List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

Not to be confused with List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita.
For countries by GDP, see List of countries by GDP (PPP).

Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2024
  >$60,000
  $50,000 – $60,000
  $40,000 – $50,000
  $30,000 – $40,000
  $20,000 – $30,000
  $10,000 – $20,000
  $5,000 – $10,000
  $2,500 – $5,000
  $1,000 – $2,500
  <$1,000
  No data

A country's gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is the PPP value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year. This is similar to nominal GDP per capita but adjusted for the cost of living in each country.

In 2023, the estimated average GDP per capita (PPP) of all of the countries was Int$22,452.[a] For rankings regarding wealth, see list of countries by wealth per adult.

Method

See also: List of countries by average wage

The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita figures on this page are derived from PPP calculations. Such calculations are prepared by various organizations, including the IMF and the World Bank. As estimates and assumptions have to be made, the results produced by different organizations for the same country are not hard facts and tend to differ, sometimes substantially, so they should be used with caution.

Comparisons of national wealth are frequently made based on nominal GDP and savings (not just income), which do not reflect differences in the cost of living in different countries (see List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita); hence, using a PPP basis is arguably more useful when comparing generalized differences in living standards between economies because PPP takes into account the relative cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries, rather than using only exchange rates, which may distort the real differences in income.

This is why GDP (PPP) per capita is often considered one of the indicators of a country's standard of living,[2][3] although this can be problematic because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income. (See Standard of living and GDP.)

GDP (PPP) and GDP (PPP) per capita are usually measured by international dollar, which is a hypothetical currency that has the same purchasing power in every economy as the U.S. dollar in the United States.

Table

All figures are in current international dollars, and rounded to the nearest whole number.

The table initially ranks each country or territory with their latest available year's estimates, and can be re-ranked by any of the sources.

* Nearly all country links in the table connect to articles titled "Income in (country or territory)" or to "Economy of (country or territory)".

