The English language is the only one used in legislation, decrees, resolutions, official documents, and public acts; although not declared official de jure, this makes it the country's sole "working language" in accordance with the constitution.[10]
The country consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda, which are approximately 40 km (25 mi) apart, and several smaller islands, including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pear, York, and Redonda. The permanent population is approximately 97,120 (2019[update] estimates), with 97% residing in Antigua.[13]St. John's, Antigua, is the country's capital, major city, and largest port. Codrington is Barbuda's largest town.
Antigua is Spanish for 'ancient' and barbuda is Spanish for 'bearded'.[13] The island of Antigua was originally called Wadadli by the Arawaks and is locally known by that name today; the Caribs possibly called Barbuda Wa'omoni. Christopher Columbus, while sailing by in 1493, may have named it Santa Maria la Antigua, after an icon in the Spanish Seville Cathedral. The "bearded" of Barbuda is thought to refer either to the male inhabitants of the island, or the bearded fig trees present there.[21]
Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight the islands in 1493.[22][23] The Spanish did not colonise Antigua until after a combination of European and African diseases, malnutrition, and slavery eventually extirpated most of the native population; smallpox was probably the greatest killer.[27]
The English settled on Antigua in 1632;[23][22] Christopher Codrington settled on Barbuda in 1685.[23][22] Tobacco and then sugar was grown, worked by a large population of slaves transported from West Africa, who soon came to vastly outnumber the European settlers.[22]
Colonial era
The English maintained control of the islands, repulsing an attempted French attack in 1666.[22] The brutal conditions endured by the slaves led to revolts in 1701 and 1729 and a planned revolt in 1736, the last led by Prince Klaas, though it was discovered before it began and the ringleaders were executed.[28]Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, affecting the economy.[23][22] This was exacerbated by natural disasters such as the 1843 earthquake and the 1847 hurricane.[22] Mining occurred on the isle of Redonda, however, this ceased in 1929 and the island has since remained uninhabited.[29]
Part of the Leeward Islands colony, Antigua and Barbuda became part of the short-lived West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1962.[23][22] Antigua and Barbuda subsequently became an associated state of the United Kingdom with full internal autonomy on 27 February 1967.[22] The 1970s were dominated by discussions as to the islands' future and the rivalry between Vere Bird of the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party (ABLP) (Premier from 1967 to 1971 and 1976 to 1981) and the Progressive Labour Movement (PLM) of George Walter (Premier 1971–1976). Eventually, Antigua and Barbuda gained full independence on 1 November 1981; Vere Bird became prime minister of the new country.[22] The country opted to remain within the Commonwealth, retaining Queen Elizabeth as head of state, with the first governor, Sir Wilfred Jacobs, as governor-general. Succeeding Sir Wilfred Jacobs were Sir James Carlisle (June 10, 1993 – June 30, 2007), Dame Louise Lake-Tack (July 17, 2007 – August 14, 2014.), and the present governor, Sir Rodney Williams: (August 14, 2014 – present).
The Queen on 1953 Antiguan stamps
Independence era
The first two decades of Antigua's independence were dominated politically by the Bird family and the ABLP, with Vere Bird ruling from 1981 to 1994, followed by his son Lester Bird from 1994 to 2004.[22] Though providing a degree of political stability, and boosting tourism to the country, the Bird governments were frequently accused of corruption, cronyism and financial malfeasance.[23][22]Vere Bird Jr., the elder son, was forced to leave the cabinet in 1990 following a scandal in which he was accused of smuggling Israeli weapons to Colombian drug-traffickers.[30][31][23] Another son, Ivor Bird, was convicted of selling cocaine in 1995.[32][33]
Most of Barbuda was devastated in early September 2017 by Hurricane Irma, which brought winds with speeds reaching 295 km/h (185 mph). The storm damaged or destroyed 95% of the island's buildings and infrastructure, leaving Barbuda "barely habitable" according to Prime Minister Gaston Browne. Nearly everyone on the island was evacuated to Antigua.[39]
Amidst the following rebuilding efforts on Barbuda that were estimated to cost at least $100 million,[40] the government announced plans to revoke a century-old law of communal land ownership by allowing residents to buy land; a move that has been criticised as promoting "disaster capitalism".[41]
