List of national anthems

This article is about the anthems of nation states. For anthems of other territories, including constituent countries, see List of regional anthems.

Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, the composer of the French national anthem "La Marseillaise", sings it for the first time. The anthem is one of the earliest to be adopted by a modern state, in 1795.

Most nation states have an anthem, defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism";[1] most anthems are either marches or hymns in style. A song or hymn can become a national anthem under the state's constitution, by a law enacted by its legislature, or simply by tradition.[2] A royal anthem is a patriotic song similar to a national anthem, but it specifically praises or prays for a monarch or royal dynasty. Such anthems are usually performed at public appearances by the monarch or during other events of royal importance.[3] Some states use their royal anthem as the national anthem, such as the state anthem of Jordan.

There are multiple claimants to the position of oldest national anthem.[4][5] Among the national anthems, the first to be composed was the Dutch national anthem, the "Wilhelmus", which was written between 1568 and 1572.[6] This has both Dutch and English language versions and is unusual in being an acrostic in both languages. The Japanese anthem, "Kimigayo", employs the oldest lyrics of any national anthem, taking its words from the "Kokin Wakashū", which was first published in 905, yet these words were not set to music until 1880.[7] The first anthem to be officially adopted as such was the Spanish anthem "La Marcha Real", in 1770; its origins remain unclear; it is suggested that it has 16th century Venetian origins, or even that it was composed by king Frederick the Great himself; it is also one of the few national anthems that has never had official lyrics.[8] Anthems became increasingly popular among European states in the 18th century.[9] For example, the British national anthem "God Save the King" was first performed in 1745.[10] The French anthem "La Marseillaise" was written half a century later in 1792, and adopted in 1795.[11]

National anthems are usually written in the most common language of the state, whether de facto or official. States with multiple national languages may offer several versions of their anthem. For instance, Switzerland's national anthem has different lyrics for each of the country's four official languages: French, German, Italian, and Romansh.[12] One of New Zealand's two national anthems is commonly sung with the first verse in Māori ("Aotearoa") and the second in English ("God Defend New Zealand"). The tune is the same but the lyrics have different meanings. South Africa's national anthem is unique in that it is two different songs put together with five of the country's eleven official languages being used, in which each language comprises a stanza.[13]

Denmark and New Zealand are two countries with two official national anthems of equal status. Denmark has two anthems, Der er et yndigt land ("There is a Lovely Country") and Kong Christian stod ved højen mast ("King Christian stood by the lofty mast"). Der er et yndigt land is considered the civil national anthem and is often played at civil and sports events. Kong Christian stod ved højen mast is both a royal and national anthem. New Zealand has two anthems, God Defend New Zealand and God Save the King. God Defend New Zealand was added in 1977 after a petition to Parliament and Queen Elizabeth II's approval. The two anthems are often sung together, with the first verse of God Defend New Zealand in Māori ("Aotearoa") and the second in English.

India has both a national anthem, Jana-gana-mana, and a national song, Vande Mataram. Jana-gana-mana was originally written in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore in 1911 and adopted as the national anthem in 1950. Vande Mataram was composed in Sanskritised Bengali by Bankimchandra Chatterjee in the 1870s and inspired people during their fight for freedom.

