Economy of Burkina Faso

Economy of Burkina Faso

Ouagadougou, the financial centre of Burkina Faso
Currency	CFA Franc (XOF)
Fiscal year	Calendar year
Trade organisations	AU, AfCFTA, CEN-SAD, WTO
Country group	Least developed[1] Low-income economy[2]
Statistics
Population	19,751,535 (2018)[3]
GDP	$21.076 billion (nominal, 2023 est.)[4] $63.808 billion (PPP, 2023 est.)[4]
GDP rank	120nd (nominal, 2023) 113th (PPP, 2023)
GDP growth	6.9% (2021) 2.4% (2022) 4.9% (2023e) 5.9% (2024f)[5]
GDP per capita	$900 (nominal, 2023 est.)[6] $2,726 (PPP, 2023 est.)[4]
GDP per capita rank	179nd (nominal, 2023) 177th (PPP, 2023)
GDP by sector	agriculture: 31% industry: 23.9% services: 44.9% (2017 est.^[update])
Inflation (CPI)	1.4% (2020 est.)[4]
Population below poverty line	40.1% in poverty (2014)[7] 43.7% on less than $1.90/day (2014)[8]
Gini coefficient	35.3 medium (2014)[9]
Human Development Index	0.449 low (2021)[10] (184nd) 0.315 IHDI (2021)[11]
Labour force	8,074,705 (2021)[12] a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment 61.4% employment rate (2014)[13]
Labour force by occupation	agriculture 90%, industry and services 10% (2000 est.)
Unemployment	5% (2023)
Main industries	cotton, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold
External
Exports	$3.14 billion (2017 est.)
Export goods	gold, cotton, livestock, sesame seeds
Main export partners	Benin 25.9%  Togo 12%  Japan 5.7%  Thailand 5.6%  Turkey 5.1%  Côte d'Ivoire 4.9%  Ghana 4.6% (2013 est.)[14]
Imports	$3.305 billion (2017 est.)
Import goods	capital goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
Main import partners	Côte d'Ivoire 18.9%  Pakistan 18.1%  Ghana 4.5%  India 4.3%  China 4.3%  Togo 4.2% (2013 est.)[15]
FDI stock	n/av
Gross external debt	$2.442 billion (31 December 2012)
Public finances
Government debt	38.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
Revenues	$2.666 billion (2017 est.)
Expenses	$3.655 billion (2017 est.)
Credit rating	Standard & Poor's:[16] B (Domestic) B (Foreign) BBB- (T&C Assessment)
Foreign reserves	$0.049 billion (31 December 2017)
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Burkina Faso is based primarily on subsistence farming and livestock raising.^[17] Burkina Faso has an average income purchasing-power-parity per capita of $1,900 and nominal per capita of $790 in 2014. More than 80% of the population relies on subsistence agriculture, with only a small fraction directly involved in industry and services. Highly variable rainfall, poor soils, lack of adequate communications and other infrastructure, a low literacy rate, and a stagnant economy are all longstanding problems of this landlocked country. The export economy also remained subject to fluctuations in world prices.

The country has a high population density, few natural resources, and a fragile soil. Industry remains dominated by unprofitable government-controlled corporations. Following the African franc currency devaluation in January 1994 the government updated its development program in conjunction with international agencies, and exports and economic growth have increased. Maintenance of its macroeconomic progress depends on continued low inflation, reduction in the trade deficit, and reforms designed to encourage private investment.

The Burkinabé financial system represents 30% of the country's GDP and is dominated by the banking sector, which accounts for 90% of total financial system assets. Eleven banks and five non-bank financial institutions operate in the country.

The banking sector is highly concentrated, with the three largest banks holding nearly 60% of total financial sector assets. Banks are generally adequately capitalized, but remain vulnerable due to their overexposure to the cotton sector, the prices of which are subject to significant oscillations.

A December 2018 report from the World Bank indicates that cotton had become the most important cash crop, while gold exports were increasing in recent years. In 2017, economic growth increased to 6.4% in 2017 (vs. 5.9% in 2016) primarily due to gold production and increased investment in infrastructure. The increase in consumption linked to growth of the wage bill also supported economic growth. Inflation remained low, 0.4% that year but the public deficit grew to 7.7% of GDP (vs. 3.5% in 2016). The government was continuing to get financial aid and loans to finance the debt. To finance the public deficit, the Government combined concessional aid and borrowing on the regional market. The World Bank said that the economic outlook remained favorable in the short and medium term, although that could be negatively impacted. Risks included high oil prices (imports), lower prices of gold and cotton (exports) as well as terrorist threat and labour strikes.^[18]

Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Burkina Faso at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of CFA Francs.

Year	Gross Domestic Product	US Dollar Exchange	Inflation Index (2000=100)
1980	412,240	211.29 CFA Francs	45
1985	642,387	449.22 CFA Francs	67
1990	848,910	272.26 CFA Francs	65
1995	1,330,159	499.12 CFA Francs	88
2000	1,861,522	711.86 CFA Francs	100
2005	3,027,196	526.56 CFA Francs	115

For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 470.70 CFA Francs only. Mean wages were $0.56 per man-hour in 2009.

Burkinabé exports in 2006

Current GDP per capita^[19] of Burkina Faso grew 13% in the Sixties reaching a peak growth of 237% in the Seventies. But this proved unsustainable and growth consequently scaled back to 23% in the Eighties. Finally, it shrank by 37% in the Nineties. Average wages in 2007 hover around 2 to 3 dollars per day.

