在1840年邮票诞生以前,出现过有很多种邮件付费形式。巴黎邮局的佃户让—雅各·雷奥尔德·德·维利埃在1653年发明了一种名为「付款票」(或應付票據,法语:Billet de port payé),这是与邮票类似的纸样收费条,价值一苏。这种付款条背面并无粘性,需要用夹子或绳带固定在信件上。目前这种付款票已經很难见到,而且流传至现世的情况不详。
一次大战期间邮票发展成宣传工具。在作战双方国内各自出现其伪邮票,主要是起到丑化对手的作用。而所谓的“间谍伪诈”,就是一方仿制对方邮票,通过中间人以敌方邮递途径传播宣传材料。也因此被人命名为战争邮政伪诈。所以若在战时以私人名义大量购买邮票是很容易引起对方注意的。宣传伪诈则是模仿对方邮票,但是有所更改,以达到丑化之目的。这些手法在二战最甚。英美兩國曾以此来扰乱纳粹德国的邮政系统及暗中对德国国民进行心理战,是为“玉米片行动(英语:Operation Cornflakes)”。其主要偽造希特勒紀念郵票(如图),国名“德意志帝国”(Deutsches Reich)被改成“无意志帝国”(Futsches Reich),頭像也被改成有着一副骷髅面孔,或者以希姆萊替代来暗示其争位企图。作为反击,德國也伪造了一些英國紀念郵票,例如有一套把喬治五世的頭像改為斯大林的頭像,并將錘子鐮刀圖案与六芒星畫入其中,并注上“THIS WAR IS A JEWSH WAR”(意为“这场战争是一场犹太人的战争”,但JEWISH被误印为JEWSH)。冷战期间也可见。
中華民國:1912年12月中華民國印製發行的第一套郵票「中華民國光復紀念」與「中華民國共和紀念」,票銘為中文「郵票」以及英文"POSTAGE",1913年5月發行第一套普通郵票(帆船郵票),開始以中文「中華民國郵政」以及英文"REPUBLIC OF CHINA POSTAGE"為銘記,1929年英文銘記簡化為"REPUBLIC OF CHINA",1955年9月軍人節郵票之後,中文銘記改為「中華民國郵票」,英文銘記仍為"REPUBLIC OF CHINA",2007年2月至2008年8月陳水扁執政末期,郵票銘記曾短暫改為「臺灣TAIWAN」,2008年8月改回「中華民國郵票」,並加註英文"REPUBLIC OF CHINA(TAIWAN)"。
世界各國的郵票發行與設計工作都是極為嚴密的。1999年12月7日,中國國家郵政總局成立了第一屆郵票選題咨詢委員會,負責郵票的選題論證。在德国邮票是由德国财政局与一个名为“德国邮政艺术组”(Deutsche Post AG)的计划顾问团合作发行。邮票设计者需要将设计图放大六倍,以显示其所有细节。郵票的設計也不是毫無禁忌的,在美國就規定不得為宗教人士發行紀念郵票,總統只有在去世后才能在其生日發行紀念郵票。
中國郵票在清代及中華民國初年多在國內印製,部分由外國代印。清朝前3套郵票,即大龍郵票、小龍郵票、慈禧壽辰郵票,均由海關(總稅務司)上海造冊處所雕版印製,唯所用郵票紙由英法進口。清代郵票由外國代印者,包括石印版蟠龍郵票委由日本築地活版印刷所,紅印花郵票、倫敦版蟠龍郵票及宣統紀念郵票委由英國倫敦華德路公司(Waterlow & Sons)印制;民國初年北洋政府郵票大多由北京財政部印刷局(創立於1908年,原名大清度支部印刷局)印製,包括2套普通郵票、5套紀念郵票及1套航空郵票,國外代印者僅有1套(倫敦版帆船郵票),由英國倫敦華德路公司印制。國民政府至抗戰爆發之前(1928-1937年),郵票多數仍由北京財政部印刷局印製,包括1套普通郵票、6套紀念郵票及2套航空郵票,僅國父像倫敦一版、倫敦二版由英國德納羅公司(Thomas De La Rue & Co.)印製,抗戰爆發後北京淪陷,郵票改在香港由中華書局、大東書局、商務書局等民間單位印製,1941年香港淪陷後改由重慶中央信託局、重慶中華書局、福建百城印務局印製,抗戰期間仍有部分郵票委由國外包括美國鈔票公司、英國德納羅公司等代印。[7]
Martina Gorgas: Merian Kompass - Briefmarken in Europa. München, Travel House Media 2004, ISBN 3-7742-6767-7
Joachim Helbig: Vorphilatelie. Schwaneberger, München 2004, ISBN 3-87858-553-5
Waldemar Gruschke: Markenländer-Lexikon. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2004, ISBN 3-8334-1044-2
Guido Schmitz: Es muß nicht gleich die "Blaue Mauritius" sein. Das "langweiligste Hobby der Welt" und wie das Briefmarkensammeln richtig spannend werden kann. Martin Schmitz, Kelkheim 2004, ISBN 3-922272-91-6
Gerhard Webersinke: Michel Sammler-ABC. Richtig sammeln leicht gemacht! Schwaneberger, München 2001, ISBN 3-87858-539-X
Michel-Katalog Deutschland 2005/2006. Schwaneberger, Unterschleißheim 2005, ISBN 3-87858-034-7
Hans Reichardt: Was ist was? Band 52 - Briefmarken. Neuer Tessloff-Verlag, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-7886-2920-7
Heinz Kühne: Wir sammeln Briefmarken. Mosaik, München 1976, ISBN 3-570-02285-4
Buschmann, Konrad: Da ging die Post ab - Die Geschichte der Motorisierung der Post. Bd 3. Michael Weyand, Trier 2002, ISBN 3-924631-98-0
Chris Gatz: Briefmarken - Perlen aus Papier. Phil* Creativ GmbH, Schwalmtal 1993, ISBN 3-928277-08-1
S. Jakucewicz, F.-J. Könsler, M. Szwemin: Eine Briefmarke entsteht. Darstellung und Erläuterung aller Produktionstechniken, Phil* Creativ GmbH, Schwalmtal 1999, ISBN 3-928277-18-9
