Álava (Senate constituency)

For the Congress of Deputies constituency, see Álava (Congress of Deputies constituency). For the Basque Parliament constituency, see Álava (Basque Parliament constituency).

Álava
Senate of Spain Electoral constituency
Location of Álava within Spain
Province	Álava
Autonomous community	Basque Country
Population	339,137 (2024)[1]
Electorate	260,214 (2023)
Major settlements	Vitoria-Gasteiz
Current constituency
Created	1977
Seats	4
Member(s)	PSOE (3)   EH Bildu (1)

Álava (Basque: Araba) is one of the 59 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Senate, the upper chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency elects four senators. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Álava. The electoral system uses an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. Electors can vote for up to three candidates.

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Senate of Spain,^[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978.^[3] Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.^[4]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.^[5] The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over 21 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights.^[6][7] Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado),^[8][9] which was abolished in 2022.^[10] 208 seats are elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors can vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces is allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts are the islands themselves, with the larger—Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera and El Hierro (which comprised a single constituency only for the 1977 election), Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elect two seats each.^{[2][3][11][12]} Until 1985, the law also provided for by-elections to fill Senate seats vacated up to two years into the legislature.^[13]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one permille of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.^[14][15]

Senators

Senators for Álava 1977–
Key to parties   EHB   UP   Pod.   PSOE   FA   PNV   UCD   PP
Legislature	Election	Distribution
Constituent	1977	3 1
1st	1979	2 2
2nd	1982	3 1
3rd	1986	3 1
4th	1989	3 1
5th	1993	3 1
6th	1996	1 3
7th	2000	1 3
8th	2004	3 1
9th	2008	3 1
10th	2011	1 3
11th	2015	3 1
12th	2016	3 1
13th	2019 (Apr)	1 3
14th	2019 (Nov)	1 3
15th	2023	1 3

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	130,754	27.00	+4.63	3	+2
	Basque Country Gather–Left for Independence (EH Bildu)	101,123	20.88	+4.01	1	+1
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	88,620	18.30	–7.97	0	–3
	People's Party (PP)	87,136	18.00	+2.12	0	±0
	Unite (Sumar)^1	52,177	10.78	–3.29	0	±0
	Vox (Vox)	16,906	3.49	+2.30	0	±0
	Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB)	2,782	0.57	New	0	±0
	Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)^2	1,769	0.37	–0.39	0	±0
	Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero)	597	0.12	–0.07	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK)	538	0.11	–0.01	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	310	0.06	–0.11	0	±0
Blank ballots[a]		1,497	0.90	–0.35
Total		484,209			4	±0
Valid votes		167,055	98.01	+0.03
Invalid votes		3,391	1.99	–0.03
Votes cast / turnout		170,446	65.50	–0.95
Abstentions		89,768	34.50	+0.95
Registered voters		260,214
Sources[16]
Footnotes: ^1 Unite results are compared to United We Can totals in the November 2019 election. ^2 Animalist Party with the Environment results are compared to Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals totals in the November 2019 election.

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	126,270	26.27	+1.99	3	±0
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	107,532	22.37	+0.23	1	±0
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	81,106	16.87	+2.32	0	±0
	People's Party (PP)	76,326	15.88	+1.91	0	±0
	United We Can (Podemos–IU)	67,616	14.07	–2.09	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)	8,089	1.68	–2.02	0	±0
	Vox (Vox)	5,735	1.19	–1.67	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	3,632	0.76	–0.60	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	931	0.19	–0.02	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	798	0.17	–0.02	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK)	576	0.12	–0.01	0	±0
Blank ballots[a]		2,102	1.25	–0.08
Total		480,713			4	±0
Valid votes		168,291	97.98	+0.42
Invalid votes		3,478	2.02	–0.42
Votes cast / turnout		171,769	66.45	–3.04
Abstentions		86,726	33.55	+3.04
Registered voters		258,495
Sources[16]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	122,558	24.28	+5.99	3	+3
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	111,752	22.14	+5.82	1	+1
	United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo Berdeak)	81,548	16.16	–11.76	0	–3
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	73,438	14.55	+3.23	0	±0
	People's Party (PP)	70,519	13.97	–7.77	0	–1
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)	18,660	3.70	+1.99	0	±0
	Vox (Vox)	14,431	2.86	+2.75	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	6,849	1.36	–0.14	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	1,082	0.21	–0.08	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	966	0.19	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK)	646	0.13	New	0	±0
Blank ballots[a]		2,330	1.33	–0.46
Total		504,779			4	±0
Valid votes		174,772	97.56	+0.16
Invalid votes		4,378	2.44	–0.16
Votes cast / turnout		179,150	69.49	+3.31
Abstentions		78,647	30.51	–3.31
Registered voters		257,797
Sources[16]

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	United We Can (Podemos/Ahal Dugu–IU–Equo)^1	129,067	27.92	+1.04	3	±0
	People's Party (PP)	100,483	21.74	+2.54	1	±0
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	84,567	18.29	+0.75	0	±0
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	75,455	16.32	+2.23	0	±0
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	52,314	11.32	–2.16	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)	7,896	1.71	–3.24	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	6,940	1.50	+0.32	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	1,335	0.29	+0.04	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	581	0.13	New	0	±0
	Vox (Vox)	503	0.11	New	0	±0
	Navarrese Freedom (Ln)	224	0.05	±0.00	0	±0
Blank ballots[a]		2,934	1.79	–1.71
Total		462,299			4	±0
Valid votes		164,095	97.40	+0.88
Invalid votes		4,389	2.60	–0.88
Votes cast / turnout		168,484	66.18	–4.26
Abstentions		86,095	33.82	+4.26
Registered voters		254,579
Sources[16]
Footnotes: ^1 United We Can results are compared to the combined totals of We Can and United Left–Popular Unity in Common in the 2015 election.