UN member states and observer states

State National anthem[a] Date adopted (de jure) Lyricist Composer/Artist Audio Length Ref.
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan "Dā də Bātorāno Kor"
("This is the Home of the Brave") 		1996, 2021 Unknown Unknown 4m 26s [16][17]
 Albania "Himni i Flamurit"
("The Hymn of the Flag") 		1912 Aleksandër Stavre Drenova Ciprian Porumbescu "Himni i Flamurit" 1m 6s [18]
 Algeria "Kassaman"
("We Pledge") 		1962, 2008 Moufdi Zakaria Mohamed Fawzi "Kassaman" 1m 13s [19]
 Andorra "El gran Carlemany"
("The Great Charlemagne") 		1921 Enric Marfany Bons Juan Benlloch y Vivó "El Gran Carlemany" 1m 6s [20]
 Angola "Angola Avante"
("Onward Angola") 		1975 Manuel Rui Alves Monteiro Rui Mingas [pt] "Angola Avante" 1m 4s [21]
 Antigua and Barbuda "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee"[b] 1967, 1981 Novelle Hamilton Richards Walter Garnet Picart Chambers "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee" 1m 1s [22][23]
 Argentina "Himno Nacional Argentino"
("Argentine National Anthem") 		1813 Vicente López y Planes Blas Parera "Himno Nacional Argentino" 3m 33s [24][25]
 Armenia "Mer Hayrenik"
("Our Fatherland") 		1918, 1991 Mikael Nalbandian Barsegh Kanachyan "Mer Hayrenik" 0m 28s (one verse) [26]
 Australia "Advance Australia Fair"[b] 1974, 1984 Peter Dodds McCormick "Advance Australia Fair" 0m 54s [27][28]
 Austria "Bundeshymne der Republik Österreich"
("National Anthem of the Republic of Austria") 		1946 (as instrumental)
1947 (with lyrics) 		Paula von Preradović Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart/Johann Holzer [de] "National Anthem of the Republic of Austria" 1m 29s [29]
 Azerbaijan "Azərbaycan marşı"
("Azerbaijan's Anthem") 		1920, 1992 Ahmed Javad Uzeyir Hajibeyov "Azərbaycan Dövlət Himni" 2m 12s [30][31]
 Bahamas "March On, Bahamaland"[b] 1973 Timothy Gibson "March On, Bahamaland" 1m 15s [32][33]
 Bahrain "Bahrainona"
("Our Bahrain") 		1971 Mohamed Sudqi Ayyash Unknown "Our Bahrain" 0m 49s [34]
 Bangladesh "Amar Shonar Bangla"
("My Golden Bengal") 		1971 (provisional)
1972 (official) 		Rabindranath Tagore Samar Das "Amar Shonar Bangla" 2m 15s [35]
 Barbados "In Plenty and In Time of Need" 1966 Irving Burgie C. Van Roland Edwards "In Plenty and In Time of Need" 1m 19s [36]
 Belarus "My Belarusy"
("We, the Belarusians")[c] 		1955 (music)
2002 (with current lyrics) 		Michael Klimovich Nestar Sakalowski "My Belarusy" 3m 32s [37][38]
 Belgium "La Brabançonne"
("The Brabantian") 		1860 Jenneval (Louis-Alexandre Dechet) François Van Campenhout "The Brabançonne" 1m 3s [39][40]
 Belize "Land of the Free" 1981 Samuel Alfred Haynes Selwyn Walford Young "Land of the Free" 2m 42s [41]
 Benin "L'Aube Nouvelle"
("The Dawn of a New Day") 		1960 Gilbert Jean Dagnon "L'Aube Nouvelle" 1m 8s [42]
 Bhutan "Druk Tsenden"
("The Thunder Dragon Kingdom") 		1953 Dasho Gyaldun Thinley Aku Tongmi "Druk Tsendhen" 1m 45s [43][44]
 Bolivia "Himno Nacional de Bolivia"
("National Anthem of Bolivia") 		1851 José Ignacio de Sanjinés Leopoldo Benedetto Vincenti "Himno Nacional de Bolivia" 1m 41s [45]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina "Državna himna Bosne i Hercegovine"
("The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina") 		1999 (de facto)
2001 (de jure) 		Awaiting official approval Dušan Šestić 2 min 5 s [46]
 Botswana "Fatshe leno la rona"
("Blessed Be This Noble Land") 		1966 Kgalemang Tumedisco Motsete "Fatshe leno la rona" 0m 57s [47]
 Brazil "Hino Nacional Brasileiro"
("Brazilian National Anthem") 		1890
1922 (lyrics adopted) 		Joaquim Osório Duque Estrada Francisco Manuel da Silva "Hino Nacional Brasileiro" 3m 21s [48]
 Brunei "Allah Peliharakan Sultan"
("God Bless the Sultan") 		1984 Pengiran Haji Mohamed Yusuf bin Abdul Rahim Besar bin Sagap "Allah Peliharakan Sultan" 1m 5s [49]
 Bulgaria "Mila Rodino"
("Dear Motherland") 		1989 Tsvetan Radoslavov "Mila Rodino" 2m 1s [50]
 Burkina Faso "Une Seule Nuit"
("One Single Night") 		1984 Thomas Sankara Une Seule Nuit 1m 47s [51]
 Burundi "Burundi Bwacu"
("Our Burundi") 		1962 Jean-Baptiste Ntahokaja and others Marc Barengayabo "Burundi Bwacu" 1m 50s [52]
 Cambodia "Nokor Reach"
("Royal Kingdom") 		1941, 1975, 1993 Samdach Chuon Nat F. Perruchot and J. Jekyll "Nokoreach" 1m 30s [53]
 Cameroon "O Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres"
("O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers") 		1957 (French version)
1978 (English version) 		René Djam Afame, Samuel Minkio Bamba, Moïse Nyatte Nko'o (French),
Dr Bernard Fonlon (English) 		René Djam Afame 0m 58s [54]
 Canada "O Canada"
("Ô Canada")[b] 		1980 Adolphe-Basile Routhier (French);
Robert Stanley Weir (English) 		Calixa Lavallée "O Canada" 1m 23s [55][56][57]
 Cape Verde "Cântico da Liberdade"
("Song of Freedom") 		1996 Amílcar Spencer Lopes Adalberto Higino Tavares Silva "Cântico da Liberdade" 1m 11s [58]
 Central African Republic "La Renaissance"
("The Rebirth") 		1960 Barthélémy Boganda Herbert Pepper 1m 6s [59]
 Chad "La Tchadienne"
("People of Chad") 		1960 Louis Gidrol and others Paul Villard "La Tchadienne" 1m 1s [60]