GDP per capita (current international dollar) by country or  territory, non-sovereign state or non-IMF member 
Country/Territory IMF[4][5] World Bank[6] CIA[7][8][9]
Projection Year Estimate Year Estimate Year
 Luxembourg * 151,146 2024 143,342 2023 115,700 2021
 Singapore * 148,186 2024 141,500 2023 106,000 2021
 Liechtenstein * — — 139,100 2009
 Macau * 130,417 2024 113,183 2023 64,800 2021
 Ireland * 127,750 2024 127,623 2023 102,500 2021
 Monaco * — — 115,700 2015
 Qatar * 115,075 2024 121,125 2022 92,200 2021
 Bermuda * — 106,866 2022 80,300 2021
 Norway * 103,446 2024 104,460 2023 65,700 2021
 Switzerland * 95,837 2024 92,980 2023 71,000 2021
 Brunei * 91,046 2024 86,446 2023 60,100 2021
 United States * 86,601 2024 81,695 2023 63,700 2021
 Cayman Islands * — 85,168 2022 67,500 2021
 Isle of Man * — — 84,600 2014
 Denmark * 83,454 2024 76,688 2023 58,000 2021
 Netherlands * 81,495 2024 78,215 2023 56,600 2021
 San Marino * 80,305 2024 65,718 2021 56,400 2020
 Taiwan * 79,031 2024 — 47,800 2019
 Iceland * 78,808 2024 77,567 2023 53,600 2020
 Guyana * 78,667 2024 55,263 2023 21,900 2021
 United Arab Emirates * 77,251 2024 83,903 2023 69,700 2021
 Faroe Islands * — 76,567 2022 40,000 2014
 Hong Kong * 75,128 2024 71,482 2023 60,000 2021
 Belgium * 73,222 2024 70,456 2023 51,700 2021
 Austria * 73,051 2024 73,751 2023 54,100 2021
 Malta * 72,942 2024 62,446 2023 44,700 2021
 Sweden * 71,731 2024 70,207 2023 53,600 2021
 Germany * 70,930 2024 69,338 2023 53,100 2021
 Falkland Islands * — — 70,800 2015
 Australia * 69,475 2024 69,115 2023 49,800 2021
 Andorra * 68,612 2024 71,588 2023 49,900 2015
 France * 65,940 2024 61,157 2023 45,000 2021
 Bahrain * 65,345 2024 63,848 2023 49,400 2021
 Finland * 64,657 2024 65,061 2023 48,800 2021
 Saudi Arabia * 63,118 2024 54,992 2023 44,300 2021
 South Korea * 62,960 2024 54,033 2023 44,200 2021
 Canada * 62,766 2024 61,582 2023 47,900 2021
 European Union *[n 1] 62,660 2024 60,349 2023 44,100 2021
 United Kingdom * 62,574 2024 58,906 2023 45,000 2021
 Gibraltar * — — 61,700 2014
 Italy * 60,993 2024 58,755 2023 41,900 2021
 Cyprus * 59,858 [n 2]2024 57,101 [n 2]2023 41,700 [n 2]2021
 Czech Republic * 56,686 2024 53,817 2023 40,700 2020
 Jersey * — — 56,600 2016
 Slovenia * 55,684 2024 54,948 2023 40,000 2021
 Spain * 55,089 2024 52,779 2023 37,900 2021
 Israel * 54,446 2024 53,434 2023 42,100 2021
 Lithuania * 53,624 2024 51,877 2023 39,300 2021
 Japan * 53,059 2024 50,207 2023 40,800 2021
 New Zealand * 52,983 2024 54,110 2023 42,900 2021
 Aruba * 52,945 2024 45,236 2022 38,900 2021
 Guernsey * — — 52,500 2014
 Poland * 51,627 2024 49,464 2023 34,900 2021
 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) * — 51,527 2023 35,300 2018
 Kuwait * 49,736 2024 56,386 2023 43,900 2020
 Puerto Rico * 49,594 2024 47,700 2023 32,600 2021
 Portugal * 49,237 2024 48,759 2023 33,700 2021
 Croatia * 48,811 2024 45,910 2023 31,600 2021
 Estonia * 48,008 2024 48,992 2023 38,700 2021
 Russia * 47,299 2024 44,104 2023 27,500 2022
 Romania * 47,204 2024 47,903 2023 30,800 2021
 Hungary * 46,807 2024 45,942 2023 33,600 2021
 U.S. Virgin Islands * — 46,238 2021 37,000 2016
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon * — — 46,200 2006
 Slovakia * 45,632 2024 44,650 2023 31,900 2021
 Latvia * 43,527 2024 42,501 2023 32,100 2021
 Greece * 42,066 2024 41,187 2023 29,500 2021
 Greenland * — — 41,800 2015
 Oman * 41,652 2024 44,421 2023 34,300 2021
 Kazakhstan * 41,366 2024 39,333 2023 26,100 2021
 Panama * 41,292 2024 39,695 2023 29,000 2021
 Seychelles * 41,078 2024 32,694 2023 28,800 2021
 Malaysia * 41,022 2024 37,248 2023 26,300 2021