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	We Can (Podemos/Ahal Dugu)	112,463	22.85	New	3	+3
	People's Party (PP)	94,524	19.20	–9.12	1	–2
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	86,324	17.54	–2.14	0	±0
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	69,355	14.09	–8.77	0	–1
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)^1	66,352	13.48	–6.10	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)	24,347	4.95	New	0	±0
	United Left–Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC)	19,824	4.03	+0.28	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	5,829	1.18	+0.77	0	±0
	Blank Seats (EB/AZ)	3,093	0.63	New	0	±0
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	2,629	0.53	–0.46	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	1,247	0.25	New	0	±0
	Navarrese Freedom (Ln)	231	0.05	New	0	±0
Blank ballots[a]		6,050	3.50	–0.97
Total		492,268			4	±0
Valid votes		172,908	96.52	+0.99
Invalid votes		6,238	3.48	–0.99
Votes cast / turnout		179,146	70.44	+2.20
Abstentions		75,181	29.56	–2.20
Registered voters		254,327
Sources[16]
Footnotes: ^1 Basque Country Gather results are compared to Amaiur totals in the 2011 election.

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	129,375	28.32	+1.03	3	+2
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	104,427	22.86	–16.26	1	–2
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	89,921	19.68	–0.66	0	±0
	Amaiur (Amaiur)^1	89,463	19.58	+14.49	0	±0
	United Left–The Greens: Plural Left (IU–LV)	17,115	3.75	–0.56	0	±0
	Equo (Equo)	9,653	2.11	New	0	±0
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	4,514	0.99	+0.54	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	2,666	0.58	+0.08	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	1,892	0.41	+0.14	0	±0
	Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)	536	0.12	New	0	±0
Blank ballots[a]		7,304	4.47	+1.99
Total		456,866			4	±0
Valid votes		163,440	95.53	–4.01
Invalid votes		7,655	4.47	+4.01
Votes cast / turnout		171,095	68.24	–1.30
Abstentions		79,648	31.76	+1.30
Registered voters		317,352
Sources[16]
Footnotes: ^1 Amaiur results are compared to the combined totals of Basque Solidarity and Aralar in the 2008 election.

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	182,584	39.12		3	±0
	People's Party (PP)	127,361	27.29		1	±0
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	94,931	20.34		0	±0
	United Left–Greens–Alternative (EB–B)	20,133	4.31		0	±0
	Basque Solidarity (EA)	15,402	3.30		0	±0
	Aralar (Aralar)	8,354	1.79		0	±0
	The Greens (B/LV)	4,719	1.01		0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	2,342	0.50		0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain–Basque Communists (PCPE–EK)	2,146	0.46		0	±0
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	2,079	0.45		0	±0
	Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	1,238	0.27		0	±0
	Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)	384	0.08		0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	286	0.06		0	±0
	Family and Life Party (PFyV)	266	0.06		0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	103	0.02		0	±0
	National Democracy (DN)	97	0.02		0	±0
	Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC)	77	0.02		0	±0
	Spanish Front (Frente)	55	0.01		0	±0
	Spanish Alternative (AES)	44	0.01		0	±0
	Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC)	40	0.01		0	±0
Blank ballots[a]		4,100	2.48
Total		466,741			4	±0
Valid votes		165,405	95.94
Invalid votes		7,001	4.06
Votes cast / turnout		172,406	69.54
Abstentions		75,524	30.46
Registered voters		247,930
Sources[16]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
Blank ballots[a]
Total					4	±0
Valid votes
Invalid votes
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources[16]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
Blank ballots[a]
Total					4	±0
Valid votes
Invalid votes
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources[16]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
Blank ballots[a]
Total					4	±0
Valid votes
Invalid votes
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources[16]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
Blank ballots[a]
Total					4	±0
Valid votes
Invalid votes
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources[16]

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
Blank ballots[a]
Total					4	±0
Valid votes
Invalid votes
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources[16]

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)	127,122	33.95	–1.24	3	±0
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	77,673	20.74	–1.95	1	±0
	People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)^1	63,043	16.84	–2.36	0	±0
	Popular Unity (HB)	46,326	12.37	+2.40	0	±0
	Basque Country Left (EE)	31,124	8.31	+1.32	0	±0
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	20,103	5.37	+1.66	0	±0
	United Left (IU)	3,204	0.86	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)	2,522	0.67	–0.52	0	±0
	Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)	327	0.09	New	0	±0
	Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)	186	0.05	New	0	±0
Blank ballots[a]		2,845	2.15	+0.56
Total		374,475			4	±0
Valid votes		132,599	95.50	–0.72
Invalid votes		6,241	4.50	+0.72
Votes cast / turnout		138,840	69.80	–11.71
Abstentions		60,084	30.20	+11.71
Registered voters		198,924
Sources[16]

