臭虫科

臭虫科
温带臭虫Cimex lectularius
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 昆虫纲 Insecta
目: 半翅目 Hemiptera
亚目: 異翅亞目 Heteroptera
下目: 臭蟲下目 Cimicomorpha
总科: 臭蟲總科 Cimicoidea
科: 臭虫科 Cimicidae
Latreille, 1802

床蝨,又稱臭蟲,是半翅目臭蟲總科臭蟲科學名Cimicidae,又名床𧔠科物種的通稱,為一類很小且難以捕捉的寄生性昆蟲[1][2]。臭蟲的首選棲息地是房子的床板,尤其是病床或其他公共地方的床。臭蟲雖然不是嚴格只在夜間活動,但夜間仍然是牠們的主要活動時間,亦可以在宿主不留意下吸取宿主的血液。

臭蟲曾經在1940年代早期開始在已發展國家間蔓延,但後來得到治理;不過,從1995年開始,臭蟲再度在世界為患[3],並開始在北美造成嚴重的衛生問題,無論是多伦多参考书图书馆[4]紐約市的豪宅區均無一幸免[5][6],此外,2022年以来,臭蟲在日本、韩国、香港等亚洲地区的报告也开始增加。[7][8]2006年,纽约市议会宣布将立法对床垫厂商的行为做出规范,包括禁止回收旧床垫,特别是禁止将其重新加工后再当作新床垫出售。[9]

簡述

成年的臭蟲是一種褐紅色的微型昆蟲,扁平帶橢圓形,少数有翅膀且善飞。相對於其身軀,臭蟲的頭比較短而闊[10]。臭蟲的身上長有微細的毛,使之看起來像是有條紋。成蟲普遍長4到5毫米,闊1.5到3毫米。臭蟲在進食前身體扁平如紙,進食後身體變深紅色,並且脹起[11]若蟲在剛剛孵化出來時呈半透明,顏色較淺;但當牠們達至性成熟時會脫皮,並轉為褐色。臭蟲可以換殼5次,完成第5次換殼就成為成蟲。

臭蟲之間的溝通全靠信息素益它素,用以傳遞有關結巢地點、攻擊及繁殖的信息。[12]

臭蟲的生命周期視乎其品種及食物供應而有所不同,一般來說,可存活一年[11]。床蝨擁有儲精囊,雌性床蝨一生只需交配一次,便終生不用交配都具繁殖能力。期間雌性床蝨可產卵200至400顆,其數量亦是視乎食物供應而定,但也受溫度影響[11]。蟲卵約於十天後孵化[11]

品種

目前全世界已知臭虫科的种类为6亚科、24属、110种。在臭虫属的23个记录种内,20个种偏好于取食蝙蝠血液,1种取食鸟类的血液,而温带臭虫和热带臭虫与人类关系密切,主要靠吸食人血为生。溫帶臭蟲Cimex lectularius)可在世界上所有溫帶氣候地點裡發現,對人類環境最為適應[13]。其他品種如熱帶臭蟲Cimex hemipterus[13]則可在熱帶地區亚热带地区發現,亦同時會感染家禽蝙蝠Leptocimex boueti;而在西非南美洲的熱帶地區發現的,可令人類及蝙蝠感染。Cimex pilosellusCimex pipistrella主要感染蝙蝠,而一種在北美發現的品種Haematosiphon inodora則會感染家禽[10]

生存環境

臭蟲可以在一個相當廣泛的溫度和大氣成分比例環境裡存活。當環境溫度下降至16.1℃時,成蟲會進入半休眠狀態,使之能夠存活更久[14];即使溫度下跌至-10℃,臭蟲仍然能夠存活至少五天;但若暴露於-32℃的低溫,則會在15分鐘後死亡[15]。臭蟲具高度抗旱性,即使在氣溫達35–40 °C度而且濕度低的環境裡,在失去了體重的三分之一後仍能存活;但在其較早期的生長階段,其抗寒能力較差[16]C. lectularius在眾多臭蟲科品種裡的熱死點最高:達45℃,而當溫度高達46℃時,只要停留七分鐘時間,所有臭蟲不管在哪一個生命階段都會捱不過而死掉[15]。臭蟲在缺氧環境下也有頗強的生命力,雖然在高濃度二氧化碳或近乎全氣的大氣環境裡顯然不能生存,但也可以支撐超過72小時[17]