 Chile "Himno Nacional de Chile"
("National Anthem of Chile") 		1828 Eusebio Lillo Ramón Carnicer "Himno Nacional de Chile" 2m 2s [61]
 China "Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ"
("March of the Volunteers") 		1949 (provisional)
1982 (official)
2004 (constitutional) 		Tian Han Nie Er "Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ" 0m 44s [62]
 Colombia "Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia"
("National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia") 		1920 Rafael Núñez Oreste Sindici "Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia" 2m 41s [63]
 Comoros "Udzima wa ya Masiwa"
("The Union of the Great Islands") 		1978 Said Hachim Sidi Abderemane Said Hachim Sidi Abderemane and Kamildine Abdallah "Udzima wa ya Masiwa" 1m 37s [64]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo "Debout Congolais"
("Arise Congolese") 		1960, 1997 Joseph Lutumba Simon-Pierre Boka di Mpasi Londi "Debout Congolais" 1m 27s [65]
 Republic of the Congo "La Congolaise"
("The Congolese") 		1959, 1991 Jacques Tondra and Georges Kibanghi Jean Royer and Joseph Spadilière "La Congolaise" 1m 15s [66]
 Costa Rica "Himno Nacional de Costa Rica"
("National Anthem of Costa Rica") 		1852 José María Zeledón Brenes Manuel María Gutiérrez "Himno Nacional de Costa Rica" 1m 50s [67]
 Croatia "Lijepa naša domovino"
("Our Beautiful Homeland")[d] 		1972 Antun Mihanović Josip Runjanin "Lijepa naša domovino" 0m 59s [68][69]
 Cuba "El Himno de Bayamo"
("The Anthem of Bayamo") 		1902, 1909 Perucho Figueredo "El Himno de Bayamo" 0m 53s [70]
 Cyprus "Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían"
("Hymn to Liberty")[e][f] 		1966 Dionýsios Solomós Nikolaos Mantzaros "Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían" 0m 45s [71]
 Czech Republic "Kde domov můj"
("Where My Home is")[g] 		1918, 1990 Josef Kajetán Tyl František Škroup "Kde domov můj" 1m 12s [72][73]
 Denmark "Kong Christian stod ved højen mast"
("King Christian stood by the lofty mast") 		1780 Johannes Ewald Unknown "Kong Christian stod ved højen mast" 1:11 [74][75]
"Der er et yndigt land"[h]
("There is a lovely land") 		1835 Adam Oehlenschläger Hans Ernst Krøyer "Der er et yndigt land" 1:20 [74][75]
 Djibouti "Djibouti" 1977 Aden Elmi Abdi Robleh "Djibouti" 0m 48s [76]
 Dominica "Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour" 1978 Wilfred Oscar Morgan Pond Lemuel McPherson Christian "Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour" 0m 49s [77]
 Dominican Republic "Himno Nacional"
("National Anthem") 		1934 Emilio Prud'Homme José Rufino Reyes y Siancas "Himno Nacional" 1m 37s [78]
 East Timor "Pátria"
("Fatherland") 		1975, 2002 Francisco Borja da Costa Afonso de Araujo "Pátria" 2m 9s [79]
 Ecuador "Salve, Oh Patria"
("Hail, Oh Fatherland") 		1948 Juan León Mera Antonio Neumane "Salve, Oh Patria" 3m 19s [80]
 Egypt "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady"
("My Country, My Country, My Country") 		1923
1952 (unofficial)
1979 (official) 		Mohamed Younis Al-Qady
(adapted from a speech by
Mustafa Kamil) 		Sayed Darwish "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" 1m 26s [81]
 El Salvador "Himno Nacional de El Salvador"
("National Anthem of El Salvador") 		1879 (de facto)
1953 (de jure) 		Juan José Cañas Juan Aberle "Himno Nacional de El Salvador" 4m 14s [82]
 Equatorial Guinea "Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad"
("Let Us Tread the Path of our Immense Happiness") 		1968 Atanasio Ndongo Miyone Ramiro Sánchez Lopes "Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad" 1m 54s [83]
 Eritrea "Ertra, Ertra, Ertra"
("Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea") 		1993 Solomon Tsehaye Beraki Isaac Abraham Meharezghi and Aron Tekle Tesfatsion "Ertra, Ertra, Ertra" 1m 59s [84]
 Estonia "Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm"
("My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy") 		1920, 1990 Johann Voldemar Jannsen Fredrik Pacius "Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm" 0m 32s [85][86]
 Eswatini "Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati"
("O Lord our God of the Swazi") 		1968 Andrease Enoke Fanyana Simelane David Kenneth Rycroft "Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati" 1m 8s [87]
 Ethiopia "Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityopp'ya"
("March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia") 		1992 Dereje Melaku Mengesha Solomon Lulu Mitiku "Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityopp'ya" 1m 24s [88][89]
 Fiji "Meda Dau Doka"
("God Bless Fiji") 		1970 Michael Francis Alexander Prescott Charles Austin Miles "Meda Dau Doka" 1m 26s [90]
 Finland Finnish: "Maamme"
Swedish: "Vårt Land"
("Our Land") 		1917[i] Johan Ludvig Runeberg (Swedish)
Paavo Cajander (Finnish) 		Fredrik Pacius "Maamme" 0m 46s [91]
 France "La Marseillaise"
("The Marseillaise") 		1795, 1870 Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle "La Marseillaise" 1m 19s [11]
 Gabon "La Concorde"
("The Concorde") 		1960 Georges Aleka Damas Georges Aleka Damas "La Concorde" 1m 45s [92]
