毛里求斯共和國[註 2](英語:Republic of Mauritius;法語:République de Maurice;克利奧語:Repiblik Moris)位於馬達加斯加共和國以東800公里,為印度洋上的群島國,以本島——模里西斯島以及阿加萊加群島、罗德里格岛及圣布兰登群岛組成。全國面積2,040平方公里。海岸線177公里,領海12浬,專屬經濟海域200浬。[8]
模里西斯島係於10世紀時由阿拉伯人發現。16世紀初,葡萄牙人曾登陸該島。1598年荷蘭人占領該島,並以當時荷蘭君主拿騷的毛里茨(Maurits van Nassau)之名命名。1715年法國占領該島後開始移民,並另名為法國之島。英國於1810年拿破崙戰爭中占領該島,法國嗣於1814年維也納條約中正式將此地讓予英國,惟於約文第八條約定島上居民得保有其原有之法律、風俗習慣與宗教,因此模里西斯至今仍保留法語及法國習俗。英國統治後,大批印度勞工到此从事耕种及建筑等工作;穆斯林及華人亦來此經商,族群融合形成現今模里西斯人口結構。模里西斯於1968年3月12日宣布獨立,為英聯邦之一員,尊英國國王為國家元首,總督代表行使權力,後於1992年3月12日改為共和制,實行議會民主制度,總統為虛位元首,總統及副總統由國民議會間接選舉產生,任期5年(連選得連任一次),總理掌握行政實權。[9]
荷兰统治时期
1598年,荷兰海军上将韦麻郎(Wybrand Van Warwyck)在今天的大港地区登陆,并把这个岛命名为毛里求斯(Mauritius),以纪念当时的荷兰统治者、沉默者威廉之子、奥兰治亲王拿骚的毛里茨。但直到1638年荷兰人才开始了他们在毛里求斯的殖民,这次殖民只持续了20年。之后荷兰人又进行了数次殖民,但收益甚微。1710年,荷兰人放弃了毛里求斯,但他们为毛里求斯引进了甘蔗、家畜以及鹿。值得一提的是,航海家阿贝尔·塔斯曼正是从毛里求斯起航发现了西澳大利亚。
法国统治时期
法国在1715年占领了毛里求斯,并改名为法兰西岛(Île de France),此前法国已经占领了邻近的留尼汪岛。此后直到1767年,法兰西岛一直属于法国东印度公司管理。1735年,新到任的总督贝特朗-弗朗索瓦·马埃·德·拉布尔多內开始在法兰西岛发展蔗糖种植业,并把路易港发展成为了航海业和造船业的中心。此外,许多现存的毛里求斯建筑也是在在拉布尔多內任内建造的。
毛里求斯的沙滩沙质细腻,海景怡人。著名的海滩包括北部地区的Trou Aux Biches海滩、Mon Choisy海滩、La Cuvette海滩;东部地区的Poste La Fayette & Roches Noires海滩、Palmar-Belle Mare海滩;南部地区的Souillac海滩、Riambel海滩、Pointe Aux Roches海滩、Tamarin海滩等。
毛里求斯是世界知名的旅游胜地[42],自然景观和人文景观极其丰富,海景和陆景俱佳。毛里求斯拥有舒适的亚热带气候、清洁温暖的海水、让人流连忘返的沙滩、各种热带动植物以及热情好客的当地人。毛里求斯旅游设施完善,遍布设施完备服务周到的宾馆和度假村[43]。2010年,北部地区的Trou Aux Biches海滩被当年世界旅游大奖评选为印度洋地区最佳旅游海滩目的地。2012年1月,毛里求斯在世界旅游大奖中第三次获得了“世界杰出海岛旅游目的地”,同时还获得了“世界最佳海滩”[44]毛里求斯还是世界上赢得最多回头客的旅游地[42]。美國著名作家馬克·吐溫也在其個人遊記作品《赤道漫遊記》(Following the Equator)中提到:“有人說上帝創造天堂之前先創造毛里裘斯,而那個天堂其實是依照毛里裘斯創造出來的。”[註 3]
毛里求斯的热带风光和丰富历史使它的到了许多导演的青睐,根据IMDB的检索结果,有超过70部电影电视剧把毛里求斯作为背景地,例如1987年的喜剧片《魔宫奇兵》(Jane and the Lost City)、1991年的喜剧片《我的父亲是英雄》(Mon père, ce héros)以及2004年的电视纪录片《在毛里求斯的假期》(Des Vacances à L'Île Maurice)等。
^原文為"You gather the idea that Mauritius was made first and then heaven, and that heaven was copied after Mauritius",整句其實是「某位居民對你說上帝創造天堂之前先創造毛里裘斯,而那個天堂其實是依照毛里裘斯創造出來的;另一位居民卻對你說那不過是誇大之詞……」(原文為"From one citizen you gather the idea that Mauritius was made first, and then heaven; and that heaven was copied after Mauritius. Another one tells you that this is an exaggeration...")
^ 31.031.131.2Chiba, Eugene. English Usage in Mauritius. Computing in the Humanities and Social Sciences—Faculty of Arts & Sciences, University of Toronto. 2006 [2010-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2010-06-17).
^Ministry of Education and Human Resource. EDUCATION STATISTICS - 2011(PDF). Government of Mauritius. 2011 [17 February 2012]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2012年10月21日).
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