Guerre d'indipendenza ispanoamericane

Guerre d'indipendenza ispanoamericane
La battaglia di Ayacucho che assicurò l'indipendenza sudamericana nel 1824
Data1808 - 1833
LuogoAmerica spagnola
EsitoVittoria degli eserciti indipendentisti e fine del regno spagnolo
Modifiche territorialiLa Spagna perde il dominio su tutti i territori americani, conservando solo Cuba e Porto Rico.
Schieramenti
Voci di guerre presenti su Wikipedia

Le guerre d'indipendenza ispanoamericane furono i numerosi conflitti combattuti nell'America spagnola contro la Spagna agli inizi del XIX secolo, tra il 1808 ed il 1833.

Descrizione

Il conflitto iniziò nel 1808, con le juntas istituite a Città del Messico e a Montevideo in reazione agli eventi della guerra d'indipendenza spagnola. Entrambi i conflitti furono caratterizzati come guerre civili e guerre di liberazione nazionale, dato che la maggior parte dei combattenti su entrambi i fronti erano ispanoamericani, e che l'obiettivo del conflitto di una fazione era l'indipendenza delle colonie spagnole nelle Americhe. Alla fine le guerre portarono alla creazione di una serie di nuovi stati indipendenti distribuiti tra Argentina e Cile nel sud, e fino al Messico a nord. Solo Cuba e Porto Rico rimasero sotto il controllo spagnolo fino alla Guerra ispano-americana del 1898.

I conflitti erano legati alle più generiche Guerre d'indipendenza latino-americane, che comprendevano anche quelle di Haiti e Brasile. L'indipendenza del Brasile condivideva un'origine comune con quelle ispanoamericane, dato che entrambe furono fatte partire dall'invasione napoleonica della Spagna nel 1808. Inoltre il processo di indipendenza dell'America Latina ebbe luogo in un clima politico generale ed intellettuale che usciva dall'Illuminismo e che aveva influenzato tutte quelle che allora venivano chiamate le rivoluzioni atlantiche, comprese le prime rivoluzioni degli Stati Uniti e della Francia. Ciononostante le guerre svolte nell'America spagnola, e la sua indipendenza, furono il risultato di uno sviluppo a sé stante della monarchia spagnola.

Contesto storico

Durante l'occupazione della Spagna da parte dell'esercito francese nel corso delle guerre napoleoniche in Europa, la Spagna si ritrovò isolata dal suo impero e senza comando. Le guerre in Europa fornirono ai creoli la possibilità di conquistare l'indipendenza dalla madrepatria, e le rivoluzioni iniziarono a scoppiare in tutta l'America spagnola.

Nuova Spagna e Guatemala

Nuova Granada, Venezuela, Quito

Divisione protettiva di Quito, uno degli eserciti intervenuti nell'indipendenza dell'Ecuador.

Río de la Plata ed Alto Perù

Cile e Perù

Svolgimento della Guerra

Mappa della guerra ispanoamericana

     Governo controllato da Ferdinando VII con la tradizionale legge spagnola

     Regione leale alla Junta Suprema o Cortes

     Junta movimento insurrezionista delle Americhe

     Dichiarazione o istituzione di uno Stato indipendente

     Controllo francese della penisola iberica

Campagne della Nuova Spagna

Campagne della Nuova Granada, Venezuela, Quito

Campagne del Río de la Plata e dell'Alto Perù

Campagne di Cile e Perù

Liberatori

Fedeli al re

Bibliografia

  • Kenneth J. Andrien e Lyman L. Johnson, The Political Economy of Spanish America in the Age of Revolution, 1750-1850, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-8263-1489-5
  • Timothy Anna, Spain & the Loss of Empire, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1983, ISBN 978-0-8032-1014-1
  • Christon I. Archer, The Wars of Independence in Spanish America, Willmington, SR Books, 2000, ISBN 0-8420-2469-7
  • D. A. Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State, 1492-1867, Cambridge University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-521-44796-8
  • John Charles Chasteen, Americanos: Latin America's Struggle for Independence, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-517881-4
  • Michael P. Costeloe, Response to Revolution: Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810-1840, Cambridge University Press, 1986, ISBN 978-0-521-32083-2
  • Jorge I. Domínguez, Insurrection or Loyalty: The Breakdown of the Spanish American Empire, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1980, ISBN 978-0-674-45635-8
  • Richard Graham, Independence in Latin America: A Comparative Approach, seconda edizione, McGraw-Hill, 1994, ISBN 0-07-024008-6
  • R. A. Humphreys e John Lynch (editors), The Origins of the Latin American Revolutions, 1808-1826, New York, Alfred A, Knopf, 1965
  • Jay Kinsbruner, The Spanish-American Independence Movement, Huntington, New York, R.E. Krieger Publishing Company, [1973] 1976, ISBN 978-0-88275-428-4
  • Jay Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America: Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Underdevelopment, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8263-2177-1
  • John Lynch, Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-821135-X
  • John Lynch, The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1826, seconda edizione, New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1986, ISBN 0-393-95537-0
  • Jaime E. Rodríguez O. The Independence of Spanish America, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-521-62673-0
  • Matthew Brown, Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations, Liverpool University Press, 2006, ISBN 1-84631-044-X
  • Alfred Hasbrouck, Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America, New York, Octagon Books, 1969
  • William W. Kaufman, British Policy and the Independence of Latin America, 1804-1828, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1951
  • William Spence Robertson, France and Latin American Independence, New York, Octagon, [1939] 1967
  • Arthur P. Whitaker, The United States and the Independence of Latin America, 1800-1830, Baltimora, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Controllo di autoritàLCCN (ENsh85074900 · J9U (ENHE987007555775605171

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