Limestone formations, rather than volcanic activity, have had the most impact on the topography of both Antigua and Barbuda, which are both relatively low-lying islands. Boggy Peak, also known as Mt. Obama from 2008 to 2016, is the highest point on both Antigua and Barbuda. It is the remnant of a volcanic crater and rises a total of 402 meters. Boggy Peak is located in the southwest of Antigua (1,319 feet).[13][22]
Both of these islands have very irregularly shaped coastlines that are dotted with beaches, lagoons, and natural harbors. There are reefs and shoals that surround the islands on all sides. Because of the low amount of rainfall, there are not many streams. On neither of these islands can sufficient quantities of fresh groundwater be found.[13]
Redonda is a small, uninhabited island located about 40 kilometers (25 miles) to the south-west of Antigua. Redonda is a rocky island.[22]
The most populous cities in Antigua and Barbuda are mostly on Antigua, being Saint John's, All Saints, Piggotts, and Liberta.[42] The most populous city on Barbuda is Codrington. It is estimated that 25% of the population lives in an urban area, which is much lower than the international average of 55%.[43][44]
Antigua and Barbuda consists mostly of its two namesake islands, Antigua, and Barbuda. Other than that, Antigua and Barbuda's biggest islands are Guiana Island and Long Island off the coast of Antigua, and Redonda island, which is far from both of the main islands.
Climate
Rainfall averages 990 mm (39 in) per year, with the amount varying widely from season to season. In general the wettest period is between September and November. The islands generally experience low humidity and recurrent droughts. Temperatures average 27 °C (80.6 °F), with a range from 23 °C (73.4 °F) to 29 °C (84.2 °F) in the winter to from 25 °C (77.0 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F) in the summer and autumn. The coolest period is between December and February.
Hurricanes strike on an average of once a year, including the powerful Category 5Hurricane Irma, on 6 September 2017, which damaged 95% of the structures on Barbuda.[45] Some 1,800 people were evacuated to Antigua.[46]
Officials quoted by Time indicated that over $100 million would be required to rebuild homes and infrastructure. Philmore Mullin, Director of Barbuda's National Office of Disaster Services, said that "all critical infrastructure and utilities are non-existent – food supply, medicine, shelter, electricity, water, communications, waste management". He summarised the situation as follows: "Public utilities need to be rebuilt in their entirety... It is optimistic to think anything can be rebuilt in six months ... In my 25 years in disaster management, I have never seen something like this."[47]
Like other island nations, Antigua and Barbuda faces unique environmental issues created by its proximity to the ocean, and small size. These include pressures on drinking water resources, natural ecosystems, and deforestation more generally.
Not only do these issues threaten the residents of the island, but also interfere with the economy – where tourism is 80% of the GDP.[49] The 2017 hurricane season was particularly destructive, with Hurricane Maria and Hurricane Irma, repeatedly damaging vulnerable infrastructure on the islands of Antigua and Barbuda.[50]
Antigua & Barbuda's population (1961–2010). Number of inhabitants in thousands.
Ethnic groups
Antigua has a population of 93,219,[51][52] mostly made up of people of West African, British, and Portuguese descent. The ethnic distribution consists of 91% Black, 4.4% mixed race, 1.7% White, and 2.9% other (primarily East Indian). Most Whites are of British descent. Christian Levantine Arabs and a small number of East Asians and Sephardic Jews make up the remainder of the population.
An increasingly large percentage of the population lives abroad, most notably in the United Kingdom (Antiguan Britons), the United States and Canada. A minority of Antiguan residents are immigrants from other countries, particularly from Dominica, Guyana and Jamaica, and, increasingly, from the Dominican Republic, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Nigeria. An estimated 4,500 American citizens also make their home in Antigua and Barbuda, making their numbers one of the largest American populations in the English-speaking Eastern Caribbean.[53] 68.47% of the population was born in Antigua and Barbuda.[54]
Languages
The language most commonly used in business is English. There is a noticeable distinction between the Antiguan accent and the Barbudan one.
When compared to Antiguan Creole, Standard English was the language of choice in the years leading up to Antigua and Barbuda's attainment of their independence. The Antiguan Creole language is looked down upon by the upper and middle classes in general. The Antiguan Creole language is discouraged from use in the educational system, and instruction is carried out in Standard (British) English instead.