食性

掃描式電子顯微鏡下的臭蟲,並利用數碼技術把其可穿透皮膚的口器以紫色和紅色加以強調。

臭蟲是一種強制性吸血昆蟲。大多數品種都只會在沒有人類可供吸血的情況,才會吸食其他動物的血。臭蟲尋找宿主的方法,主要是透過找尋宿主排出的二氧化碳,其次是其熱量,之後才到其他化合物[18]

當臭蟲以其口器刺穿宿主的皮膚時,會在皮膚上留下兩個孔洞,因為其口器有兩條空心的進食管:一條用來向宿主注射含有抗凝血劑麻醉劑的唾液,而另一條用來從宿主吸取血液。在進食約五分鐘後,臭蟲會返回其藏身處[2]

雖然臭蟲可以在沒有進食時仍能生存整整一年[19],日常會每隔五到十天進食一次。當天氣寒冷時,臭蟲也可以存活一年;而在更有利於活動和覓食的溫度時,可生存約五個月[20]

在2009年美國昆蟲學會的第57屆年會,有報告指在維珍尼亞州發現新一代的抗殺蟲劑臭蟲在沒有進食時只能存活二個月[21]

參看

參考資料

  1. ^ Reinhardt, Klaus; Siva-Jothy, Michael T. Biology of the Bed Bugs (Cimicidae) (PDF). Annual Review of Entomology. Jan 2007, 52: 351–374 [2010-05-26]. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.040306.133913. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-07-05). 臭虫有一对臭脚,能分泌一种异常臭液,此种臭液有防御天敌和促进交配之用,臭虫爬过的地方,都留下难闻的臭气,故名臭虫。 一般來說,臭蟲泛指所有偏好以人體粪便為食糧的種屬;但其實臭蟲科中還包括了以吸食所有溫血動物的血液為生的多種昆蟲,此外被臭虫咬会导致便秘
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 What Are Bed Bugs? How To Kill Bed Bugs. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International Ltd. 2009-07-20 [2010-05-27]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-31). 
  3. ^ Kilpenen, O.; Vagn Jensen, K-M.; Kristensen, M. Bed Bug Problems in Denmark, with a European Perspective (PDF): 395–399. [2010-05-27]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-11-11). ,收錄於Robinson, WH; Bajomi, D. (eds). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests. Hungary: OOK-Press Kft. 2008. 
  4. ^ “纽约酒店联盟”旗下272家成员中176家遭臭虫“攻陷”--国际--人民网. [2021-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-14). 
  5. ^ “纽约酒店联盟”旗下272家成员中176家遭臭虫“攻陷”-搜狐财经. [2021-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-14). 
  6. ^ “纽约酒店联盟”旗下成员中176家遭臭虫“攻陷”_财经_中国网. [2021-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-14). 
  7. ^ 徐筱晴. 超級臭蟲. NOWnews今日新聞. 2024-03-12 [2024-03-16]. (原始内容存档于2024-03-15) (中文(臺灣)). 
  8. ^ NOWnews今日新聞. 香港夫妻從韓國「帶回臭蟲」!床單見血才知不妙 3職業風險較高 | 國際要聞 | 全球. NOWnews今日新聞. 2023-11-10 [2024-05-13]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-13) (中文(臺灣)). 
  9. ^ 吸血臭虫已入侵纽约城-搜狐健康. [2021-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-14). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Cranshaw, W.S.; Camper, M.; Peairs, F.B. Bat Bugs and Bed Bugs. Colorado State University Extension. Feb 2009 [2010-05-27]. (原始内容存档于2010-06-11) (英语). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 多倫多公共衛生署. 床蝨知多少?. 星島日報加東版. 2008-11-18 [2010-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2010-08-15) (中文(繁體)). 
  12. ^ 科学网—臭虫分泌特殊信息素避免同性交配. [2021-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-14). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 王磊; 王常禄; 许益镌; 曾玲. 臭虫的再猖獗、生物学及防治研究进展. 《昆虫学报》. [2018-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-09). 
  14. ^ 存档副本. [2010-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2010-08-04). 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Quarles, William. Bed Bugs Bounce Back (PDF). IPM Practitioner (Berkeley, CA: Bio-Integral Resource Center). March 2007, 24 (3/4): 1–8 [27 May 2010]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-11-11). 
  16. ^ Benoit, J. B.; del Grosso, N.; Yoder, J. A.; Denlinger, D. L. Resistance to dehydration between bouts of blood feeding in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is enhanced by water conservation, aggregation, and quiescence. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007, 76 (5): 987–993 [2010-05-27]. ISSN 0002-9637. PMID 17488928. (原始内容存档于2010-08-25). 
  17. ^ Herrmann, J.; Adler, C.; Hoffmann, G.; Reichmuth, C. Efficacy of controlled atmospheres on Cimex lectularius (L.) (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) and Argas reflexus Fab. (Acari: Argasidae) (PDF). Robinson, Wm H.; Rettich, F.; Rambo, G.W. (编). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests. Hronov, Czech Republic: Grafické Závody: 637. 1999 [31 May 2010]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010年10月26日).  (abstracted from a poster presentation in Prague, Jul 19-22)
  18. ^ Anderson, J.F.; Ferrandino, F.J.; McKnight, S.; Nolen, J.; Miller, J., A carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the bedbug, Cimex lectularius (PDF), Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2009, 23 (2): 99–105 [2010-05-27], doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00790.x [永久失效連結]
  19. ^ Loye, Jenella E. The life history and ecology of the cliff swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius (Hemiptera : Cimicidae) (PDF). Ent med. et Parasitol (Cah. OSTROM). 1985, 32 (2): 133–139 [2010-05-26]. ISSN 0029-7224. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-12-14).  N.B. This paper reports an abandoned swallow colony with Oeciacus vicarius surviving three consecutive years. However, that does not preclude the availability of other species (e.g., bats, other mammals, other birds) to fall back on for occasional feeding.
  20. ^ Boase, C., Bedbugs - back from the brink, Pesticide Outlook, 2001, 12 (4): 159–162 [2010-05-27], doi:10.1039/b106301b, (原始内容存档于2019-10-18) 
  21. ^ Milius, Susan. Do-it-yourself bed-bug detector. Science News. Society for Science and the Public: 88. 2010-01-16 [2010-05-27]. (原始内容存档于2010-06-10).  |volume=被忽略 (帮助); |number=被忽略 (帮助) 引述自 Polanco-Pinzón, Andrea; et al. Survivorship and growth potential of modern bed bug populations (Cimex lectularius) in the United States. Conference proceedings of 57th Annual Meeting (Entomological Society of America). 2009. 