 Turkey * 40,283 2024 44,151 2023 31,500 2021
 Bulgaria * 39,185 2024 38,690 2023 24,400 2020
 Bahamas * 37,517 2024 35,555 2023 30,200 2021
 New Caledonia * — — 35,700 2021
 Guam * — — 35,600 2016
 Saint Kitts and Nevis * 35,276 2024 33,403 2023 26,500 2021
 Trinidad and Tobago * 34,987 2024 31,572 2023 23,000 2021
 Uruguay * 34,440 2024 34,062 2023 22,800 2021
 Maldives * 34,322 2024 24,809 2023 18,800 2021
 British Virgin Islands * — — 34,200 2017
 Montserrat * — — 34,000 2011
 Chile * 33,574 2024 33,285 2023 25,400 2021
 Belarus * 32,098 2024 30,752 2023 19,800 2021
 Mauritius * 32,063 2024 29,499 2023 21,000 2021
 Montenegro * 31,858 2024 31,216 2023 20,600 2021
 Antigua and Barbuda * 31,474 2024 31,802 2023 19,100 2021
 Costa Rica * 29,779 2024 27,953 2023 21,200 2021
 Curaçao * — 29,524 2023 20,800 2021
 Serbia * 29,039 2024 27,402 2023 19,800 2021
 Dominican Republic * 28,950 2024 25,611 2023 18,600 2021
 Argentina * 28,704 2024 29,363 2023 21,500 2021
 Georgia * 27,363 [n 3]2024 24,681 [n 3]2023 15,500 [n 3]2021
 Saint Lucia * 27,052 2024 25,129 2023 13,000 2021
 North Macedonia * 26,912 2024 24,873 2023 16,500 2021
 Turkmenistan * 26,881 2024 17,100 2019 15,000 2019
 China * 26,310 [n 4]2024 24,558 [n 5]2023 17,600 [n 4]2021
 Thailand * 25,212 2024 23,423 2023 17,100 2021
 Mexico * 24,971 2024 25,602 2023 19,100 2021
 Turks and Caicos Islands * — 24,820 2023 18,500 2021
 Azerbaijan * 24,698 2024 23,686 2023 14,400 2021
 World 24,567 [i]2024 20,946 2022 17,000 2021
 Northern Mariana Islands * — — 24,500 2016
 Gabon * 24,129 2024 21,947 2023 13,800 2021
 Armenia * 23,376 2024 23,055 2023 14,200 2021
 Brazil * 22,123 2024 20,584 2023 14,100 2020
 Barbados * 22,035 2024 19,357 2023 13,800 2021
 Equatorial Guinea * 21,751 2024 18,724 2023 14,600 2021
 Bosnia and Herzegovina * 21,498 2024 22,846 2023 15,700 2021
 Colombia * 21,437 2024 21,548 2023 14,600 2021
 Suriname * 21,404 2024 21,047 2023 14,800 2021
 Albania * 21,377 2024 21,395 2023 14,500 2021
 Egypt * 20,799 2024 18,817 2023 11,600 2021
 Grenada * 20,306 2024 17,654 2023 13,700 2021
 Botswana * 19,723 2024 19,383 2023 14,800 2021
 Iran * 19,607 2024 17,922 2023 12,400 2020
 Ukraine * 19,603 [n 6]2024 18,008 [n 6]2023 12,900 [n 6]2021
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * 19,425 2024 19,876 2023 13,700 2021
 Saint Martin (French part) * — — 19,300 2005
 Mongolia * 19,063 2024 18,108 2023 11,700 2021
 French Polynesia * — — 18,600 2021
 Moldova * 18,524 [n 7]2024 17,384 [n 7]2023 14,000 [n 7]2021
 Dominica * 18,391 2024 17,599 2023 10,900 2021
 Peru * 17,775 2024 16,717 2023 12,500 2021
 Algeria * 17,718 2024 17,027 2023 11,000 2021
 Palau * 17,207 2024 17,491 2023 13,800 2021
 Kosovo * 16,852 2024 15,029 2023 11,900 2021
 Bhutan * 16,754 2024 15,022 2022 10,900 2021
 Paraguay * 16,642 2024 17,466 2023 13,700 2021
 Indonesia * 16,542 2024 15,613 2023 11,900 2021
 Ecuador * 16,516 2024 15,870 2023 10,700 2021
 Vietnam * 16,193 2024 15,194 2023 10,600 2021
 Fiji * 16,003 2024 15,047 2023 10,400 2021
 South Africa * 15,723 2024 15,847 2023 13,300 2021
 Cook Islands * — — 15,600 2022
 Libya * 15,351 2024 19,641 2023 22,000 2021
 Belize * 14,958 2024 14,195 2023 8,800 2021
 Guatemala * 14,791 2024 14,067 2023 8,900 2021
 Iraq * 14,757 2024 13,969 2023 9,000 2021
 Tunisia * 14,338 2024 13,682 2023 10,400 2021
 Sri Lanka * 14,255 2022 14,455 2023 13,400 2021
 El Salvador * 13,173 2024 12,542 2023 9,100 2021
 Eswatini * 12,963 2024 11,741 2023 8,900 2021
 Cuba * — — 12,300 2016
 Jamaica * 12,283 2024 11,475 2023 9,600 2021
 Anguilla * — — 12,200 2008
 Philippines * 12,080 2024 10,756 2023 8,100 2021