 The Gambia "For The Gambia Our Homeland" 1965 Virginia Julie Howe Jeremy Frederick Howe "For The Gambia Our Homeland" 1m 20s [93]
 Georgia "Tavisupleba"
("Freedom") 		2004 David Magradze Zakaria Paliashvili "Tavisupleda" 1m 26s [94]
 Germany "Lied der Deutschen"
("Song of the Germans")[j] 		1922, 1952 August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben Joseph Haydn "Lied der Deutschen" 1m 20s [95]
 Ghana "God Bless Our Homeland Ghana" 1957 Government committee Philip Gbeho "God Bless Our Homeland Ghana" 0m 57s [96]
 Greece "Hýmnos is tin Eleftherían"
("Hymn to Liberty" or "Hymn to Freedom")[e] 		1865 Dionýsios Solomós Nikolaos Mantzaros "Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían" 0m 45s [97]
 Grenada "Hail Grenada" 1974 Irva Merle Baptiste Louis Arnold Masanto "Hail Grenada" 1m 17s [98]
 Guatemala "Himno Nacional de Guatemala"
("National Anthem of Guatemala") 		1897 José Joaquín Palma Rafael Álvarez Ovalle "Himno Nacional de Guatemala" 1m 38s [99]
 Guinea "Liberté"
("Freedom") 		1958 Unknown Kodofo Moussa "Liberté" 1m 12s [100]
 Guinea-Bissau "Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada"
("This Is Our Beloved Country") 		1974 Amílcar Cabral Xiao He 1m 1s [101]
 Guyana "Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains" 1966 Archibald Leonard Luker Robert Cyril Gladstone Potter "Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains" 0m 53s [102]
 Haiti "La Dessalinienne"
("Song of Dessalines") 		1904 Justin Lhérisson Nicolas Geffrard "La Dessalinienne" 0m 37s [103]
 Honduras "Himno Nacional de Honduras"
("National Anthem of Honduras") 		1915 Augusto Constancio Coello Carlos Hartling "Himno Nacional de Honduras" 2m 47s [104]
 Hungary "Himnusz"
("Hymn") 		1844 (de facto)
1989 (de jure) 		Ferenc Kölcsey Ferenc Erkel "Himnusz" 1m 41s [105][106]
 Iceland "Lofsöngur"
("Hymn") 		1944 Matthías Jochumsson Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson "Lofsöngur" 1m 39s [107]
 India "Jana Gana Mana"
("Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People") 		1950 Rabindranath Tagore "Jana Gana Mana" 1m 4s [108]
 Indonesia "Indonesia Raya"
("Indonesia the Great") 		1945 (original)
1950 (official) 		Wage Rudolf Soepratman "Indonesia Raya" 1m 43s [109]
 Iran "Soroud-e Melli-e Jomhouri-e Eslami-e Iran"
("National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran") 		1990 Sayed Bagheri Hassan Riyahi "Mehre Khâvarân" 0m 57s [110]
 Iraq "Mawtini" ("My Homeland") 2004 Ibrahim Touqan Mohammed Flayfel "Mawtini" 1m 45s [111]
 Ireland "Amhrán na bhFiann"
("The Soldier's Song") 		1926 Peadar Kearney (English)
Liam Ó Rinn (Irish) 		Peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeney "Amhrán na bhFiann" 0m 59s [112]
 Israel "Hatikvah"
("The Hope") 		1948 Naftali Herz Imber Samuel Cohen "HaTikvah" 1m 14s [113]
 Italy "Il Canto degli Italiani"
("The Song of the Italians") 		1946 (de facto)
2017 (de jure) 		Goffredo Mameli Michele Novaro "Il Canto degli Italiani" 1m 39s [114][115]
 Ivory Coast "L'Abidjanaise"
("Song of Abidjan") 		1960 Mathieu Vangah Ekra [fr], Joachim Bony [fr]
and Pierre Marie Coty [fr] 		Pierre-Michel Pango [fr] 1m 9s [116]
 Jamaica "Jamaica, Land We Love"[b] 1962 Hugh Sherlock Robert Lightbourne "Jamaica, Land We Love" 1m 21s [117]
 Japan "Kimigayo"
("His Majesty's Reign")[118] 		1869 (original music)
1870 (lyrics)
1880 (current music)
1999 (law) 		Traditional Waka poem from the Kokin Wakashū (first published in 905) Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi; usually credited to Hiromori Hayashi "Kimi ga Yo" 0m 59s [119]
 Jordan "Al-salam Al-malaki Al-urdoni"
("The Royal Anthem of Jordan") 		1946 Abdul Monem Al-Refai Abdul Qader al-Taneer "Al-salam Al-malaki Al-urdoni" 0m 36s [120]
 Kazakhstan "Meniñ Qazaqstanım"
("My Kazakhstan") 		2006 Zhumeken Nazhimedenov
(with modifications by
Nursultan Nazarbayev) 		Shamshi Kaldayakov "Meniñ Qazaqstanım" 1m 50s [121]
 Kenya "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"
("Oh God of All Creation") 		1963 Graham Hyslop, G. W. Senoga-Zake, Thomas Kalume, Peter Kibukosya, and Washington Omondi The Anthem Commission "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu" 1m 52s [122]
 Kiribati "Kunan Kiribati"
("Song of Kiribati") 		1979 Tamuera Ioteba Uriam Tamuera Ioteba Uruam "Teirake Kaini Kiribati" 0m 45s [123]
 North Korea "Aegukka"
("The Patriotic Song") 		1947 Pak Seyŏng Kim Wŏn'gyun 1m 35s [124]
 South Korea "Aegukga"
("The Patriotic Song") 		1948 An Chang-ho Ahn Eak-tae "Aegukga" 0m 57s [125]
 Kuwait "Al-Nasheed Al-Watani"
("National Anthem") 		1978 Ahmad Meshari Al-Adwani Ibrahim Al-Soula "Al-Nasheed Al-Watani" 0m 35s [126]
 Kyrgyzstan "Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni"
("National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic") 		1992 Djamil Sadykov and Eshmambet Kuluev Nasyr Davlesov and Kalyi Moldobasanov "Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni" 2m 3s [127]
 Laos "Pheng Xat Lao"
("Hymn of the Lao People") 		1945 Sisana Sisane Thongdy Sounthonevichit "Pheng Xat Lao" 0m 50s [128]
 Latvia "Dievs, svētī Latviju!"