Tineola bisselliella Tarma, o tignola,[1] è il nome comunemente utilizzato per indicare alcune specie di lepidotteri appartenenti alla famiglia Tineidae, le cui larve si nutrono di tessuti come lana, seta e anche cotone, oltre ad altre tipologie di sostanze contenenti cheratina. Si nutre talvolta anche di capelli umani e può rifugiarsi negli armadi e cibarsi dei vestiti presenti. Indice 1 Varietà e caratteristiche 2 Nutrimento 3 Ciclo vitale 4 Difesa dai danni 5 Note 6 Altri proget...
Про сучасний район див. Кропивницький район. Кропивницький район адміністративно-територіальна одиниця Герб Прапор Район на карті Кіровоградська область Основні дані Країна: Україна Область: Кіровоградська область Код КОАТУУ: 3522500000 Утворений: 1923 Населення: ▼ 36 573 (
Sumire Matsubara, 2020 Sumire Matsubara[1] (japanisch 松原 すみれ, Matsubara Sumire; * 15. Juli 1990 in Tokio)[1] ist eine japanische Filmschauspielerin, Sängerin und Model. In Japan ist sie auch einfach als Sumire (すみれ) bekannt. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Filmografie (Auswahl) 3 Weblinks 4 Einzelnachweise Leben Matsubara wurde 1990 in Tokio geboren und ist die Tochter der Entertainer Junichi Ishida und Chiaki Matsubara.[2] Sie hat einen Halbbruder namens...
Tribal houseOrígenes musicales House (especialmente funky house), música tribal de 'Sudamérica' y 'África', deep houseOrígenes culturales Principios de los 1990sInstrumentos comunes Secuenciador, sintetizador, sampler, caja de ritmos.Popularidad Moderada en los 1990s, alto desde finales de los 2000s y muy alta a partir del año 2015.[editar datos en Wikidata] El Tribal house es un subgénero de música house. Combina ritmos y sonidos de la world music con house.[1] Es si...
Villanueva de Azoague municipio de España Villanueva de AzoagueUbicación de Villanueva de Azoague en España. Villanueva de AzoagueUbicación de Villanueva de Azoague en la provincia de Zamora.País España• Com. autónoma Castilla y León• Provincia Zamora• Comarca Benavente y Los Valles• Mancomunidad Valle del EslaETAP Benavente y los VallesUbicación 41°58′28″N 5°39′52″O / 41.974444444444, -5.664444444...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) جون د. بولارد معلومات شخصية الميلاد 6 يناير 1941 (82 سنة) مواطنة أستراليا الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة سيدني المهنة طبيب أعصاب اللغات الإنجليز...
Cet article est une ébauche concernant une compétition de volley-ball. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Championnat d'Europemasculin de volley-ball 2011 Généralités Sport Volley-ball Organisateur(s) CEV Édition 27e Lieu(x) Autriche République tchèque Date du 10 septembre 2011au 18 septembre 2011 Nations 44 équipes (qualifications) Participants 16 équipes (phase finale) Site web officiel h...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2023. Gunung KilimanjaroGunung KenyaGunung StanleyRas DashenGunung KarisimbiToubkalGunung KamerunThabana NtlenyanaMafadi 10 titik tertinggi di Afrika Artikel ini mencantumkan elevasi alami tertinggi dari setiap negara berdaulat di benua Afrika yang ditentukan ...