 Lebanon * 11,784 2022 12,853 2022 13,000 2021
 Namibia * 11,730 2024 12,757 2023 9,100 2021
 Uzbekistan * 11,596 2024 9,725 2023 7,700 2021
 Cape Verde * 11,397 [n 8]2024 9,086 [n 8]2023 6,100 [n 8]2021
 Bolivia * 11,323 2024 10,727 2023 8,100 2021
 American Samoa * — — 11,200 2016
 India * 11,112 2024 10,176 2023 6,600 2021
 Niue * — — 11,100 2021
 Jordan * 10,917 2024 10,452 2023 9,200 2021
 Nauru * 10,829 2024 12,671 2023 11,900 2021
 Morocco * 10,615 2024 9,743 2023 8,100 [n 9]2021
 Bangladesh * 9,840 2024 9,066 2023 5,900 2021
 Laos * 9,727 2024 9,326 2023 7,800 2021
 Nicaragua * 8,950 2024 8,044 2023 5,600 2021
 Djibouti * 8,601 2024 7,204 2023 4,900 2021
 Venezuela * 8,404 2024 17,402 2011 7,704 2018
 Mauritania * 8,233 2024 6,934 2023 5,300 2021
 Cambodia * 8,137 2024 5,624 2023 4,400 2021
 Ghana * 7,975 2024 7,466 2023 5,400 2021
 Tonga * 7,811 2024 7,016 2022 6,100 2021
 Angola * 7,801 2024 8,041 2023 5,900 2021
 Saint Helena, Ascension and
Tristan da Cunha		 — — 7,800 2010
 Kyrgyzstan * 7,773 2024 7,103 2023 4,800 2021
 Ivory Coast * 7,648 2024 7,791 2023 5,300 2021
 Honduras * 7,605 2024 7,211 2023 5,600 2021
 Kenya * 7,157 2024 6,324 2023 4,700 2021
 Samoa * 6,998 2024 6,681 2023 5,500 2021
 Pakistan * 6,715 2024 6,212 2023 5,200 2021
 Marshall Islands * 6,688 2024 7,491 2023 6,000 2021
 Nigeria * 6,543 2024 6,318 2023 4,900 2021
 Tuvalu * 6,480 2024 5,763 2023 4,900 2021
 Congo * 6,404 2024 6,933 2023 3,200 2021
 Syria * 6,375 2010 2,914 2021 2,900 2015
 São Tomé and Príncipe * 6,205 2024 6,064 2023 4,100 2020
 Palestine * 6,057 [n 10]2023 5,888 [n 10]2023 5,600 [n 11]2021
 Tokelau * — — 6,004 2017
 Cameroon * 5,566 2024 5,380 2023 3,700 2021
 Tajikistan * 5,533 2024 5,082 2023 3,900 2021
 Nepal * 5,348 2024 5,182 2023 3,800 2021
 Myanmar * 5,206 2024 5,905 2023 4,400 [n 12]2021
 Zimbabwe * 5,071 2024 3,900 2023 2,100 2021
 Senegal * 5,056 2024 4,833 2023 3,500 2021
 Timor-Leste * 4,697 2024 5,109 2023 5,000 2021
 Micronesia * 4,689 2024 4,217 2023 3,300 2021
 Benin * 4,501 2024 4,248 2023 3,300 2021
 Guinea * 4,321 2024 4,429 2023 2,600 2021
 Zambia * 4,190 2024 4,126 2023 3,200 2021
 Tanzania * 4,134 2024 3,972 2023 2,600 2021
 Ethiopia * 4,045 2024 3,109 2023 2,300 2021
 Comoros * 3,861 2024 3,855 2023 3,200 2021
 Wallis and Futuna * — — 3,800 2004
 Rwanda * 3,747 2024 3,361 2023 2,200 2021
 Uganda * 3,642 2024 3,098 2023 2,200 2021
 Kiribati * 3,612 2024 3,522 2023 1,900 2021
 Papua New Guinea * 3,542 2024 4,607 2023 3,700 2022
 Sierra Leone * 3,505 2024 1,847 2023 1,600 2021
 Gambia 3,491 2024 3,163 2023 2,100 2021
 Togo * 3,290 2024 3,155 2023 2,100 2021
 Lesotho * 3,260 2024 2,794 2023 2,300 2021
 Guinea-Bissau * 3,110 2024 2,630 2023 1,800 2021
 Haiti * 3,039 2024 3,256 2023 2,900 2021
 Vanuatu * 2,878 2024 3,315 2023 2,800 2021
 Burkina Faso * 2,850 2024 2,727 2023 2,200 2021
 Mali * 2,843 2024 2,726 2023 2,100 2021
 Chad * 2,832 2024 1,969 2023 1,400 2021
 Solomon Islands * 2,627 2024 3,035 2023 2,400 2021
 Sudan * 2,513 2024 3,137 2023 3,700 2021
 Afghanistan * 2,116 2022 2,093 2022 1,500 2021
 Yemen * 1,996 2024 3,437 2013 2,500 2017
 Madagascar * 1,990 2024 1,875 2023 1,500 2021
 Niger * 1,978 2024 1,817 2023 1,200 2021
 Liberia * 1,902 2024 1,819 2023 1,400 2021
 Somalia * 1,844 2024 1,611 2023 1,100 2021
 DR Congo * 1,842 2024 1,671 2023 1,100 2021
 Eritrea * 1,832 2019 1,629 2011 1,600 2017
 Mozambique * 1,730 2024 1,657 2023 1,200 2021
 Malawi * 1,714 2024 1,868 2023 1,500 2021
 North Korea * — — 1,700 2015
 Central African Republic * 1,296 2024 1,130 2023 800 2021
 Burundi * 986 2024 951 2023 700 2021
 South Sudan * 763 2024 1,146 2015 1,600 2017

