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CD48
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2EDO
Identifiers
Aliases	CD48, BCM1, BLAST, BLAST1, MEM-102, SLAMF2, hmCD48 molecule
External IDs	OMIM: 109530; MGI: 88339; HomoloGene: 1347; GeneCards: CD48; OMA:CD48 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 1 (human)
End	160,711,831 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 1 (mouse)
End	171,532,826 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	white blood cell; ; mononuclear cell; ; monocyte; ; granulocyte; ; blood; ; bone marrow cells; ; appendix; ; spleen; ; lymph node; ; epithelium of colon;
	Top expressed in
	mesenteric lymph nodes; ; spleen; ; stroma of bone marrow; ; blood; ; thymus; ; calvaria; ; granulocyte; ; subcutaneous adipose tissue; ; white adipose tissue; ; pharynx;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	protein binding; antigen binding; signaling receptor activity;
Cellular component	membrane raft; anchored component of membrane; plasma membrane; integral component of plasma membrane; extracellular exosome; membrane; intrinsic component of plasma membrane;
Biological process	defense response; leukocyte migration; regulation of adaptive immune response;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	962
	12506
	ENSG00000117091
	ENSMUSG00000015355
	P09326
	P18181
	NM_001256030; NM_001778
	NM_007649; NM_001360767
	NP_001242959; NP_001769
	NP_031675; NP_001347696
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

CD48 antigen (cluster of differentiation 48) also known as B-lymphocyte activation marker (BLAST-1) or signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 2 (SLAMF2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD48 gene.^[5]

CD48 is a member of the CD2 subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) which includes SLAM (signaling lymphocyte activation molecules) proteins, such as CD84, CD150, CD229 and CD244. CD48 is found on the surface of lymphocytes and other immune cells, dendritic cells and endothelial cells, and participates in activation and differentiation pathways in these cells.^[5]

CD48 was the first B-cell-specific cellular differentiation antigen identified in transformed B lymphoblasts.^[6]^[7]

Structure

The gene for CD48 is located in chromosome 1q23 and contains 4 exons, each exon encoding one of the 4 domains of CD48: signal peptide, variable (V) domain, constant 2 (C2) domain and the glycophosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI anchor). The cDNA sequence of 1137 nucleotides encodes a 243 amino acid polypeptide of about 45 kDa.^[8]^[9] It consists of a 26 amino acid signal peptide, 194 amino acids of mature CD48 (V and C2 domains) and the C-terminal 23 amino acid segment comprising the GPI anchor.^[10]^[11] The GPI linkage of CD48 to the cell surface is through serine residue 220.^[10]^[11] CD48 does not have a transmembrane domain, however, but is held at the cell surface by a GPI anchor via a C-terminal domain which can be cleaved to yield a soluble form of the receptor.^[5] The CD48 protein is heavily glycosylated, with five possible asparagine-linked glycosylation sites at positions 40, 44, 104, 162 and 189, respectively.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[12]^[13] Approximately 35-40% of the total molecular weight is attributed to the carbohydrate side chains.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Interactions

CD48 was found to have a very low affinity for CD2 with dissociation constant ( $K_{D}$ ) < 0.5 mM.^[15] It was found that the preferred ligand of CD48 is 2B4 (CD244), which is also a member of the CD2 subfamily SLAM of IgSF expressed on natural killer cells (NK cells) and other leukocytes. The affinity of CD244 for CD48 is at $K_{D}$ = 8 μM which is about 5 - 10 times stronger than for CD2.^[16]^[17]^[18]

Function

Cell distribution

CD48 is expressed on all peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) including T cells, B cells, NK cells and thymocytes.^[7]^[8]^[14]^[19] It is also found on the surface of activated T cells, mast cells, monocytes and granulocytes.^[12] Like all other GPI anchor protein (GPI-AP), CD48 is deficient in erythrocytes (red blood cells).

T-cell activation

CD48 and CD2 molecular coupling together with other interaction pairs of CD28 and CD80, TCR and peptide-MHC and LFA-1 and ICAM-1 contribute to the formation of an immunological synapse between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell.^[20] CD48 interaction with CD2 has been shown to promote lipid raft formation, T cell activation and the formation of caveolae for macrophages through cell signal transduction via GPI moieties.^[21]^[22]

Clinical significance

CD48 is being investigated amongst other markers in research on inflammation markers and therapies for HIV/AIDS.