Real estate development firm in Argentina Inversiones y Representaciones S.A. (IRSA)The former Pirelli Tower, nowadays the Buenos Aires headquarters of IRSATypePublicTraded asNYSE: IRS BCBA: IRSA MERVAL componentIndustryReal estateFoundedJune 23, 1943; 80 years ago (June 23, 1943)FounderEduardo ElsztainHeadquartersBuenos Aires, ArgentinaKey peopleEduardo Elsztain(Chairman and CEO)ServicesReal estate developmentMortgage lendingCorporate financeTourismLand rentalRevenue US$ 38...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) كين ساتكليف معلومات شخصية الميلاد 15 نوفمبر 1947 (76 سنة) أوبيرون [لغات أخرى] مواطنة أستراليا الحياة العملية المهنة مقدم تلفزيوني موظف في نا
Orang Thai Beretnis Tionghoa泰國華人 atau 泰国华人ไทยเชื้อสายจีนPara pengunjung di Wat Mangkon Kamalawat, salah satu kuil Buddha Tionghoa paling berpengaruh di ThailandDaerah dengan populasi signifikanThailandBahasaThaihistorically Varieties of Chinese (Teochew, Hakka, Hainan, Kanton dan Hokkien)AgamaKebanyakan Buddha Theravada minoritasKristen, Islam, agama kebudayaan TionghoaKelompok etnik terkaitorang Thai • Tiongkok Selatan • PeranakanTion...
Football clubC.D. Aves BlancasFull nameClub Deportivo Aves Blancas de Jalisco A.C.Nickname(s)Aves BlancasFounded11 March 2000; 23 years ago (2000-03-11)GroundEstadio Corredor Industrial Tepatitlán, Jalisco, MexicoCapacity1,200OwnerA.C. AB de JaliscoManagerCésar Octavio LópezLeagueLiga TDP – Group XII2020–217th – Group X (round of 32) Home colours Away colours Club Deportivo Aves Blancas de Jalisco, A.C. is a football club that plays in the Liga TDP. It is based...
Bengali aristocrat, educator and social worker Nawab Bahadur Abdul Latifনবাব বাহাদুর আব্দুল লতীফAn image of Latif from the 1910 book Twelve Men of Bengal in the Nineteenth Century By Francis Bradley Bradley-BirtBorn1828Rajapur, Faridpur District, Bengal Presidency, British IndiaDied10 July 1893(1893-07-10) (aged 64–65)Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British IndiaAlma materCalcutta Madrassah (now Aliah University)RelativesAbdul Ghafur Nassakh ...
Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India SangolaConstituency No. 235 for the Maharashtra Legislative AssemblyConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionWestern IndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictSolapurLS constituencyMadhaReservationNoneMember of Legislative Assembly14th Maharashtra Legislative AssemblyIncumbent Shahajibapu Patil PartyShiv SenaElected year2019 Sangola is one of the 288 Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) constituencies of Maharashtra state, western India. This const...
Arthur Garner Arthur Garner (8 February 1851 – c. October 1934)[1] was a theatrical entrepreneur, active in Australia. He was part of the partnership often dubbed the Triumvirate at the time, Williamson, Garner, & Musgrove, between 1881 and 1890. Background The Princess' Theatre, Melbourne. Built in 1886 by Garner, Williamson & Musgrove Garner was born in Bath, Somerset, England, where his father, Dr. Jonathan Garner (M.D. of Edinburgh) practised his profe...
Overview of the culture of Karachi This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Culture of Karachi – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article is written like a travel guide. Please help improve the article by introducing an e...
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento guerra è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Commento: Qualche nota in più non guasterebbe. Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la provenienza delle informazioni. Puoi migliorare questa voce citando le fonti più precisamente. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. ...
Road in Ireland R640 roadBóthar R640Route informationLength5.2 km (3.2 mi)Major junctionsFrom N24 / R639 Cahir (Tipperary Road Roundabout)Major intersectionsR913 Cahir (Mitchelstown Road) R670 Cahir (The Square)Passes over Limerick–Rosslare railway lineTo N24 Knockagh Roundabout LocationCountryIreland Highway system Roads in Ireland Motorways Primary Secondary Regional The R640 road is a regional road in Ireland, located near Cahir, County Tipperary.[1][2] ...
Mesopotamian god of death For other uses, see Nergal (disambiguation). NergalGod of war, disease, and deathNergal holding his attributes—a lion-headed mace and a sword—on a cylinder seal from LarsaMajor cult centerKuthaAbodeKur (the Mesopotamian underworld)PlanetMarsSymbollion-headed mace, sword, lion, bullNumber14Personal informationParentsEnlil and NinlilSiblingsNanna, Ninazu, Enbilulu (in the myth Enlil and Ninlil)Consort Laṣ (most commonly) Mammitum (in Nippur and in Epic of Erra) A...
Indian public engineering institute in Kochi, Kerala (founded 1989) Model Engineering College, CochinMain entrance to the collegeMottoEvolve into an academy of excellence to serve the knowledge societyTypeGovernment cost-sharing technical institute and research centreEstablished9 October 1989 (34 years ago) (1989-10-09)AccreditationNational Board of Accreditation (NBA)Affiliation List 1. All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)2. Institute of Human Resources Development...