A significant number of the words that are utilized in the Antiguan dialect are derived from both the British and African languages. This is readily apparent in phrases such as "Innit?" which literally translates to "Isn't it?" Many common island proverbs can be traced back to Africa, such as the pidgin language.
Approximately 10,000 people are able to speak in Spanish.[55]
Executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament. The bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (17 members appointed by members of the government and the opposition party, and approved by the governor-general), and the House of Representatives (17 members elected by first past the post) to serve five-year terms.
The current Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition is Jamale Pringle.
The last election was held on 21 March 2018. The Antigua Barbuda Labour Party (ABLP) led by Prime Minister Gaston Browne won 15 of the 17 seats in the House of Representatives.[62] The previous election was on 12 June 2014, during which the Antigua Labour Party won 14 seats, and the United Progressive Party 3 seats.[63]
Vere Bird was prime minister from 1981 to 1994 and chief minister of Antigua from 1960 to 1981, except for the 1971–1976 period when the Progressive Labour Movement (PLM) defeated his party. Bird, the nation's first prime minister, is credited with having brought Antigua and Barbuda and the Caribbean into a new era of independence. Prime Minister Lester Bryant Bird succeeded the elder Bird in 1994.
Party elections
Gaston Browne defeated his predecessor Lester Bryant Bird at the Antigua Labour Party's biennial convention in November 2012 held to elect a political leader and other officers.[65] The party then altered its name from the Antigua Labour Party (ALP) to the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party (ABLP). This was done to officially include the party's presence on the sister island of Barbuda in its organisation, the only political party on the mainland to have a physical branch in Barbuda.
The Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court is the highest court in the region's judicial system (based in Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court of Justice). The Caribbean Court of Justice counts Antigua as one of its member states. Its highest court of appeal is the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which acts in that capacity.[66]
In 2013, Antigua and Barbuda called for reparations for slavery at the United Nations. Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer said "We have recently seen a number of leaders apologising", and that they should now "match their words with concrete and material benefits."[68]
About 260 people are currently serving in the Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force in a variety of capacities. These personnel are distributed across the line infantry regiment, the service and support unit, the air force, and the coast guard. In addition there is the Antigua and Barbuda Cadet Corps, which is made up of two hundred young people between the ages of 12 and 18. The Defence Board is in charge of directing the activities of the armed forces of the nation. The National Security Council and the Financial Intelligence Unit are the two intelligence agencies that Antigua and Barbuda have at their disposal. Camp Blizzard serves as the administrative center for the Defense Force.
Although they are referred to as dependencies, both Barbuda and Redonda are actually integral parts of the state and can be thought of as administrative divisions. Simply put, "dependency" is just a title. The Redonda is a second-level administrative division that is part of the Saint John Parish's District "A." Barbuda is a local administrative division on the same level as Antigua and Barbuda, and its council is the name of its local governing body. In the year 2023, there have been discussions regarding the possibility of extending governmental authority to Antigua's parishes.
There are currently sixty of what are known as major divisions on the islands of Antigua and Barbuda. This administrative tier is known as the second level.
Local government in the country of Antigua and Barbuda is only present on the island of Barbuda at the present time; however, there is legislation in place for a system of village councils on the island of Antigua; however, village councils have not been active since the 1940s and 1950s.
Antigua is a high end travel destination, as seen here in the marina of English Harbour . . .
. . . but poverty is never far away.
