デジタル兵器の魅力は核兵器の魅力と似る。それは対等な立つ手段として兵器あるいは資金で劣勢である国によって使用されることである。劣勢である国々は、核兵器の開発と同じ方法でサイバー兵器開発を推進している、と戦略国際問題研究所のJames A. Lewisは言及する。「旧式で最先端ではないが、十分なものであり、各国はそれを手にすることに全力で取り組んでいる」[25]
1998年、スペインの抗議者達は、何千もの偽のメールで Institute for Global Communications(IGC)を攻撃した。本来のメールはISPの利用者に配信できず、サポートラインは利用者で混雑した。抗議者たちはIGCのスタッフとメンバーのアカウントにもスパムを送信し、偽のクレジットカード注文でウェブページを混雑させ、IGCのサービスを利用している組織に対しても同じ戦術を使うと脅した。彼らは、バスク独立を支持するニューヨークの出版物であるEuskal Herria Journalのウェブサイトの管理をIGCが停止するよう要求した。ウェブページの欄に、スペインの政治と治安当局者の暗殺または軍事施設への攻撃の犯行声明を出したテロリストグループ、バスク祖国と自由に関する資料が含まれているため、IGCがテロを支援しているとの主張であった。IGCは最終的に「メール爆弾」を理由に容認し、サイトを閉鎖した。
^Hardy, Keiran; Williams, George (11 August 2014). Cyberterrorism: Understanding, Assessment, and Response. Springer. pp. 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0962-9_1
^ abcd。Gable, Kelly A. "Cyber-Apocalypse Now: Securing the Internet against Cyberterrorism and Using Universal Jurisdiction as a Deterrent". Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 43, No. 1
^
Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism, ed (2008). Responses to Cyber Terrorism. NATO science for peace and security series. Sub-series E: Human and societal dynamics, ISSN 1874-6276. 34. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 119. ISBN9781586038366. https://books.google.com/books?id=tFmxVnDhBRQC22 July 2018閲覧. "The current NATO Definition of cyber terrorism is: 'A cyberattack using or exploiting computer or communication networks to cause sufficient destruction or disruption to generate fear or to intimidate a society into an ideological goal.'"
^
Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism, ed (2008). Responses to Cyber Terrorism. NATO science for peace and security series. Sub-series E: Human and societal dynamics, ISSN 1874-6276. 34. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 119. ISBN9781586038366. https://books.google.com/books?id=tFmxVnDhBRQC2018年7月22日閲覧. "The National Infrastructure Protection Center, now part of the US Department of Homeland Security, states as their understanding of cyber terrorism: 'A criminal act perpetrated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities resulting in violence, destruction, and/or disruption of services to create fear by causing confusion and uncertainty within a given population, with the goal of influencing a government or population to conform to a political, social, or ideological agenda.'"
^
Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism, ed (2008). Responses to Cyber Terrorism. NATO science for peace and security series. Sub-series E: Human and societal dynamics, ISSN 1874-6276. 34. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 119. ISBN9781586038366. https://books.google.com/books?id=tFmxVnDhBRQC22 July 2018閲覧. "The Federal Bureau of Investigation has the following definition of cyber terrorism: Any 'premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which results in violence against non-combatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents.'"
^Conway, Maura (2008). “What is Cyberterrorism and How Real is the Threat?”. Cyber Behavior: 217–245.
^ ab
Dorothy E. Denning (23 May 2000). “Cyberterrorism”. cs.georgetown.edu. 10 March 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。19 June 2016閲覧。
^Costigan, Sean (25 January 2015). “Cyber terrorism must be jointly tackled”. Sunday Guardian. オリジナルの2 April 2015時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122425/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/extra/cyber-terrorism-must-be-jointly-tackled12 March 2015閲覧. "States are actively engaged in weaponising code and are all too willing to hide behind the challenges of attribution — many will be apt to share code with proxies in furtherance of their objectives, just as states continue to support terrorism in the 'physical' realm. [...] Reduced technical complexity, lowered costs and most importantly, the continued push to connect the virtual and the physical — think of the growth of the Internet of Things or Machine-to-Machine connectivity — is making for new, enticing physical targets worldwide."
^Holt, Thomas J.; Freilich, Joshua D.; Chermak, Steven M. (2017). “Exploring the Subculture of Ideologically Motivated Cyber-Attackers”. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice33 (3): 212–233. doi:10.1177/1043986217699100.
^Maryann Cusimano Love, Public-Private Partnerships and Global Problems: Y2K and Cybercrime. Paper Presented at the International Studies Association, Hong Kong, July 2001.
^Calvin Sims, "Japan Software Suppliers Linked to Sect", The New York Times (2 March 2000): A6.
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