Although disadvantaged by an extremely resource-deprived domestic economy, Burkina Faso remains committed to the structural adjustment program it launched in 1991. It has largely recovered from the devaluation of the CFA in January 1994, with a 1996 growth rate of 5.9%.

Many Burkinabé migrate to neighbouring countries for work, and their remittances provide a substantial contribution to the balance of payments. Burkina Faso is attempting to improve the economy by developing its mineral resources, improving its infrastructure, making its agricultural and livestock sectors more productive and competitive, and stabilizing the supplies and prices of cereals.

The agricultural economy remains highly vulnerable to fluctuations in rainfall. The Mossi Plateau in north central Burkina Faso faces encroachment from the Sahara. The resultant southward migration means heightened competition for control of very limited water resources south of the Mossi Plateau. Most of the population ekes out a living as subsistence farmers, living with problems of climate, soil erosion, and rudimentary technology. The staple crops are pearl millet, sorghum, maize, and rice. The cash crops are cotton, groundnuts, karite (shea nuts), and sesame. Livestock, once a major export, has declined.

A 2018 report by the African Development Bank Group discussed a macroeconomic evolution: "higher investment and continued spending on social services and security that will add to the budget deficit". This group's prediction for 2018 indicated that the budget deficit would be reduced to 4.8% of GDP in 2018 and to 2.9% in 2019. Public debt associated with the National Economic and Social Development Plan was estimated at 36.9% of GDP in 2017.^[20]

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso produced in 2018:

• 1.9 million tons of sorghum;
• 1.7 million tons of maize;
• 1.1 million tons of millet;
• 630 thousand tons of cowpea (3rd largest producer in the world, preceded only by Niger and Nigeria);
• 490 thousand tons of sugar cane;
• 482 thousand tons of cotton;
• 329 thousand tons of peanut;
• 253 thousand tons of sesame seed (8th largest producer in the world);
• 240 thousand tons of vegetable;
• 160 thousand tons of rice;
• 103 thousand tons of cashew nuts (12th largest producer in the world);

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.^[21]

External trade

Main articles: Mining industry of Burkina Faso and Agriculture in Burkina Faso

Industry, still in an embryonic stage, is located primarily in Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Banfora, and Koudougou. Manufacturing is limited to food processing, textiles, and other import substitution heavily protected by tariffs. Some factories are privately owned, and others are set to be privatized. Burkina Faso's exploitable natural resources are limited, although a manganese ore deposit is located in the remote northeast. Gold mining has increased greatly since the mid-1980s and, along with cotton, is a leading export moneyearner. However, both gold and cotton are listed as goods produced mostly by child labor and forced labor according to a recent U.S. Department of Labor report.^[22]

Child labour

This section is an excerpt from Child labour in Africa § Burkina Faso.[edit]

According to the United States Department of Labor^[23] in 2012, 37.8% of children in Burkina Faso aged 5-14 were working, while another 13.6% were both going to school and working.

Children working in granite quarries and gold mines were working 6 to 7 days a week for up to 14 hours per day. So-called "payment" is in the form of food to eat and a place to sleep. Since that time, the government has adopted a National Action Plan, and in collaboration with Interpol, have since have rescued many children from child trafficking.^[24]

By 2023, the percentage of children working in Burkina Faso has dropped slightly to 35.7%, according to the United States' Department of Labor.^[25]

Christian Children's Fund of Canada (CCFC) has partnered with EDUCO, a fellow member of the ChildFund Alliance, to implement a European Union-funded project in north Burkina to prevent children from working in mines.^[26]

See also

• Agriculture in Burkina Faso
• List of companies based in Burkina Faso
• United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
• List of banks in Burkina Faso

References

1. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
2. "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
3. "Population, total - Burkina Faso". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
4. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
5. "Global Economic Prospects, January 2020 : Slow Growth, Policy Challenges" (PDF). openknowledge.worldbank.org. World Bank. p. 147. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
6. "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
7. "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Burkina Faso". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
8. "Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) - Burkina Faso". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
9. "GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Burkina Faso". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
10. "Human Development Index (HDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
11. "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
12. "Labor force, total - Burkina Faso". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
13. "Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Burkina Faso". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
14. "Export Partners of Burkina Faso". The World Factbook. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
15. "Import Partners of Burkina Faso". The World Factbook. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
16. "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
17. "Burkina Faso". Retrieved 29 October 2019.
18. "Burkina Faso". Danube Travel. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
19. "What We Do". Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
20. "Burkina Faso Economic Outlook". 27 March 2019.
21. "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
22. "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
23. "United States Department of Labor – Burkina Faso Reports Child Labor Findings" (PDF). 2012.
24. "United States Department of Labor – Burkina Faso Reports Child Labor Findings" (PDF). 2012.
25. "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Burkina Faso". United States Department of Labor. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024.
26. "Keeping Children Safe from Working in Gold Mines, 2017". Christian Children's Fund of Canada. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2018.

•  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

External links

• West African Agricultural Market Observer/Observatoire du Marché Agricole (RESIMAO), a project of the West-African Market Information Network (WAMIS-NET), provides live market and commodity prices from fifty seven regional and local public agricultural markets across Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Niger, Mali, Senegal, Togo, and Nigeria. Sixty commodities are tracked weekly. The project is run by the Benin Ministry of Agriculture, and a number of European, African, and United Nations agencies.
• Burkina Faso latest trade data on ITC Trade Map