)^{[59][143][119]}
• Corpse Bride (2005)^[249]
• Crash (2005)^{[59][250][1][119]}
• Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)^[14]
• Good Night and Good Luck (2005)^{[32][143][119]}
• Hostel (2005)^[5][37]
• Hustle & Flow (2005)^[231][83]
• Man Push Cart (2005)^[73]
• Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005)^[122][83]
• Mutual Appreciation (2005)^[16]
• The Notorious Betty Page (2005)^[59]
• Pride & Prejudice (2005)^[143]
• The Puffy Chair (2005)^[40][37]
• The Squid and the Whale (2005)^[244][37]
• Syriana (2005)^[5]
• Babel (2006)^[59]
• Bobby (2006)^[59]
• Facing the Giants (2006)^[140][251]
• For Your Consideration (2006)^[32]
• Friends with Money (2006)^[59]
• Half Nelson (2006)^[59]
• An Inconvenient Truth (2006)^[59][74][67]
• Iraq in Fragments (2006)^[59]
• Inland Empire (2006)^[88][5][252]
• Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (2006)^[59]
• Jesus Camp (2006)^[59]
• Little Children (2006)^[59]
• Little Miss Sunshine (2006)^{[59][247][48][133]}

^{[74][227][67][240][81][73][147][37][62]}

• Marie Antoinette (2006)^[59]
• Nacho Libre (2006)^[145]
• The Namesake (2006)^[157]
• Old Joy (2006)^[53]
• The Painted Veil (2006)^[32]
• Pan's Labyrinth (2006)^[59][33][73]
• A Prairie Home Companion (2006)^[59]
• Quinceañera (2006)^[74][67][73]
• A Scanner Darkly (2006)^{[59][32][119]}
• Southland Tales (2006)^[157]
• Thank You for Smoking (2006)^[59][241]
• The Darjeeling Limited (2007)^[119]
• The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)^[32]
• I'm Not There (2007)^[32]
• In Bruges (2007)^[253][37]
• In the Valley of Elah (2007)^[157][32]
• Juno (2007)^{[157][32][135][5][92][73][147][37][133]}
• Margot at the Wedding (2007)^[157][5]
• A Mighty Heart (2007)^[157]
• No Country for Old Men (2007)^{[32][2][14][37]}
• No End in Sight (2007)^[157][73]
• Paranormal Activity (2007)^{[5][227][81][37]}
• The Savages (2007)^[32][119]
• Sicko (2007)^[157]
• Sunshine (2007)^[157]
• There Will Be Blood (2007)^{[32][119][166]}
• Waitress (2007)^{[157][74][53]}
• The Visitor (2007)^{[253][5][246]}
• American Teen (2008)^[254]
• Baghead (2008)^[40]
• Be Kind Rewind (2008)^[255]
• Fireproof (2008)^[251][253]
• Frozen River (2008)^{[226][35][253][14][53]}
• In Search of a Midnight Kiss (2008)^[62]
• Man on Wire (2008)^[74]
• Rachel Getting Married (2008)^[5][253][53]
• Sita Sings the Blues (2008)^[102][256]
• Synecdoche, New York (2008)^[136][5][37]
• Twilight (2008)^[5]
• Tyson (2008)^[120]
• Wendy and Lucy (2008)^[5]
• The Wrestler (2008)^[84][73][62]
• Adventureland (2009)^[5]
• Away We Go (2009)^[5][247]
• Coraline (2009)^[167]
• The Cove (2009)^[74][67]
• Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)^[167]
• 500 Days of Summer (2009)^[37]
• The Hurt Locker (2009)^[1][2][257]≈
• Inglourious Basterds (2009)^[135][119]
• Moon (2009)^[241][37]
• Precious (2009)^{[258][5][51][74][67][73]}
• Revolutionary Road (2009)^[32]
• A Serious Man (2009)^[37]
• A Single Man (2009)^[43][240]
• Sin Nombre (2009)^[246]
• Trash Humpers (2009)^[259]