Footnotes

  1. ^ There is no explicit "GDP (PPP) per capita" World estimate provided by the IMF. For this figure, the GDP (PPP) world value[5] has been divided by the global population according to the IMF.[10]
  1. ^ The EU is included because it is much more than a free-trade association like ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur. -- See: "The World Factbook". CIA. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2022. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations: its flag, currency (for some members), and law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners. Thus, the inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. -- However, because the EU is an organization and not a sovereign state, it does not receive a ranking in this list.
  2. ^ a b c Data is for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
  3. ^ a b c Excludes data for Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
  4. ^ a b IMF and CIA figures exclude Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
  5. ^ World Bank figures exclude the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
  6. ^ a b c Figures exclude the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
  7. ^ a b c Excludes data for Transnistria.
  8. ^ a b c Referred to as "Cabo Verde".
  9. ^ Includes Western Sahara.
  10. ^ a b Referred to as "West Bank and Gaza" in the IMF and World Bank reports.
  11. ^ CIA registers 2 separate entries for Palestine: "West Bank" and "Gaza Strip". Figures for West Bank include the Gaza Strip -- see "The World Factbook - West Bank". CIA.gov. 15 November 2022.
  12. ^ Referred to as "Burma".

Expanding the coverage of illegal economic activities in Euro area national accounts

The share of the shadow economy is significant in many European countries, ranging from less than 10 to over 40 per cent of GDP.[11] Since 2014, EU member states have been encouraged by Eurostat, the official statistics body, to include some illegal activities.[12][13][14]

Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens

Main articles: Corporate haven § GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy, and Corporate haven § Distorted GDP/GNP

There are many natural economic reasons for GDP-per-capita to vary between jurisdictions (e.g. places rich in oil and gas tend to have high GDP-per-capita figures). However, it is increasingly being recognized that tax havens, or corporate tax havens, have distorted economic data which produces artificially high, or inflated, GDP-per-capita figures.[15] It is estimated that over 15% of global jurisdictions are tax havens (see tax haven lists).[16] An IMF investigation estimates that circa 40% of global foreign direct investment flows, which heavily influence the GDP of various jurisdictions, are described as "phantom" transactions.[17]

A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 per cent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 per cent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons.

— "Piercing the Veil", International Monetary Fund, June 2018[17]

In 2017, Ireland's economic data became so distorted by U.S. multinational tax avoidance strategies (see leprechaun economics), also known as BEPS actions, that Ireland effectively abandoned GDP (and GNP) statistics as credible measures of its economy, and created a replacement statistic called modified gross national income (or GNI*). Ireland is one of the world's largest corporate tax havens.

Ireland has, more or less, stopped using GDP to measure its economy. And on current trends [because Irish GDP is distorting EU-28 aggregate data], the eurozone taken as a whole may need to consider something similar.