("God Bless Latvia") 		1920, 1990 Kārlis Baumanis "Dievs, svētī Latviju!" 1m 45s [129]
 Lebanon "Lebanese National Anthem" 1927 Rashid Nakhle Wadia Sabra "Lebanese National Anthem" 0m 51s [130]
 Lesotho "Lesotho Fatše La Bontata Rona"
("Lesotho, Land of Our Fathers") 		1967 François Coillard Ferdinand-Samuel Laur "Lesotho Fatše La Bontata Rona" 0m 43s [131]
 Liberia "All Hail, Liberia, Hail!" 1847 Daniel Bashiel Warner Olmstead Luca "All Hail, Liberia, Hail!" 1m 28s [132]
 Libya "Libya, Libya, Libya" 2011 Al Bashir Al Arebi Mohammed Abdel Wahab "Libya, Libya, Libya!" 1m 8s [133]
 Liechtenstein "Oben am jungen Rhein"
("High on the young Rhine") 		1963 Jakob Josef Jauch Unknown[k] "Oben am jungen Rhein" 1m 25s [134]
 Lithuania "Tautiška giesmė"
("National Song") 		1919, 1988 Vincas Kudirka "Tautiška giesmė" 1m 47s [135]
 Luxembourg "Ons Heemecht"
("Our Homeland") 		1895 (de facto)
1993 (de jure) 		Michel Lentz Jean Antoine Zinnen "Ons Heemecht" 1m 24s [136]
 Madagascar "Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!"
("Oh, Beloved Land of our Ancestors") 		1959 Pastor Rahajason Norbert Raharisoa "Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!" 1m 2s [137]
 Malawi "Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi"
("God Bless Malawi") 		1964 Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka "Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi" 0m 52s [138]
 Malaysia "Negaraku"
("My Country") 		1957 multiple Pierre-Jean de Béranger "Negaraku" 1m 24s [139]
 Maldives "Gaumii salaam"
("National Salute") 		1972 Muhammad Jameel Didi Pandit Wannakuwattawaduge Don Amaradeva "Gaumii salaam" 1m 8s [140]
 Mali "Le Mali"
("Mali") 		1962 Seydou Badian Kouyate Banzumana Sissoko "Le Mali" 1m 19s [141]
 Malta "L-Innu Malti"
("The Maltese Hymn") 		1964 Dun Karm Psaila Robert Samut "L-Innu Malti" 0m 49s [142]
 Marshall Islands "Forever Marshall Islands" 1991 Amata Kabua "Forever Marshall Islands" 2m 18s [143]
 Mauritania "Bilada-l ubati-l hudati-l kiram"
("Country of the Proud, Guiding Noblemen") 		2017 Unknown Rageh Daoud Bilada-l ubati-l hudati-l kiram 1m 27s [144]
 Mauritius "Motherland" 1968 Jean Georges Prosper Philippe Gentil (M.B.E. Esq.) "Motherland" 0m 59s [145]
 Mexico "Himno Nacional Mexicano"
("Mexican National Anthem") 		1943 Francisco González Bocanegra Jaime Nunó "Himno Nacional Mexicano" 1m 42s [146]
 Micronesia "Patriots of Micronesia" 1991 Unknown Traditional German song (Ich hab' mich ergeben) "Patriots of Micronesia" 0m 36s [147]
 Moldova "Limba noastră"
("Our Language") 		1994 (unofficial)
1995 		Alexei Mateevici Alexandru Cristea "Limba noastră" 1m 11s [148]
 Monaco "Hymne Monégasque"
("Monégasque Anthem") 		1848 Louis Notari Charles Albrecht "Hymne Monégasque" 1m 18s [149]
 Mongolia "Mongol ulsiin töriin duulal"
("National Anthem of Mongolia") 		1950 Tsendiin Damdinsüren Bilegiin Damdinsüren and Luvsanjambyn Mördorj 1m 39s [150]
 Montenegro "Oj, svijetla majska zoro"
("O, Bright Dawn of May") 		2004 folk song Žarko Mirković "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" 2m 5s [151][152]
 Morocco "An-Nashid As-Sharif"
("Cherifian Anthem") 		1956 Ali Squalli Houssaini Léo Morgan "Cherifian Anthem" 1m 8s [153]
 Mozambique "Pátria Amada"
(Beloved Homeland") 		2002 Salomão J. Manhiça and Mia Couto Justino Sigaulane Chemane "Pátria Amada" 1m 1s [154]
 Myanmar "Kaba Ma Kyei"
("Until the End of the World") 		1947 U Sein Mya Maung[155][156] YMB Saya Tin 1m 29s [157]
 Namibia "Namibia, Land of the Brave" 1991 Axali Doëseb 1m 29s [158]
 Nauru "Nauru Bwiema"
("Song of Nauru") 		1968 Margaret Hendrie Laurence Henry Hicks "Nauru Bwiema" 1m 18s [159]
   Nepal "Sayaun Thunga Phulka"
("Made of Hundreds of Flowers") 		2007 Byakul Maila Amber Gurung "Sayaun Thunga Phulka" 1m 10s [160]
 Netherlands "Wilhelmus"
("William") 		1932 Philips of Marnix, or Dirck Coornhert or Petrus Dathenus Adrianus Valerius "The Wilhelmus" 1m 5s [161]
 New Zealand "God Defend New Zealand"[b] 1940 (national hymn)
1977 (national anthem)
[l] 		Thomas Bracken (English version)
[l]
Thomas H. Smith (Māori version)[l] 		John Joseph Woods[l] "God Defend New Zealand" 1m 3s [162]
"God Save the King" 1977 Unknown "God Save the King" 1m 3s
 Nicaragua "Salve a ti, Nicaragua"
("Hail to Thee, Nicaragua") 		1939, 1971 Salomón Ibarra Mayorga Luis A. Delgadillo "Salve a ti, Nicaragua" 0m 56s [163]
 Niger "L'Honneur de la Patrie"
("The Honour of the Fatherland") 		2023 "L'Honneur de la Patrie" 1m 24s [164]
 Nigeria "Nigeria, We Hail Thee" 1960, 2024 Lillian Jean Williams Frances Berda "Nigeria, We Hail Thee" 1m 28s [165]
 North Macedonia "Denes nad Makedonija"
("Today over Macedonia") 		1992 Vlado Maleski Todor Skalovski "Denes nad Makedonija" 0m 50s [166]
 Norway "Ja, vi elsker dette landet"
("Yes, We Love This Country")[m] 		1864 (de facto)
2019 (de jure)[n] 		Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Rikard Nordraak "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" 1m 2s [167][168]
 Oman "Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani"
("Sultanic Salute")