2010s

• Beginners (2010)^[141][37]
• Black Swan (2010)^{[73][119][37][62]}
• Blue Valentine (2010)^{[119][74][67][37]}
• Catfish (2010)^[120]
• Greenberg (2010)^[32]
• Inside Job (2010)^[120]
• The Kids Are All Right (2010)^[43][260]
• The King's Speech (2010)^[2]
• Meek's Cutoff (2010)^[35]
• Winter's Bone (2010)^{[39][226][35][74][14][92][73][53][37][62]}
• The Color Wheel (2011)^[261]
• Damsels in Distress (2011)^[119]
• The Descendants (2011)^[119]
• Drive (2011)^[37]
• The Future (2011)^[122]
• Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011)^[37]
• Pariah (2011)^{[52][262][51][53]}≈
• Project Nim (2011)^[120]
• Take Shelter (2011)^[263][224]
• The Tree of Life (2011)^[37]
• Young Adult (2011)^[126][14]
• Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)^{[39][69][74][73][37]}
• Frances Ha (2012)^[81]
• Fresh Guacamole (2012)^[117][264]
• It's Such a Beautiful Day (2012)^{[102][101][265]}
• The Master (2012)^[119]
• Middle of Nowhere (2012)^{[266][267][51]}
• Paranorman (2012)^[167]
• The Place Beyond the Pines (2012)^[37]
• Spring Breakers (2012)^[37]
• Dallas Buyers Club (2013)^[39][119]
• Fruitvale Station (2013)^[66][67][37]
• Moonrise Kingdom (2013)^[37]
• Nebraska (2013)^[241]
• Only God Forgives (2013)^[37]
• 12 Years a Slave (2013)^[1][2]≈
• The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)^[147]
• Birdman (2014)^[39][215][1]
• The Boxtrolls (2014)^[167]
• Boyhood (2014)^{[39][215][2][37]}
• Ex Machina (2014)^[57]
• Foxcatcher (2014)^[39]
• Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)^{[39][215][37]}
• The Imitation Game (2014)^[215][2]
• Listen Up Philip (2014)^[268]
• Nightcrawler (2014)^[241]
• The Theory of Everything (2014)^[215][2]
• Whiplash (2014)^{[39][215][2][66][67][241][37]}
• Dope (2015)^[269][37]
• It Follows (2015)^[37]
• Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015)^[37]
• Spotlight (2015)^[1][2]
• Tangerine (2015)^{[130][40][16][37]}
• The VVitch (2015)^[57][37]
• World of Tomorrow (2015)^[104]
• American Honey (2016)^[57]
• Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016)^[37]
• Manchester by the Sea (2016)^[37]
• Moonlight (2016)^{[260][2][34][57][81][37]}
• Swiss Army Man (2016)^[37]
• 20th Century Women (2016)^{[142][57][37]}
• Weiner (2016)^[120]
• Call Me by Your Name (2017)^[270][37]
• The Disaster Artist (2017)^[270]
• First Reformed (2017)^[57]
• The Florida Project (2017)^[34][57][37]
• Get Out (2017)^[34][81][37]
• Good Time (2017)^[37]
• I, Tonya (2017)^[270][271]
• Lady Bird (2017)^{[34][57][270]}
• Phantom Thread (2017)^[37]
• The Shape of Water (2017)^{[2][270][271]}
• Eighth Grade (2018)^[57][69][37]
• The Favourite (2018)^[37]
• Hereditary (2018)^[57][37]
• Isle of Dogs (2018)^[167]
• The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2018)^[57]
• The Rider (2018)^[54][55]
• Waves (2018)^[37]
• Whitney (2018)^[120]
• The Farewell (2019)^[57]
• First Cow (2019)^[57]
• Jojo Rabbit (2019)^[2]
• The Lighthouse (2019)^[37]
• The Peanut Butter Falcon (2019)^[240]
• Uncut Gems (2019)^[57][37]