延伸閱讀

  • Stephen Doggett. A Code of Practice for the Control of Bed Bugs in Australia. 3rd edition, ICPMR & AEPMA, Sydney Australia, May 2010. ISBN 1-74080-122-9. This is free from www.bedbug.org.au页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • Stephen Doggett. A Bed Bug Management Policy for Accommodation Providers. Draft first ed, ICPMR, Sydney Australia, May 2010. This is free from www.bedbug.org.au页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • David Cain, Richard Strand. Bed Bug Beware: An easy to understand guide to bed bugs, their prevention and control. Loughborough, United Kingdom: Foxhill Publishing, March 2009. ISBN 978-0-9562617-0-0
  • Larry Pinto, Richard Cooper, Sandy Kraft. Bed Bug Handbook: The Complete Guide to Bed Bugs and Their Control. Mechanicsville, Maryland: Pinto & Associates, December 2007. ISBN 978-0-9788878-1-0
  • Forsyth, Adrian. A Natural History of Sex: The Ecology and Evolution of Mating Behavior. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books, 2001. ISBN 1-55209-481-2.
  • MacQuitty, Miranda, and Lawrence Mound. Megabugs: The Natural History Museum Book of Insects. New York: Random House Children's Books, 1995. ISBN 1-898304-37-8, ISBN 1-85868-045-X.
  • Goddard, Jerome A. The Physician’s Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance (second edition).

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American politician (born 1940) Barbara Levy redirects here. For the AMA RUC chairperson, see Barbara Levy, MD. Barbara BoxerOfficial portrait, 2005United States Senatorfrom CaliforniaIn officeJanuary 3, 1993 – January 3, 2017Preceded byAlan CranstonSucceeded byKamala HarrisRanking Member of the Senate Environment CommitteeIn officeJanuary 3, 2015 – January 3, 2017Preceded byDavid VitterSucceeded byTom CarperChair of the Senate Environment CommitteeIn officeJanuary 3, 20...

 

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