Tourism dominates the economy, accounting for more than half of the gross domestic product (GDP).[13][22] As a destination for the most affluent travelers, Antigua is well known for its extensive collection of five-star resorts. However, weaker tourist activity in lower and middle market segments since the beginning of the year 2000 has slowed the economy and put the government into a tight fiscal corner.[13] Antigua and Barbuda has enacted policies to attract high-net-worth citizens and residents, such as enacting a 0% personal income tax rate in 2019.[20]
The provision of investment banking and financial services also constitutes a significant portion of the economy. Major international financial institutions such as the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and Scotiabank both maintain offices in Antigua. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Pannell Kerr Forster, and KPMG are some of the other companies in the financial services industry that have offices in Antigua.[72] The United States Securities and Exchange Commission has leveled allegations against the Antigua-based Stanford International Bank, which is owned by the Texas billionaire Allen Stanford, of orchestrating a massive fraud that may have resulted in the theft of approximately $8 billion from investors.[73]
The nation, which consists of two islands, directs the majority of its agricultural production toward the markets that are found within the nation. This is done despite the fact that the nation has a limited water supply and a shortage of laborers as a result of the higher wages offered in the tourism and construction industries.[56]
Manufacturing comprises 2% of GDP and is made up of enclave-type assembly for export, the major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components.[74] Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialised world, especially in the United States,[56] from which about one-third to one-half of all tourists come.[75]
Access to biocapacity is lower than world average. In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda had 0.8 global hectares[76] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[77] In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda used 4.3 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use more biocapacity than Antigua and Barbuda contains. As a result, Antigua and Barbuda are running a biocapacity deficit.[76]
The Citizenship by Investment Unit (CIU) is the government authority responsible for processing all applications for Agent's Licenses as well as all applications for Citizenship by Investment made by applicants and their family members. This unit was established by the Prime Minister and is known as the Citizenship by Investment Unit.[78]
The transportation networks of Antigua and Barbuda are made up of both publicly operated and privately managed services. The roads in the countryside are paved, and their paths are winding and gradual in their ascents and descents; they connect parishes to villages and communities. Cars are driven on the left side of the road. Antigua and Barbuda has a speed limit of 40 miles per hour, and there are traffic signs posted along the main roads that make it easier to commute. Additionally, GPS coordinates have been posted throughout the country, which has made the process of navigation more manageable.
On the yellow license plates of public transportation vehicles, the letters "BUS" indicate that the vehicle is a bus, and the letters "TX" indicate that the vehicle is a taxi. Taxi services are subject to government regulation, which results in the establishment of flat rates rather than the use of meters. It is required that taxi drivers keep a copy of the rates posted inside the cab at all times. Taxis are not hard to come by on Antigua, particularly at the airport and major hotels. The role of tour guide is one that is frequently taken on by taxi drivers.
On the island of Antigua, buses run continuously throughout the day from 5:30 a.m. until 6:00 p.m., connecting the capital city of St. John's with a number of the surrounding villages. On the other hand, buses do not make stops at the airport or in the tourist area to the north. Although the timing of the bus' departure is frequently up to the discretion of the driver, most buses operate according to a predetermined schedule. The routes that most buses take are typically displayed in the front windows of the vehicles, which are typically private minivans with seating for approximately 15 passengers each. Both the East Bus Station on Independence Avenue close to the Botanical Gardens and the Market Street Bus Station close to the Central Market are the two bus stations that serve the city of St. John's. There are also a number of bus companies operating on the island of Barbuda.
Education in Antigua and Barbuda is compulsory and free for children between the ages of 5 and 16 years.[79] The system is modeled on the British educational system. The current Minister of Education, Sport & Creative Industries is Daryll Sylvester Matthew.[80]
The culture is primarily influenced by the traditions of West Africa as well as those of the United Kingdom.
The most popular sport in the country is cricket. Football, boat racing, and surfing are three additional popular forms of athletic competition. (Antigua Sailing Week attracts locals and visitors from all over the world).
Since the majority of Antiguans and Barbudans are descended from West Africans who were brought to the islands as slaves by Europeans, the musical traditions of Antigua and Barbuda are predominantly of African origin and have only been marginally influenced by European musical traditions.
The island nation of Antigua and Barbuda can be found in the Caribbean's Lesser Antilles chain of islands. It is a second home for many of the popular music genres that are popular throughout the Caribbean, including calypso, soca, steeldrum, zouk, and reggae, and it has produced stars in these genres. Steeldrum and calypso are two musical styles that were brought to Antigua from Trinidad and Tobago, and they are the two that have had the most significant impact on the development of modern Antiguan popular music.
Other than this, very little to no research has been done on the musical history of Antigua and Barbuda. Consequently, a significant amount of the knowledge on the subject comes from novels, essays, and other types of secondary sources.
Festivals
Although on some islands Carnival may be used to celebrate the beginning of Lent, the national Carnival held every August is held to commemorate the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies. The national Carnival is held in August. The festive pageants, shows, and competitions, along with the other events that take place, are a major draw for tourists.