2020s

• Cryptozoo (2020)^{[272][273][274]}
• Kajillionaire (2020)^[122]
• Minari (2020)^[57]
• Nomadland (2020)^[275][56]
• Zola (2020)^[57][81]
• CODA (2021)^[121][81]
• Jockey (2021)^[54][276]
• Summer of Soul (2021)^[277][278]
• Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022)^{[279][75][57][76][81][37][93]}
• Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)^{[280][281][282][283]}
• My Year of Dicks (2022)^[284][285]
• Tár (2022)^[163]
• The Whale (2022)^[163]
• Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project (2023)^[42]
• Kokomo City (2023)^[42]
• Sound of Freedom (2023)^[286]

Notes

• ≈ indicates a National Film Registry inductee

See also

• L.A. Rebellion
• Peak TV
• American Eccentric Cinema
• New Hollywood
• Oscar bait
• Arthouse animation
• Sundance Film Festival
• Sleeper hit
• European art cinema
• Independent Spirit Awards
• Mumblecore
• Arthouse action film
• Arthouse science fiction film
• Arthouse musical
• Independent animation

References

1. Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
2. Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
3. The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
4. Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
5. Indie - Google Books
6. Cinema of Outsiders - Google Books
7. Deep focus: The other side of 80s America|Sight & Sound|BFI
8. Robey, Tim (5 September 2004). "The rise and rise of Indiewood". Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
9. 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
10. "Louis Malle teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster". The A.V. Club. 2 September 2015.
11. The Nineties (A Book) - Google Books
12. "Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie". No Film School. November 23, 2016.
13. Tom Waits and John Lurie helped Jim Jarmusch perfect his indie cool|A.V. Club
14. A Companion to American Indie Film - Google Books
15. 27 Of The Best Indie Movies Of All Time|Esquire
16. Rewriting Indie Cinema - Google Books
17. "The Academy Presents 'Restored Animated Rarities'". AFA: Animation for Adults.
18. Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. Knopf. 1989. pp. 286–293. ISBN 978-0-394-54684-1.
19. Hollywood: A Short Introduction - Google Books (section: "Indiewood")
20. Colin Marshall › Me on Battleship Pretension: a three-hour course on the nineties' "Indiewood" movement
21. Decherney, Peter (2016). "7. Home video and Indiewood". Hollywood: A Very Short Introduction. pp. 101–115. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199943548.003.0008. ISBN 978-0-19-994354-8.
22. Tzioumakis, Yannis (2016). "'Indie doc': Documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking". Studies in Documentary Film. 10: 1–21. doi:10.1080/17503280.2016.1171688.
23. "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema". ibtauris.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
24. The Cinema Book. Bloomsbury. 25 July 2019. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-83871-869-5.
25. CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
26. American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
27. Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
28. Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
29. King, Geoff (2009). "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema" (PDF). gkindiefilm.com. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
30. What was the first-ever independent movie?|Far Out Magazine
31. Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
32. Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
33. Epilogue: from independent cinema to specialty content - De Gruyter
34. Indie Movies, Explained: What is an Independent Film? - MovieWeb
35. Indie Reframed - Google Books
36. Indie, Inc. - Google Books
37. The Top 10 Indie Movies of All Time | A Cinefix Movie List - IGN
38. New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
39. How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
40. How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
41. Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
42. In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
43. Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
44. Barbaro, Michael; Cheung, Jessica; Johnson, Michael Simon; Chaturvedi, Asthaa; Benoist, Michael; Wood, Chris (23 March 2023). "Our Film Critic on Why He's Done with the Movies". The New York Times.
45. How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
46. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
47. Outsider Features - Google Books
48. Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
49. 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
50. Badley, Linda; Perkins, Claire Elizabeth; Schreiber, Michele (2016). Indie Reframed. ISBN 978-1-4744-0392-4. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g0529f.
51. Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
52. Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
53. US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
54. Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
55. The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
56. Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
57. The best A24 films to date|EW.com
58. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
59. Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
60. 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
61. Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
62. The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
63. 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
64. First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
65. Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
66. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
67. Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
68. Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
69. Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
70. Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
71. Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
72. Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
73. Not Hollywood - Google Books
74. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
75. A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
76. Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
77. Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
78. Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
79. Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
80. 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
81. The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
82. The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
83. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
84. The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
85. Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
86. When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
87. 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
88. Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
89. DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
90. How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
91. THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
92. 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
93. Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
94. MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
95. 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
96. HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
97. Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
98. July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Annonuced - CriterionCast.com
99. A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
100. Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
101. Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
102. 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
103. Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
104. The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
105. Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
106. ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
107. Indie Animation - WSJ
108. Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
109. When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
110. Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
111. Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
112. Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
113. The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
114. Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
115. Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
116. Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
117. Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
118. Indiewood - Backstage
119. Acting Indie - Google Books
120. Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
121. Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
122. Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
123. 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
124. Inside Indiewood|The Nation
125. Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
126. Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
127. John Waters|Underground Film Journal
128. Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
129. Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
130. Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
131. Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
132. 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
133. The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
134. The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
135. An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
136. Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
