^ 1.01.11.21.3Ritchie E. Brown & Robert W. McCarley (2008), "Neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of wakefulness and REM sleep systems", in Neurochemistry of Sleep and Wakefulness ed. Monti et al.
^ 2.02.1Steriade & McCarley (1990), Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep", §1.2 (pp. 7–23).
^Steriade & McCarley (1990), Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep", §7.2–3 (pp. 206–208).
^ 4.04.1Jim Horne (2013),“Why REM sleep? Clues beyond the laboratory in a more challenging world”, Biological Psychology 92.
^Jayne Gackenbach,“Interhemispheric EEG Coherence in REM Sleep and Meditation: The Lucid Dreaming Connection”in Antrobus & Bertini (eds.), The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming.
^Steriade & McCarley (1990), Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep", §9.1–2 (pp. 263–282).
^ 7.07.17.2Subimal Datta (1999), "PGO Wave Generation: Mechanism and functional significance", in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ed. Mallick & Inoué.
^ 8.08.18.2Ummehan Ermis, Karsten Krakow, & Ursula Voss (2010),“Arousal thresholds during human tonic and phasic REM sleep”, Journal of Sleep Research 19.
^ 9.09.19.29.39.49.59.6J. Alan Hobson, Edward F. Pace-Scott, & Robert Stickgold (2000),“Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23.
^ 10.010.110.210.310.4Birendra N. Mallick, Vibha Madan, & Sushil K. Jha (2008), "Rapid eye movement sleep regulation by modulation of the noradrenergic system", in Neurochemistry of Sleep and Wakefulness ed. Monti et al.
^ 11.011.1Hobson JA. REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. Nature Reviews. 2009, 10 (11): 803–813. PMID 19794431. doi:10.1038/nrn2716.
^ 12.012.1Aston-Jones G., Gonzalez M., & Doran S. (2007). "Role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in arousal and circadian regulation of the sleep-wake cycle." Ch. 6 in Brain Norepinephrine: Neurobiology and Therapeutics. G.A. Ordway, M.A. Schwartz, & A. Frazer, eds. Cambridge UP. 157–195. Accessed 21 Jul. 2010. Academicdepartments.musc.edu互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-12-13.
^Siegel J.M. (2005). "REM Sleep." Ch. 10 in Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4th ed. M.H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W.C. Dement, eds. Elsevier. 120–135.
^ 14.014.114.2Pierre-Hervé Luppi et al. (2008), "Gamma-aminobutyric acid and the regulation of paradoxical, or rapid eye movement, sleep", in Neurochemistry of Sleep and Wakefulness ed. Monti et al.
^ 15.015.115.2Robert W. McCarley (2007),“Neurobiology of REM and NREM sleep”, Sleep Medicine 8.
^ 16.016.1J. Alan Hobson & Robert W. McCarley,“The Brain as a Dream-State Generator: An Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of the Dream Process”, American Journal of Psychiatry 134.12, December 1977.
^Steriade & McCarley (1990), Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep", §12.2 (pp. 369–373).
^Ralph Lydic & Helen A. Baghdoyan, "Acetylcholine modulates sleep and wakefulness: a synaptic perspective", in Neurochemistry of Sleep and Wakefulness ed. Monti et al.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 16.
^Steriade & McCarley (1990), Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep", §10.7.2 (pp. 307–309).
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 12–15.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 22–27.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 35–37
^Jouvet (1999), The Paradox of Sleep, pp. 169–173.
^Brown et al. (2012),“Control of Sleep and Wakefulness”, p. 1127.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 12–13.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, pp. 46–47.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, pp. 51–52.
^Ronald Szymusiak, Md. Noor Alam, & Dennis McGinty (1999), "Thermoregulatory Control of the NonREM-REM Sleep Cycle", in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ed. Mallick & Inoué.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, pp. 57–59.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 45.“Therefore, it appears that the onset of REM sleep requires the inactivation of the central thermostat in late NREM sleep. However, only a restricted range of preoptic-hypothalamic temperatures at the end of NREM sleep is compatible with REM sleep onset. This range may be considered a sort of temperature gate for REM sleep, that is constrained in width more at low than at neutral ambient temperature.”