Antigua and Barbuda cuisine is a term used to describe the culinary traditions of the islands of Antigua and Barbuda in the Caribbean. Fungie, pronounced "foon-jee", and pepperpot are the country's official dish and dish of pride. Cornmeal is the main ingredient in fungie, which is a dish that is very similar to the Italian dish polenta. Other popular dishes from this region include ducana, saltfish, seasoned rice, and lobster (from Barbuda). In addition, there are sweets that are made locally, such as peanut brittle, sugar cake, fudge, raspberry and tamarind stew, and other similar dishes.[83]
Despite the fact that these foods are native to Antigua and Barbuda as well as to a number of other Caribbean nations, the diet of the locals has become increasingly diverse and now also includes traditional dishes from Jamaica and Trinidad, such as jerk meats and roti, as well as specialties from a number of other Caribbean nations.
Saltfish, eggs, eggplant (also referred to as troba), lettuce, and other vegetables are typically served for breakfast. Lunches typically consist of a starch, such as rice, macaroni, or pasta, with vegetables or salad, an entree (such as fish, chicken, pork, or beef), and a side dish, such as macaroni pie, scalloped potatoes, or plantains. Dinners typically consist of a protein, such as fish, chicken, pork, or beef. On Sundays, the majority of people in the country attend religious services, and then they return home to prepare a wide variety of meals for their families. Due to the fact that most people are off work on Sundays, dinner is typically served earlier in the day (around 2:00 pm). Dinners might consist of pork, chicken baked in the oven, stewed lamb, or turkey, served with rice (prepared in a variety of ways), macaroni pie, salads, and a local beverage. Dessert options include ice cream and cake, apple pie (or mango or pineapple pie when those fruits are in season), gelatin, and cake. The soft, buttery loaf of bread known as Antiguan butter bread does not require any additional butter to be added once it has been baked. This dish is another mainstay of Antiguan cuisine. Breakfast and other meals throughout the day often consist of fresh-baked butter bread and cheese for the community's residents. Throughout the city of Antigua, there are a great number of homes that have small bakeries built onto them. These bakeries sell freshly baked loaves, and locals can go to these bakeries to buy them. They are served alongside cheese, sardines or a bright red sausage that residents of the area occasionally refer to as salami, in addition to a great deal of other foods. In addition, the majority of meals feature something known as "provisions", which is typically a root vegetable or starch such as potatoes, yams, sweet potatoes, or eddo. During Carnival, a popular snack is souse, which is a type of soup that is very spicy and is made with pig feet, knuckles, and tails in addition to many onions. This soup is sold by vendors on the side of the road. Black pudding, also referred to as blood sausage, is a well-seasoned sausage that is made with rice, meat, and blood that is also enjoyed by locals in Antigua. On improvised grills, locals in the countryside sell freshly picked corn that has been roasted, typically while still in the husk. The Antiguan pineapple is typically quite succulent and sugary, despite its diminutive size. The entire island is covered with numerous small pineapple plantations.
The following are some examples of local beverages: mauby, seamoss, tamarind juice, raspberry juice, mango juice, lemonade, coconut milk, hibiscus juice, ginger beer, passion fruit juice, guava juice, soursop juice, and ginger beer, which is a soft drink. Beer, malts, and rums are some of the alcoholic beverages that can be found here. Many of these drinks are produced locally, such as the award-winning English Harbour Rum and the Wadadli beer, which takes its name from the island's former name. A significant number of residents in the area consume bottled sodas, which they refer to as sweet drink. Punch is a flavor that is enjoyed by many. In addition to Red Stripe beer, Guinness stout, Heineken beer, and Malta, the locals like to drink Red Malta. Ponche Kuba Cream Liqueur is a special celebratory alcoholic drink that is very popular in Antigua during the Christmas holiday season. This beverage has a brown colour, has a thick and creamy consistency, is extremely sweet, and contains a high percentage of alcohol.
The Antigua Daily Observer, the Antigua News Room, and The Antiguan Times are the names of the country's three newspapers. The Antigua Observer is the only newspaper that is published every day in printed form.
It is possible to watch the local television channel, ABS TV 10. (it is the only station that shows exclusively local programs). There are also a number of radio stations that broadcast regionally and locally. Some of these stations include V2C-AM 620, ZDK-AM 1100, VYBZ-FM 92.9, ZDK-FM 97.1, Observer Radio 91.1 FM, DNECA Radio 90.1 FM, Second Advent Radio 101.5 FM, Abundant Life Radio 103.9 FM, Crusader Radio 107.3 FM, Nice FM 104.3, Pointe FM 99.1, and WTP 93.5FM.