 1970 Rashid bin Uzayyiz Al Khusaidi James Frederick Mills, arranged by Bernard Ebbinghaus "Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani" 1m 54s [169]
 Pakistan "Qaumī Tarāna"
("National Anthem") 		1954 Hafeez Jullundhri Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla "Qaumī Tarāna" 1m 22s [170]
 Palau "Belau rekid"
("Our Palau") 		1981 multiple Ymesei O. Ezekiel "Belau rekid" 0m 52s [171][172]
 Palestine "Fida'i"
("Fida'i") 		1996 Said Al Muzayin Ali Ismael 3m 36s [173]
 Panama "Himno Istmeño"
("Hymn of the Isthmus") 		1906 Jeronimo de la Ossa Santos Jorge "Himno Istmeño" 1m 50s [174]
 Papua New Guinea "O Arise, All You Sons"[b] 1975 Tom Shacklady "O Arise, All You Sons" 0m 58s [175]
 Paraguay "Himno Nacional Paraguayo"
("Paraguayan National Anthem") 		1846 Francisco Acuña de Figueroa Francisco José Debali "Paraguayos, República o Muerte" 3m 11s [176]
 Peru "Himno Nacional del Perú"
("National Anthem of Peru") 		1821 José de la Torre Ugarte y Alarcón Jose Bernardo Alcedo "Himno Nacional del Perú" 3m 9s [177]
 Philippines "Lupang Hinirang"
("Chosen Land") 		1898 José Palma Julián Felipe "Lupang Hinirang" 1m 2s [178]
 Poland "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego"
("Poland Is Not Yet Lost")[o] 		1927 Józef Wybicki "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" 0m 43s [179]
 Portugal "A Portuguesa"
("The Portuguese") 		1910 Henrique Lopes de Mendonça Alfredo Keil "A Portuguesa" 1m 18s [180]
 Qatar "As Salam al Amiri"
("Peace to the Amir") 		1996 Sheikh Mubarak bin Saïf al-Thani Abdul Aziz Nasser Obaidan "As Salam Al Amiri" 1m 27s [181]
 Romania "Deșteaptă-te, române!"
("Awaken Thee, Romanian!") 		1990 Andrei Mureșanu Anton Pann and Gheorghe Ucenescu "Deșteaptă-te, române!" 2m 19s [182]
 Russia "Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii"
("State Hymn of the Russian Federation") 		2000 Sergey Mikhalkov Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov "Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii" 1m 22s [183]
 Rwanda "Rwanda Nziza"
("Beautiful Rwanda") 		2002 Faustin Murigo Jean-Bosco Hashakimana "Rwanda Nziza" 2m 19s [184]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis "O Land of Beauty!"[b] 1983 Kenrick Georges "O Land of Beauty!" 1m 3s [185]
 Saint Lucia "Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia" 1979 Charles Jesse Leton Felix Thomas "Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia" 0m 43s [186]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines "Saint Vincent, Land so beautiful" 1979 Phyllis Punnett Joel Bertram Miguel "Saint Vincent, Land so Beautiful" 0m 51s [187][188]
 Samoa "The Banner of Freedom" 1962 Sauni Iiga Kuresa "The Banner of Freedom" 1m 13s [189]
 San Marino "Inno Nazionale della Repubblica"
("The National Anthem of the Republic") 		1894 No official lyrics Federico Consolo "Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" 0m 54s [190]
 São Tomé and Príncipe "Independência total"
("Total Independence") 		1975 Alda Neves da Graça do Espírito Santo Manuel dos Santos Barreto de Sousa e Almeida "Independência total" 2m 5s [191]
 Saudi Arabia "As-Salam Al Malaki"
("The Royal Salute") 		1950 Ibrahim Khafaji Abdul Rahman Al-Khateeb "As-Salam Al Malaki" 0m 38s [192]
 Senegal "Le Lion rouge"
("The Red Lion") 		1960 Léopold Sédar Senghor Herbert Pepper "Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons" 0m 56s [193]
 Serbia "Bože pravde"
("God of Justice") 		1882, 2004 Jovan Đorđević Davorin Jenko "Bože pravde" 1m 43s [194]
 Seychelles "Koste Seselwa"
("Join together all Seychellois") 		1996 David François Marc André and George Charles Robert Payet David François Marc André and George Charles Robert Payet "Koste Seselwa" 1m 7s [195]
 Sierra Leone "High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free" 1961 Clifford Nelson Fyle John Akar "High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free" 0m 46s [196]
 Singapore "Majulah Singapura"
("Onward Singapore") 		1965 Zubir Said "Majulah Singapura" 1m 19s [197]
 Slovakia "Nad Tatrou sa blýska"
("Lightning Over the Tatras")[g] 		1993 Janko Matúška Unknown; folk tune "Nad Tatrou sa blýska" 1m 18s [198][199]
 Slovenia "Zdravljica"
("A Toast")[p] 		1989 (as regional anthem)
1994 (as national anthem) 		France Prešeren Stanko Premrl "Zdravljica" 0m 56s [200]
 Solomon Islands "God Save Our Solomon Islands"[b] 1978 Panapasa Balekana and Matila Balekana Panapasa Balekana "God Save Our Solomon Islands" 1m 22s [201]
 Somalia "Qolobaa Calankeed"
("Praise to the Flag") 		2012 Abdullahi Qarshe "Qolobaa Calankeed" 1m 6s [202]
 South Africa "National anthem of South Africa"[q] 1997 Enoch Sontonga and C. J. Langenhoven Enoch Sontonga and Marthinus Lourens de Villiers "National Anthem of South Africa" 2m 3s [203]
 South Sudan "South Sudan Oyee!" 2011 Students and teachers of Juba University, 2011[204] Students and teachers of Juba University, 2011[204] "South Sudan Oyee!" 1m 17s [205]
 Spain "Marcha Real"
("Royal March") 		1770
1942[r] 		Alfonso XIII Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros "La Marcha Real" 0m 54s [206]
 Sri Lanka "Sri Lanka Matha"
("Mother Sri Lanka") 		1951 Ananda Samarakoon (Sinhala)