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 61.“On the other hand, a balance between opposing ambient and preoptic-anterior hypothalamic thermal loads influencing peripheral and central thermoreceptors, respectively, may be experimentally achieved so as to promote sleep. In particular, warming of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region in a cold environment hastens REM sleep onset and increases its duration (Parmeggiana et al., 1974, 1980; Sakaguchi et al., 1979).”
^Steriade & McCarley (1990), Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep", §10.8–9 (pp. 309–324).
^ 34.034.1Yuan-Yang Lai & Jerome M. Siegel (1999), "Muscle Atonia in REM Sleep", in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ed. Mallick & Inoué.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 17.“In other words, the functional controls requiring high hierarchical levels of integration are the most affected during REM sleep, whereas reflex activity is only altered but not obliterated.”
^Lapierre O, Montplaisir J. Polysomnographic features of REM sleep behavior disorder: development of a scoring method. Neurology. 1992, 42 (7): 1371–4. PMID 1620348. doi:10.1212/wnl.42.7.1371.
^Steriade & McCarley (1990), Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep", §13.3.2.3 (pp. 428–432).
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 87.“The open-loop mode of physiological regulation in REM sleep may restore the efficiency of the different neuronal networks of the brain stem by expressing also genetically coded patterns of instinctive behavior that are kept normally hidden from view by skeletal muscle atonia. Such behaviorally concealed neuronal activity was demonstrated by the effects of experimental lesions of specific pontine structures (Hendricks, 1982; Hendricks et al., 1977, 1982; Henley and Morrison, 1974; Jouvet and Delorme, 1965; Sastre and Jouvet, 1979; Villablanca, 1996). Not only was the skeletal muscle atonia suppressed by also motor fragments of complex instinctive behaviors appeared, such as walking and attack, that were not externally motivated (see Morrison, 2005).”
^Solms (1997), The Neuropsychology of Dreams, pp. 10, 34.
^ 48.048.148.248.3Ruth Reinsel, John Antrobus, & Miriam Wollman (1992),“Bizarreness in Dreams and Waking Fantasy”, in Antrobus & Bertini (eds.), The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming.
^Stephen LaBerge (1992),“Physiological Studies of Lucid Dreaming”, in Antrobus & Bertini (eds.), The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming.
^Kryger M, Roth T, Dement W. Principles & Practices of Sleep Medicine. WB Saunders Company. 2000: 1,572.
^Delphine Ouidette et al. (2012),“Dreaming without REM sleep”, Consciousness and Cognition 21.
^Solms (1997), The Neuropsychology of Dreams, Chapter 6:“The Problem of REM Sleep” (pp. 54–57).”
^Jouvet (1999), The Paradox of Sleep, p. 104.“I frankly support the theory that we do not dream all night, as do William Dement and Alan Hobson and most neurophysiologists. I am rather surprised that publications about dream recall during slow wave sleep increase in number each year. Further, the classic distinction established in the 1960s between 'poor' dream recall, devoid of color and detail, during slow wave sleep, and 'rich' recall, full of color and detail, during paradoxical sleep, is beginning to disappear. I believe that dream recall during slow wave sleep could be recall from previous paradoxical sleep.”
^ 54.054.1Rasch & Born (2013),“About Sleep's Role in Memory”, p. 688.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 9–11.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 17.
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^Kazuo Mishima, Tetsuo Shimizu, & Yasuo Hishikawa (1999), "REM Sleep Across Age and Sex", in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ed. Mallick & Inoué.
^Endo T, Roth C, Landolt HP, Werth E, Aeschbach D, Achermann P, Borbély AA. Selective REM sleep deprivation in humans: Effects on sleep and sleep EEG. The American journal of physiology. 1998, 274 (4 Pt 2): R1186–R1194. PMID 9575987.
^ 64.064.164.2Steven J. Ellman, Arthur J. Spielman, Dana Luck, Solomon S. Steiner, & Ronnie Halperin (1991), "REM Deprivation: A Review", in The Mind in Sleep, ed. Ellman & Antrobus.
^Ringel BL, Szuba MP. Potential mechanisms of the sleep therapies for depression. Depression and Anxiety. 2001, 14 (1): 29–36. PMID 11568980. doi:10.1002/da.1044.
^Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F, Kiemen A, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, Bunz J, Wesiack B, Hermle L, Berger M. How to preserve the antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation: A comparison of sleep phase advance and sleep phase delay. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1999, 249 (5): 231–237. PMID 10591988. doi:10.1007/s004060050092.
^Wirz-Justice A, Van den Hoofdakker RH. Sleep deprivation in depression: What do we know, where do we go?. Biological Psychiatry. 1999, 46 (4): 445–453. PMID 10459393. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00125-0.
^Grassi Zucconi G, Cipriani S, Balgkouranidou I, Scattoni R. 'One night' sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain Research Bulletin. 2006, 69 (4): 375–381. PMID 16624668. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.01.009.
^Rasch & Born (2013),“About Sleep's Role in Memory”, p. 686–687.
^Pingfu Feng, Yuxian Ma, & Gerald W. Vogel (2001),“Ontogeny of REM Rebound in Postnatal Rats”, SLEEP 24.6.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, pp. 13, 59–61.“In species with different body mass (e.g., rats, rabbits, cats, humans) the average duration of REM sleep episodes increases with the increase in body and brain weight, a determinant of the thermal inertia. Such inertia delays the changes in body core temperature so alarming as to elicit arousal from REM sleep. In addition, other factors, such as fur, food, and predator–prey relationships influencing REM sleep duration out to be mentioned here.”
^Steriade & McCarley (1990), Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep", §12.1 (p. 363).
^Rasch & Born (2013),“About Sleep's Role in Memory”, p. 686. Deprivation of REM sleep (mostly without simultaneous sleep recording) appeared to primarily impair memory for- mation on complex tasks, like two-way shuttle box avoidance and complex mazes, which encompass a change in the animals regular repertoire (69, 100, 312, 516, 525, 539, 644, 710, 713, 714, 787, 900, 903–906, 992, 1021, 1072, 1111, 1113, 1238, 1352, 1353). In contrast, long-term memory for simpler tasks, like one-way active avoidance and simple mazes, were less consistently affected (15, 249, 386, 390, 495, 558, 611, 644, 821, 872, 902, 907–909, 1072, 1091, 1334).”
^Rasch & Born (2013),“About Sleep's Role in Memory”, p. 687.
^Rasch & Born (2013),“About Sleep's Role in Memory”, p. 689.“The dual process hypothesis assumes that different sleep stages serve the consolidation of different types of memories (428, 765, 967, 1096). Specifically it has been assumed that declarative memory profits from SWS, whereas the consolidation of nondeclarative memory is supported by REM sleep.”This hypothesis received support mainly from studies in humans, particularly from those emploing the 'night half paradigm.'”
^Marshall L, Helgadóttir H, Mölle M, Born J. Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature. 2006, 444 (7119): 610–3. PMID 17086200. doi:10.1038/nature05278.
^Parmeggiani (2011), Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep, p. 89.“In contrast to NREM sleep, downscaling of synapses would be produced in REM sleep by random bursts of neuronal firing (e.g., also bursts underlying ponto-geniculo-occipital waves) (see Tonioni and Cirelli, 2005). / This hypothesis is particularly enriched in functional significance by considering at this point the opposite nature, homeostatic and poikilostatic, of the systemic neural regulation of physiological functions in these sleep states. The important fact is that homeostasis if fully preserved in NREM sleep. This means that a systemic synaptic downcaling (slow-wave electroencephalographic activity) is practically limited to the relatively homogenous cortical structures of the telencephalon, while the whole brain stem, from diencephalon to medulla, is still exerting its basic functions of integrated homeostatic regulation of both somatic and autonomic physiological functions. In REM sleep, however, the necessary synaptic downscaling in the brain stem is instead the result of random neuronal firing.”
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Carson III, Culley C., Kirby, Roger S., Goldstein, Irwin, editors, "Textbook of Erectile Dysfunction" Oxford, U.K.; Isis Medical Media, Ltd., 1999; Moreland, R.B. & Nehra, A.; Pathosphysiology of erectile dysfunction; a molecular basis, role of NPT in maintaining potency: pp. 105–15.
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