Monuments
Fort James, an 18th-century fort at the eastern entrance to St. John's harbour
Fort Barrington, an 18th-century fort at the western entrance to St. John's harbour
Association football, or soccer, is also a very popular sport. Antigua has a national football team which entered World Cup qualification for the 1974 tournament for 1986 and beyond. A professional team was formed in 2011, Antigua Barracuda FC, which played in the USL Pro, a lower professional league in the US. The nation's team had a major achievement in 2012, getting out of its preliminary group for the 2014 World Cup, notably due to a victory over powerful Haiti. In its first game in the next CONCACAF group play on 8 June 2012 in Tampa, FL, Antigua and Barbuda, comprising 17 Barracuda players and 7 from the lower English professional leagues, scored a goal against the United States. However, the team lost 3–1 to the US.
400m Hurdles Olympian Gold Medalist Rai Benjamin previously represented Antigua and Barbuda before representing the United States. His Silver medal run at the 2020 Olympic Games made him the second-fastest person in history over 400m Hurdles with a time of 46.17.[92]
The frigatebird is the country's official national bird, and the bucida buceras (Whitewood tree) is the official national tree.[93]
Clare Waight Keller designed Meghan Markle's wedding veil, which featured the distinctive flora of each Commonwealth nation. To represent Antigua and Barbuda, Agave karatto was included in the veil.[94]
The European fallow deer, or Dama dama, is the country's official mammal, despite the fact that it is a non-native species.[95]: 16
In 1992, the government held a contest to design a new national dress for the country, and the winner of the competition was the artist Heather Doram.[95][96]
^"Chapter 304: The Parish Boundaries Act". Laws of Antigua and Barbuda(PDF). laws.gov.ag. 17 December 1873. Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqNiddrie, David Lawrence; Momsen, Janet D.; Tolson, Richard. "Antigua and Barbuda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
^Kras, Sara Louise (2008). Antigua and Barbuda. Cultures of the World. Vol. 26. Marshall Cavendish. p. 18. ISBN9780761425700. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020. a cableway using baskets was built to transfer the mined phosphate to a pier for shipping
^"Antigua-Barbuda: Government Finally Orders Probe of Arms Shipment". IPS-Inter Press Service. 25 April 1990.
^Massiah, David (7 May 1995). "Younger Brother of Prime Minister Lester Bird Is Arrested on Cocaine Charges". Associated Press Worldstream. Associated Press.
^Massiah, David (8 May 1995). "Prime Minister Lester Bird Promises No Intervention in Brother's Arrest". Associated Press Worldstream. Associated Press.
^"Caribbean Court of Justice". International Justice Resource Center. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
^"State-Sponsored Homophobia". International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association. 20 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
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Burnt Ash Pond is a local nature reserve in Lee in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is a pond surrounded by railings in Melrose Close.[1][2] It is not normally open to the public, but can be viewed from the road.[3] It is thought to have been originally an old farm pond, and by 1908 it was in the garden of a large house, which has since been demolished. When Lewisham Council built the houses in Melrose Close in 1983-84 the local branch of the London Wildlife Trust campa…
Genus of flowering plant Kefersteinia lafontainei Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Genus: Kefersteinia Species: K. lafontainei Binomial name Kefersteinia lafontaineiSenghas & G.Gerlach Kefersteinia lafontainei is a species of flowering plant from the genus Kefersteinia.[1] Description Kefersteinia lafontainei is an epiphytic orchid.[2] Refere…
محمد بن واسع الأزدي معلومات شخصية الميلاد 40 هـ - 660مالبصرة الوفاة 123 هـ - 740مالبصرة اللقب زين القراء[1] الديانة مسلم الحياة العملية المهنة فقيه، مقرئ، ومحدث تعديل مصدري - تعديل محمد بن واسع الأزدي (40 هـ - 123 هـ / 660م - 740م): تابعي، فقيه، من الزهاد. من أهل البصرة، عرض عليه ابن ال…