M. Nallathambi (Tamil)[207]

Ananda Samarakoon "Sri Lanka Matha" 2m 53s [208]
 Sudan "Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan"
("We Are the Army of God and of Our Land") 		1956 Sayyed Ahmed Mohammed Salih Ahmad Murjan "Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan" 0m 46s [209]
 Suriname "God zij met ons Suriname"
("God Be With Our Suriname") 		1959 Cornelis Atses Hoekstra and Henry de Ziel Johannes Corstianus de Puy "God zij met ons Suriname" 0m 54s [210]
 Sweden "Du gamla, du fria"
("Thou Ancient, Thou Free")[s] 		1866 de facto (never adopted de jure) Richard Dybeck folk tune "Du gamla, du fria" 1m 28s [211]
  Switzerland "Schweizerpsalm"
("Swiss Psalm") 		1961 (de facto)
1981 (de jure) 		Leonhard Widmer (German),
Charles Chatelanat (French),
Camillo Valsangiacomo (Italian),
and Flurin Camathias (Romansch) 		Alberich Zwyssig "Schweizerpsalm" 1m 24s [212]
 Syria "Humāt ad-Diyār"
("Guardians of the Homeland") 		1938, 1961 Khalil Mardam Bey Mohammed Flayfel and Ahmad Salim Flayfel "Humāt ad-Diyār" 1m 6s [213]
 Tajikistan "Surudi Milli"
("National Anthem") 		1994 Gulnazar Keldi Suleiman Yudakov "Surudi Milli" 1m 55s [214]
 Tanzania "Mungu ibariki Afrika"
("God Bless Africa") 		1961 collectively Enoch Sontonga "Mungu ibariki Afrika" 0m 52s [215]
 Thailand "Phleng Chat"
("National Song")[t] 		1932, 1939 (with current name and lyrics), 1949 Luang Saranupraphan Peter Feit "Phleng Chat" 0m 44s [216]
 Togo "Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux"
("Hail to Thee, Land of our Forefathers") 		1960, 1992 Alex Casimir-Dosseh "Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux" 0m 52s [217]
 Tonga "Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga"
("Song of the King of the Tonga Islands") 		1874 Uelingatoni Ngū Tupoumalohi Carl Gustav Schmitt "Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga" 0m 49s [218][219]
 Trinidad and Tobago "Forged from the Love of Liberty" 1962 Patrick Castagne "Forged from the Love of Liberty" 1m 15s [220]
 Tunisia "Humat al-Hima"
("Defenders of the Homeland") 		1957, 1987 Mustafa Sadiq Al-Rafi'i and Aboul-Qacem Echebbi Mohammed Abdel Wahab "Humat al-Hima" 0m 52s [221]
 Turkey "İstiklâl Marşı"
("The March of Independence") 		1921 Mehmet Akif Ersoy Osman Zeki Üngör "İstiklâl Marşı" 1m 5s [222]
 Turkmenistan "Garaşsyz, Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni"
("The State Anthem of Independent and Neutral Turkmenistan") 		1996 (original version)
2008 (current version) 		collectively Veli Mukhatov "Türkmenbaşyň guran beýik binasy" 2m 0s [223]
 Tuvalu "Tuvalu mo te Atua"
("Tuvalu for the Almighty")[b] 		1978 Afaese Manoa "Tuvalu mo te Atua" 1m 4s [224]
 Uganda "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty" 1962 George Wilberforce Kakoma "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty" 0m 44s [225]
 Ukraine "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina"
("Ukraine's Glory Has Not Perished") 		1992 (music), 2003 (lyrics) Pavlo Chubynsky Mykhaylo Verbytsky "Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy" 1m 20s [226]
 United Arab Emirates "Ishy Biladi"
("Long Live my Homeland") 		1971, 1986 (with lyrics) Arif Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan Saad Abdel Wahab "Ishy Bilady" 0m 48s [227][228]
 United Kingdom "God Save the King"[u][v] 1745 Henry Carey Unknown "God Save the King" 1m 3s [229][230]
 United States "The Star-Spangled Banner" 1931 Francis Scott Key John Stafford Smith "The Star-Spangled Banner" 1m 18s [231]
 Uruguay "Himno Nacional"
("National Anthem") 		1848 Francisco Acuña de Figueroa Francisco José Debali "Himno Nacional" 4m 30s [232]
 Uzbekistan "Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi"
("National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan") 		1991 Abdulla Aripov Mutal Burhanov "Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi" 2m 29s [233]
 Vanuatu "Yumi, Yumi, Yumi"
("We, We, We") 		1980 François Vincent Ayssav "Yumi, Yumi, Yumi" 0m 59s [234]
 Vatican City "Marche Pontificale"
("Pontifical Anthem and March") 		1949 Antonio Allegra Charles Gounod "Marche Pontificale" 3m 13s [235]
 Venezuela "Gloria al Bravo Pueblo"
("Glory to the Brave People") 		1881 Vicente Salias Juan José Landaeta "Gloria al Bravo Pueblo" 1m 31s [236]
 Vietnam "Tiến Quân Ca"
("Marching Song") 		1945 Văn Cao "Tiến Quân Ca" 1m 12s [237]
 Yemen "National anthem of Yemen" 1990 Abdallah Abdulwahab Noman Ayoob Tarish "National anthem of Yemen" 0m 49s [238][239]
 Zambia "Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free" 1973 collectively Enoch Sontonga "National anthem of Zambia" 1m 57s [240][241]
 Zimbabwe "Simudzai Mureza WeZimbabwe"
("O Lift High the Banner of Zimbabwe") 		1994 Solomon Mutswairo Fred Changundega "Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe" 0m 46s [242]

Partially recognized states

State[w] National anthem Date adopted Lyricist Officially known as Composer Audio Ref.
 Abkhazia "Aiaaira"
("Victory") 		2007 Genady Alamiya "State Anthem of the Republic of Abkhazia" Valera Çkaduwa "Aiaaira" [243]
 Kosovo "Europe" 2008 Mendi Mengjiqi "Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo" Mendi Mengjiqi "Europe" [244]
 Northern Cyprus "İstiklâl Marşı"
("Independence March") 		1983 Mehmet Akif Ersoy "The Turkish Cypriot State Anthem" Zeki Üngör "İstiklâl Marşı" [245][246]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic "Yā Banī al-Ṣaḥrāʼ"
("O Sons of the Sahara") 		1976 unknown "National Anthem of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" unknown "Ya Bani al-Sahra'" [247]
 Somaliland "Samo ku waar"
("Live in Eternal Peace") 		1997 Hassan Sheikh Mumin "Samo Ku Waar, Somaliland" Hassan Sheikh Mumin "Samo ku waar" [248]
 South Ossetia "Warzon Iryston!"
("Beloved Ossetia!") 		1995 Totradz Kokayev "State Anthem of the Republic of South Ossetia" Feliks Alborov "Warzon Iryston!" [249]
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta[x] "Ave Crux Alba"
("Hail Thou White Cross") 		1930 Alfredo Consorti "Anthem of the Sovereign Order of Malta" Alfredo Consorti "Ave Crux Alba" [250]
 Taiwan "San Min Chu-i"
("Song of the Three Principles of the People")[y]		 1937 (de facto)
1943 (de jure)		 Sun Yat-sen "National Anthem of the Republic of China"[z] Cheng Maoyun "San Min Zhu Yi" [251]
 Transnistria "My slavim tebia, Pridnestrovie"
("We glorify you, Pridnestrovie")		 2000 Boris Parmenov, Vitaly Pishenko, Nikolay Bozhko "We chant thy praises of Pridnestrovia" Boris Alexandrov "My slavim tebia" [252][253]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Only United Nations member states and observer states are included in this table.[14][15]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "God Save the King" is the royal anthem of Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Canada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu, and one of New Zealand's two national anthems.
  3. ^ "My Belarusy" was originally adopted by the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
  4. ^ "Lijepa naša domovino" was originally adopted by the Socialist Republic of Croatia.
  5. ^ a b "Hymn to Liberty" or "Hymn to Freedom" is the national anthem of both Cyprus and Greece.
  6. ^ By the power of the Constitution of Cyprus, the Turkish national anthem "İstiklâl Marşı" was used when a Turkish Cypriot representative was present. The practice lasted up to 1963.
  7. ^ a b Originally adopted by Czechoslovakia as a part of its hymn in 1918 (together with Slovak "Nad Tatrou sa blýska"), and later in 1993 by the Czech Republic (already without the Slovak part).
  8. ^ Both Danish anthems have equal status.[75]
  9. ^ First performed in 1848. National anthem status gained through convention after independence in 1917.
  10. ^ Only the third stanza is the official national anthem.
  11. ^ Uses the same melody as "God Save the King"
  12. ^ a b c d This refers to "God Defend New Zealand", not "God Save the King".
  13. ^ Until the early 20th century, "Sønner av Norge" was the most recognised national anthem of Norway. Also "Norges Skaal" and "Mitt lille land" have at times been described as national anthems. Norway's unofficial royal anthem is "Kongesangen".
  14. ^ "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" was first performed in 1864, but only gradually came to replace the older national anthem "Sønner av Norge" as de facto national anthem. It was adopted as the official national anthem 11 December 2019.
  15. ^ Also known by its incipit: "Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła, kiedy my żyjemy" ("Poland Is Not Yet Lost, So long as we still live").
  16. ^ "Zdravljica" was originally adopted by the Socialist Republic of Slovenia. Only the seventh stanza of the song is the national anthem.
  17. ^ The "National Anthem of South Africa" is a hybrid of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("God Bless Africa") and "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"
    ("The Call of South Africa").
  18. ^ Declared official "Honor March" by Charles III in 1770, abolished 1820-1823, adopted as official anthem under Isabel II (r. 1833–1868), co-official during 1873-1874 and again abolished 1931-1939. Re-introduced in 1939.
  19. ^ Sweden's royal anthem is "Kungssången".
  20. ^ Thailand's royal anthem is "Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami".
  21. ^ Royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom, but no official status as national anthem.
  22. ^ Anthems of the Countries of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), sometimes described as "national anthems", are not listed here. As non-sovereign states, they are listed at List of regional anthems.
  23. ^ This list is for those who have declared independence and are partially recognized.
  24. ^ The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a sovereign entity under international law with partial recognition.
  25. ^ "National Banner Song" is used as the alternate state anthem for Taiwan at international sporting events such as the Olympic Games and World Baseball Classic.
  26. ^ The official state name of Taiwan is the "Republic of China".