— Brad Setser, Council on Foreign Relations, "Ireland exports its Leprechaun", 25 April 2018[18]

The statistical distortions created by the impact on the Irish National Accounts of the global assets and activities of a handful of large multinational corporations have now become so large as to make a mockery of conventional uses of Irish GDP.

— Patrick Honohan, ex-Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, 13 July 2016[19]

A list of the top 15 GDP-per-capita countries from 2016 to 2017, contains most of the major global tax havens (see GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy for more detail):

International Monetary Fund (2017) World Bank (2016)[20][21]
Rank Country/Territory Type
1  Qatar Oil & Gas
—  Macau Tax haven (Sink OFC)
2  Luxembourg Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
3  Singapore Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4  Brunei Oil & Gas
5  Ireland Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
6  Norway Oil & Gas
7  Kuwait Oil & Gas
8  United Arab Emirates Oil & Gas
9   Switzerland Top 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC)
—  Hong Kong Top 10 Tax Haven (Sink OFC)
10  San Marino Tax haven (Sink OFC)
11  United States 59,495
12  Saudi Arabia Oil & Gas
13  Netherlands Top 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC)
14  Iceland 52,150
15  Bahrain Oil & Gas
Rank Country/Territory Type
1  Qatar Oil & Gas
2  Luxembourg Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
—  Macau Tax haven (Sink OFC)
3  Singapore Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4  Brunei Oil & Gas
5  United Arab Emirates Oil & Gas
6  Ireland Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
7   Switzerland Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
8  Norway Oil & Gas
—  Hong Kong Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
9  United States 57,467
10  Saudi Arabia Oil & Gas
11  Iceland 51,399
12  Netherlands Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
13  Austria 50,078
14  Denmark 49,496
15  Sweden 49,175

See also

Notes

  1. ^ There have been no exclusive estimates for the world average by the IMF. 2023 calculattions are based on the global GDP (PPP), and population estimates by the IMF.[1]

References

  1. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  2. ^ "Sarkozy attacks focus on economic growth (French president urges more emphasis on quality of life)", The Guardian, 14 September 2009.
  3. ^ "Alternative progress indicators to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a means towards sustainable development"[dead link‍]
  4. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  5. ^ a b "WEO Database, October 2024. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, E.U." IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  6. ^ "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  7. ^ "Country Comparisons - Real GDP per capita". CIA.gov. The World Factbook. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  8. ^ "The World Factbook - European Union". CIA.gov. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  9. ^ "The World Factbook - World". CIA.gov. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  10. ^ "IMF DataMapper / Datasets / World Economic Outlook (October 2024) / Population". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  11. ^ "Explaining the Shadow Economy in Europe: Size, Causes and Policy Options". International Monetary Fund. November 2019.
  12. ^ "Sizing Up Black Markets and Red-Light Districts for G.D.P." The New York Times. 9 July 2014.
  13. ^ "GDP to include illegal activity". Financier Worldwide Magazine. August 2014.
  14. ^ "Handbook on the compilation of statistics on illegal economic activities in national accounts and balance of payments". Eurostat. 6 March 2018.
  15. ^ "How tax havens turn economic statistics into nonsense". Quartz. 11 June 2018.
  16. ^ Dharmapala, Dhammika; Hines, James R. Jr. (2009). "Which Countries Become Tax Havens?" (PDF). Journal of Public Economics. 93 (9–10): 1058–1068. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.07.005. S2CID 16653726. The paper implicitly adopts the "smaller" tax haven approach, i.e., disregarding larger countries that have either low taxes rates (for example, Russia), or systems of taxation which permit them to be used to structure tax avoidance schemes (for example, the United Kingdom). It also excludes non-sovereign tax havens (for example, Delaware or Labuan).
  17. ^ a b "Piercing the Veil, Finance & Development, June 2018, Vol. 55, No. 2". IMF Finance & Development. June 2018.
  18. ^ "Ireland Exports its Leprechaun". Council on Foreign Relations. 11 May 2018.
  19. ^ "The Irish National Accounts: Towards some do's and don'ts". irisheconomy.ie. 13 July 2016.
  20. ^ "PPP (current international $)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  21. ^ "World Bank, International Comparison Program database". Retrieved 10 April 2018.

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