قرية بيت الصلاحي - قرية - تقسيم إداري البلد اليمن المحافظة محافظة صنعاء المديرية مديرية جحانة العزلة عزلة مسور السكان التعداد السكاني 2004 السكان 239 • الذكور 128 • الإناث 111 • عدد الأسر 27 • عدد المساكن 28 معلومات أخرى التوقيت توقيت اليمن (+3 غرينيتش) …
1991–2002 conflict between the Algerian government and Islamist rebels Not to be confused with Algerian War. Algerian Civil Warالحرب الأهلية الجزائريةMilitary deployed in the streets of Algiers after the military coup against the Islamists, 12 January 1992Date11 January 1992 – 8 February 2002[5](10 years and 4 weeks)LocationAlgeria, Spillover to France with Air France Flight 8969, 1995 France bombings and 1998 World Cup terror plot[6]Result Gove…
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2022) The Archer by Eric Aumonier at East Finchley tube station Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) This is a list of public art in the London Borough of Barnet. Arkley Main article: Arkley Image Title / subject Location andcoordinates Date Artist / designer Architect / other Type Designation Notes Mor…
For other uses, see Aylestone (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandAylestoneBridge over the canal at Aylestone MeadowsAylestoneLocation within LeicestershirePopulation11,151 (2011)OS grid referenceSK573009• London101 mi (163 km) SUnitary authorityLeicesterCeremonial countyLeicestershireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLeicesterPostcode districtLE2Dialling code0116PoliceLeicestershireFireLe…
Indian actor (born 1966) This biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: Shehzad Khan – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Shahzad KhanShahzad Khan in 2012BornShahzad Ali Khan (1966-10-25) 25 Oc…
His ExcellencyKgalema MotlantheWakil Presiden Afrika SelatanMasa jabatan9 Mei 2009 – 2014PresidenJacob ZumaPendahuluBaleka MbetePenggantiCyril RamaphosaPresiden Afrika Selatan ke-13Masa jabatan25 September 2008 – 9 Mei 2009Wakil PresidenBaleka Mbete[1]PendahuluThabo MbekiPenggantiJacob ZumaDeputi Presiden Kongres Nasional AfrikaMasa jabatan18 Desember 1997 – SekarangPendahuluJacob ZumaPenggantiSedang MenjabatSekretaris Jenderal Kongres Nasional AfrikaMasa…
Indian singer This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Neyyattinkara VasudevanBackground informationBorn1940OriginNeyyattink…
1972 single by Jimmy Castor BunchTroglodyte (Cave Man)Single cover artworkSingle by Jimmy Castor Bunchfrom the album It's Just Begun B-sideI Promise to RememberReleased1972GenreFunkLength3:363:22 (7 version)LabelRCAAlternative coverAlternate single artwork, as released in Germany. Derivative of It's Just Begun's artwork. Troglodyte (Cave Man), originally released as Troglodite,[1] is a 1972 novelty funk song by the Jimmy Castor Bunch. In the US, it peaked at No. 4 on the R&B chart an…
Indian cricketer (born 1973) Tendulkar redirects here. For other people with the same surname, see Tendulkar (surname). Sachin TendulkarTendulkar in 2017Personal informationFull nameSachin Ramesh TendulkarBorn (1973-04-24) 24 April 1973 (age 50)Bombay, Maharashtra, India(now Mumbai, India)NicknameLittle MasterMaster Blaster[1][2]Height165 cm (5 ft 5 in)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm leg breakRight-arm off breakRoleBatterRelationsRamesh Tendulkar (fat…
Public Business School located in Kolkata, West Bengal This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Indian Institute of Management CalcuttaMottoJñānam Sarvahitāya(Sanskrit)Motto in EnglishKnowledge for the benefit of allTypePublic Business SchoolEstablishedNovember 28, 1961…
Tonga padaOlimpiadeKode IOCTGAKONKomite Olimpiade Nasional dan Asosiasi Olahraga TongaSitus webwww.oceaniasport.com/tongaMedali 0 1 0 Total 1 Penampilan Musim Panas1984198819921996200020042008201220162020Penampilan Musim Dingin201420182022 Berikut ini adalah daftar pembawa bendera yang mewakili Tonga pada Olimpiade.[1] Para pembawa bendera membawa bendera nasional negara mereka pada acara pembukaan Permainan Olimpiade. # Tahun acara Musim Pembawa bendera Olahraga 10 2020 Musim panas Pita…