References

General
  • Hang, Xing (2003). Encyclopedia of National Anthems. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4847-4.
  • Minahan, James B. (2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.
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В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с фамилией Чжан. Кэролайн Чжан Персональные данные Гражданство  США Дата рождения 20 мая 1993(1993-05-20) (30 лет) Место рождения Бостон, Массачусетс Рост 165 см Тренер Питер Оппегард, Карен Кван Бывшиетренеры Тамми Гамбилл, Ли Минчжу, Мэри Бе...

 

Southern Sugar Bakery

Bakery based in Raleigh Southern Sugar BakeryThe storefront in September 2023Trade nameSouthern Sugar Bakery LLCTypePrivately held companyFounded2013FounderAngie Tucker and Christin KubaskoWebsitesouthernsugarbakery.com Southern Sugar Bakery is a privately owned bakery based in Raleigh, North Carolina that is known for decorated cookies in all shapes and sizes. History Southern Sugar Bakery was started by former school counselors, Angie Tucker and Christin Kubasko, in 2013.[1]  T...

 

Christian Cyclopedia

Ludwig Fuerbringer (back row, third from the left) with the faculty of the St. Louis Seminary in 1927–1929 Christian Cyclopedia (originally Lutheran Cyclopedia) is a one-volume compendium of theological data, ranging from ancient figures to contemporary events. It is published by Concordia Publishing House as an update to the Concordia Cyclopedia of 1927, authored by Ludwig Fuerbringer. The 1927 version was an update to The Lutheran Cyclopedia (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898), edit...

Phonological history of English consonants

This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2021) History and description ofEnglish pronunciation Historical stages Old English Middle English General development In Old English In Scots Development of vowels A Close back Close front Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back Pre-L Pre-R Development of consonants Single consonants Clusters ...

 

Беговые виды лёгкой атлетики

Кристин Арон на чемпионате мира по лёгкой атлетике 2007 года Беговые виды лёгкой атлетики объединяют следующие стадионные дисциплины: спринт (30 м, 50 м, 60 м, 100 м, 200 м и 400 м), бег на средние дистанции (от 800 до 3000 м[1], в том числе бег на 3000 м с препятствиями), бег...

 

Boxe nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 1963

Boxe As competições de boxe nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 1963 foram realizadas em São Paulo, Brasil. Esta foi a quarta edição do esporte nos Jogos Pan-Americanos, tendo sido disputado apenas entre os homens. Medalhistas Evento Ouro Prata Bronze Peso moscadetalhes Floreal García Pedro Dias Robert Carmody Peso galodetalhes Abel Almaraz Marcíal Guttiérez Arthur Jones Peso penadetalhes Rosemiro Mateus Héctor Pace Char°les Brown Peso levedetalhes Roberto Caminero João Henrique Barry Fost...

World Capoeira Federation

World Capoeira FederationLogo of WCFEstablished2011Legal statusInternational organizationPurposeRecognition of capoeira as a sport by the International Olympic Committee and gain entry for Capoeira in to the Olympics.LocationTallinn, EstoniaMembership VoluntaryPresidentPaulo Sales NetoMain organGeneral ConferenceWebsitecapoeira.ws The World Capoeira Federation (WCF) is an international non-profit organisation whose main mission is to implement the systems and standards of sport capoeira with ...

 

Patrick Skoff

Chicago artist Patrick Skoff. Patrick Skoff (January 22) is a Chicago-based artist most notable for his art scavenger hunts in which he leaves his poster-size paintings around the streets of Chicago for people to find and keep.[1] In addition to his art scavenger hunts, Skoff also is known for his series of miniature artwork titled Little Things and his live painting events in various locations in Chicago.[2] Biography Born in Franklin Park, Illinois, Skoff began painting in e...