Heterozygous germline mutation in a patient was associated with a recurrent inflammatory syndrome resembling hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.^[23]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000117091 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000015355 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Entrez Gene: CD48 CD48 molecule".
^ ^a ^b Thorley-Lawson DA, Schooley RT, Bhan AK, Nadler LM (September 1982). "Epstein-Barr virus superinduces a new human B cell differentiation antigen (B-LAST 1) expressed on transformed lymphoblasts". Cell. 30 (2): 415–25. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90239-2. PMID 6291768. S2CID 45406805.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yokoyama S, Staunton D, Fisher R, Amiot M, Fortin JJ, Thorley-Lawson DA (April 1991). "Expression of the Blast-1 activation/adhesion molecule and its identification as CD48". J. Immunol. 146 (7): 2192–200. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.146.7.2192. PMID 1848579. S2CID 13131389.
^ ^a ^b ^c Vaughan HA, Henning MM, Purcell DF, McKenzie IF, Sandrin MS (1991). "The isolation of cDNA clones for CD48". Immunogenetics. 33 (2): 113–7. doi:10.1007/BF00210824. PMID 1999351. S2CID 32479661.
^ Del Porto P, Mami-Chouaib F, Bruneau JM, Jitsukawa S, Dumas J, Harnois M, Hercend T (June 1991). "TCT.1, a target molecule for gamma/delta T cells, is encoded by an immunoglobulin superfamily gene (Blast-1) located in the CD1 region of human chromosome 1". J. Exp. Med. 173 (6): 1339–44. doi:10.1084/jem.173.6.1339. PMC 2190850. PMID 1827826.
^ ^a ^b Killeen N, Moessner R, Arvieux J, Willis A, Williams AF (October 1988). "The MRC OX-45 antigen of rat leukocytes and endothelium is in a subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily with CD2, LFA-3 and carcinoembryonic antigens". EMBO J. 7 (10): 3087–91. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03174.x. PMC 454697. PMID 3181129.
^ ^a ^b Staunton DE, Fisher RC, LeBeau MM, Lawrence JB, Barton DE, Francke U, Dustin M, Thorley-Lawson DA (March 1989). "Blast-1 possesses a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor, is related to LFA-3 and OX-45, and maps to chromosome 1q21-23". J. Exp. Med. 169 (3): 1087–99. doi:10.1084/jem.169.3.1087. PMC 2189294. PMID 2466936.
^ ^a ^b ^c Staunton DE, Thorley-Lawson DA (December 1987). "Molecular cloning of the lymphocyte activation marker Blast-1". EMBO J. 6 (12): 3695–701. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02703.x. PMC 553839. PMID 2828034.
^ ^a ^b Rudd PM, Wormald MR, Stanfield RL, Huang M, Mattsson N, Speir JA, DiGennaro JA, Fetrow JS, Dwek RA, Wilson IA (October 1999). "Roles for glycosylation of cell surface receptors involved in cellular immune recognition". J. Mol. Biol. 293 (2): 351–66. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3104. PMID 10529350.
^ ^a ^b Vaughan HA, Thompson CH, Sparrow RL, McKenzie IF (October 1983). "Hu Ly-M3--a human leukocyte antigen". Transplantation. 36 (4): 446–50. doi:10.1097/00007890-198310000-00018. PMID 6623618. S2CID 40061476.
^ Sandrin MS, Mouhtouris E, Vaughan HA, Warren HS, Parish CR (November 1993). "CD48 is a low affinity ligand for human CD2". J. Immunol. 151 (9): 4606–13. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.151.9.4606. PMID 7691954. S2CID 37921171.
^ Brown MH, Boles K, van der Merwe PA, Kumar V, Mathew PA, Barclay AN (December 1998). "2B4, the natural killer and T cell immunoglobulin superfamily surface protein, is a ligand for CD48". J. Exp. Med. 188 (11): 2083–90. doi:10.1084/jem.188.11.2083. PMC 2212392. PMID 9841922.
^ Kubin MZ, Parshley DL, Din W, Waugh JY, Davis-Smith T, Smith CA, Macduff BM, Armitage RJ, Chin W, Cassiano L, Borges L, Petersen M, Trinchieri G, Goodwin RG (November 1999). "Molecular cloning and biological characterization of NK cell activation-inducing ligand, a counterstructure for CD48". Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (11): 3466–77. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3466::AID-IMMU3466>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 10556801.
^ Nakajima H, Colonna M (January 2000). "2B4: an NK cell activating receptor with unique specificity and signal transduction mechanism". Hum. Immunol. 61 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00170-6. PMID 10658976.
^ Henniker AJ, Bradstock KF, Grimsley P, Atkinson MK (1990). "A novel non-lineage antigen on human leucocytes: characterization with two CD-48 monoclonal antibodies". Dis. Markers. 8 (4): 179–90. PMID 2088634.
^ Malissen B (1999). "Dancing the immunological two-step". Science. 285 (5425): 207–208. doi:10.1126/science.285.5425.207. PMID 10428718. S2CID 5731764.
^ Mulvey MA, Hultgren SJ (2000). "Cell biology. Bacterial spelunkers". Science. 289 (5480): 732–733. doi:10.1126/science.289.5480.732. PMID 10950716. S2CID 43466889.
^ Loertscher R, Lavery P (2002). "The role of glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface proteins in T-cell activation". Transplant Immunology. 9 (2–4): 93–96. doi:10.1016/s0966-3274(02)00013-8. PMID 12180852.
^ Volkmer B, Planas R, Gossweiler E, Opitz L, Mauracher A, Nüesch U, Gayden T, Kaiser D, Drexel B, Dumrese C, Jabado N, Vavassori S, Pachlopnik Schmid J: Recurrent inflammatory disease caused by a heterozygous mutation in CD48. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;144(5):1441-1445.e17. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.038