137. The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
138. The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
139. Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
140. Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
141. Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
142. BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
143. "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
144. The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
145. Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
146. "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
147. More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
148. House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
149. Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
150. The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
151. BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
152. Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
153. Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
154. The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
155. Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
156. Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
157. iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
158. Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
159. Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
160. 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
161. Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
162. History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
163. The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
164. The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
165. Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
166. The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
167. On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
168. Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
169. The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
170. Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
171. Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
172. 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times
173. Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
174. THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
175. "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1960 -". cartoonresearch.com.
176. Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
177. REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
178. BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
179. Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
180. Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
181. INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
182. How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
183. 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
184. Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
185. "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". cartoonresearch.com.
186. 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
187. The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
188. The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
189. 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
190. "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1970 -". cartoonresearch.com.
191. The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
192. Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
193. 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
194. The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
195. To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
196. Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
197. Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
198. MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
199. Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
200. The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orpahn Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
201. America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
202. Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
203. "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
204. ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
205. Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
206. AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
207. The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
208. The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
209. The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
210. BAM|Les Blank Program
211. Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
212. Repo Man|Quad Cinema
213. 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
214. Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
215. Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
216. The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
217. THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
218. Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
219. Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
220. Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
221. The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
222. 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
223. Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
224. Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
225. The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
226. Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
227. A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
228. Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
229. For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
230. Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
231. CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
232. Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
233. Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
234. What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
235. The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
236. Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
237. The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
238. CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
239. Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
240. The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
241. The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
242. 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
243. 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
244. 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
245. 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
246. The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
247. Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
248. Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
249. Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
250. Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
251. Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
252. 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
253. Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
254. Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
255. Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
256. Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
257. Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
258. It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
259. 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
260. Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
261. Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
262. Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
263. The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
264. Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
265. It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
266. 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
267. 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
268. 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
269. LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
270. 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
271. Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
272. Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
273. Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
274. 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
275. Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
276. How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
277. Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
278. Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
279. 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
280. A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
281. 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
282. Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
283. A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
284. Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
285. A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
286. 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube

Bibliography

• Spike, Mike, Slackers, & Dykes: A Guided Tour Across a Decade of American Independent Cinema, John Pierson
• A Killer Life, Christine Vachon
• Down & Dirty Pictures, Peter Biskind
• Indie: An American Film Culture, Michael Z. Newman Ph.D.
• American Independent Cinema, Geoff King
• Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation, Charles Solomon

External links

• Indiewood Finally Figures Out That Their Movies Are Depressing on Vulture
• Indie, Inc. on Project MUSE
• 10 Indies We Love Archives on Film Independent
• "The Edge of Hollywood" episode of American Cinema on Annenberg Learner
• Indiewood Network: An international film network for independent filmmakers