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)	146,175	35.19	+12.63	3	+3
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	94,222	22.69	–2.63	1	–1
	Democratic Coalition (AP–PDP–PDL–UCD)^1	79,744	19.20	–12.28	0	–2
	Popular Unity (HB)	41,406	9.97	–2.99	0	±0
	Basque Country Left–Left for Socialism (EE)	29,037	6.99	New	0	±0
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	15,404	3.71	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)	4,948	1.19	–2.83	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	1,327	0.32	New	0	±0
	Proverist Party (PPr)	453	0.11	New	0	±0
	Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC)	335	0.08	New	0	±0
	Revolutionary Communist League (LKI)	0	0.00	–0.60	0	±0
	Socialist Party (PS)^2	0	0.00	–0.39	0	±0
Blank ballots		2,288	1.59	+0.35
Total		415,339			4	±0
Valid votes		143,615	96.22	–0.54
Invalid votes		5,641	3.78	+0.54
Votes cast / turnout		149,256	81.51	+13.70
Abstentions		33,853	18.49	–13.70
Registered voters		183,109
Sources[16]
Footnotes: ^1 AP–PDP–PDL–UCD results are compared to the combined totals of the Foral Union of the Basque Country and Union of the Democratic Centre in the 1979 election. ^2 Socialist Party results are compared to Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) totals in the 1979 election.

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	83,323	25.70	–6.14	2	+1
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)^1	82,094	25.32	n/a	2	±0
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)^1	73,127	22.56	n/a	0	–1
	Popular Unity (HB)	42,003	12.96	New	0	±0
	Foral Union of the Basque Country (UFPV)^2	18,754	5.78	–1.82	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)	13,038	4.02	+1.21	0	±0
	National Union (UN)	3,541	1.09	New	0	±0
	Revolutionary Communist League (LCR)	1,958	0.60	New	0	±0
	Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC)	1,875	0.58	New	0	±0
	Carlist Party (PC)	1,284	0.40	New	0	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)^3	1,270	0.39	–5.92	0	±0
	Union for the Freedom of Speech (ULE)	515	0.16	New	0	±0
Blank ballots[a]		1,421	1.24
Total		324,203			4	±0
Valid votes		114,265	96.76
Invalid votes		3,828	3.24
Votes cast / turnout		118,093	67.81
Abstentions		56,052	32.19
Registered voters		174,145
Sources[16]
Footnotes: ^1 Within the Autonomous Front alliance in the 1977 election. ^2 Foral Union of the Basque Country results are compared to People's Alliance totals in the 1977 election. ^3 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) results are compared to Democratic Socialist Alliance totals in the 1977 election.

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Senate of Spain election results in Álava

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Autonomous Front (FA)	175,848	48.40	n/a	3	n/a
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	115,685	31.84	n/a	1	n/a
	People's Alliance (AP)	27,601	7.60	n/a	0	n/a
	Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI)	22,943	6.31	n/a	0	n/a
	Basque Christian Democracy (DCV)	11,072	3.05	n/a	0	n/a
	Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)	10,208	2.81	n/a	0	n/a
Blank ballots[a]				n/a
Total		363,357			4	n/a
Valid votes				n/a
Invalid votes				n/a
Votes cast / turnout				n/a
Abstentions				n/a
Registered voters		153,080
Sources[16][17]

Notes

1. The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

1. "Real Decreto 1210/2024, de 28 de noviembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2024". Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 December 2024.
2. Law 1/1977 (1977), trans. prov. 1.
3. Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 69.
4. Const. Esp. (1978), tit. VIII, ch. II, art. 141.
5. LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. I, art. 2.
6. RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. I, art. 2.
7. Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
8. LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 75.
9. Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
10. Araque Conde, Pilar (8 June 2022). "El Congreso acaba con el voto rogado: diez años de trabas burocráticas para los residentes en el extranjero". Público (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
11. RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. II, ch. II, art. 19 & 21.
12. LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162 & 165–166.
13. RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. III, art. 29.
14. RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. IV, art. 30–31 & 34.
15. LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 44 & tit. II, ch. V, art. 169.
16. "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2024.
17. "Elecciones al Senado 15 de junio de 1977". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.

Bibliography

• Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política (Law 1/1977). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 4. 4 January 1977. ISSN 0212-033X. BOE-A-1977-165. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
• Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales (Royal Decree-Law 20/1977). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 70. 18 March 1977. ISSN 0212-033X. BOE-A-1977-7445. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
• Constitución Española (Spanish Constitution). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 311. 29 December 1978 [latest version]. ISSN 0212-033X. BOE-A-1978-31229. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
• Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5/1985). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 147. 19 June 1985 [latest version]. ISSN 0212-033X. BOE-A-1985-11672. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
• Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.

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