Tupi–Guarani languages

"Tupi–Guarani" redirects here. For the indigenous people of Brazil, see Tupí people. For indigenous peoples of South America, see Guaraní people.

Tupi–Guarani
Geographic distribution	Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru
Linguistic classification	Tupian Tupi–Guarani
Subdivisions	Guarani Guarayu Tupi Teneteharan Kawahib Kamayurá Xingu Northern
Language codes
Glottolog	tupi1276
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey)

Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni];pronunciation^ⓘ) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of Paraguay.

The words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.^{[citation needed]}

Classification

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

• Tupí–Guaraní
  • Guaraní (Group I)
  • Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna**, Sirionó (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**)
  • Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect: Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu, a.k.a. Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**
  • Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects: Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
  • Kawahíb (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
  • Kamayurá (Group VII)
  • Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
  • Northern Tupi–Guaraní (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.

Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):^[1]

Group	PTG final consonants	PTG *tʃ	PTG *pw	PTG *pj	PTG *j
1	lost	*tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero	*pw > kw, k	*pj > tʃ, ʃ
2	lost	*tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s	*pw > kw, k	*pj preserved
3	preserved	*tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s	*pw preserved	*pj preserved
4	preserved (with some modifications)	*tʃ, *ts merged as h	*pw > kw	*pj > tʃ, ts	*j > tʃ, ts, s, z
5	preserved	*tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero	*pw > ɸ	*pj > s	*j > dʒ
6	preserved	*tʃ, *ts merged as h	*pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká); *pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb)	*pj preserved	*j preserved
7	preserved	*tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero	*pw > hw, h	*pj > ts	*j preserved
8	partially lost	*tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero	*pw > kw	*pj > s	*j preserved

Michael, et al. (2015)

Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages.

• Tupí-Guaraní
  • Kamaiurá (600 speakers)
  • Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
    • Northern
      • Guajá (280 speakers)
      • Ka'ápor (800 speakers)
      • Avá-Canoeiro (14 speakers)
    • Central
      • • Anambé, Araweté (Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers)
        • Xingú Asurini (120 speakers)
      • • Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã (700-1,500 speakers)
        • Tapirapé (560 speakers)
    • Peripheral
      • Wayampi, Emerillon (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers)
      • Kayabí, Parintintin (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers)
      • Diasporic
        • Tembé (13,000 speakers)
        • • Tupi
            • Omagua, Kokama (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers)
            • Tupinambá (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers)
          • Southern
            • Sirionó, Yuki (500 speakers)
            • Guarayu, Pauserna † (Guarayu 5,900 speakers)
            • Guaranian
              • Aché (910 speakers)
              • Mbyá
              • Paraguay Guaraní (4.85 million speakers)
              • • Xetá †, Kaiowá, Ñandeva (Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers)
                • Tapiete, Chiriguano (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers)

O'Hagan et al. (2014,^[2][3] 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers, just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.

Jolkesky (2016)

See also: Tupian languages § Jolkesky (2016)

Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):^[4]

(† = extinct)

• Tupí-Guaraní
  • Kamayura: Kamayura
  • Kaapor-Ava
    • Ava-Canoeiro: Ava-Canoeiro
    • Kaapor: Anambe †; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape †; Urubu-Kaapor
  • Akwawa-Arawete
    • Akwawa-Tapirape
      • Akwawa: Asurini do Tocantins; Parakanã; Surui (Tupi-Guarani)
      • Tapirape: Tapirape
    • Arawete-Asurini
      • Arawete: Amanaye †; Anambe; Ararandewara †; Arawete
      • Asurini do Xingu: Asurini do Xingu
  • Nuclear Tupi-Guarani
    • Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara †
    • Kawahib-Kayabi
      • Apiaka: Apiaka
      • Juma: Juma
      • Kayabi: Kayabi
      • Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed †; Uruewauwau; Wirafed
    • Diasporic Tupi-Guarani
      • Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
        • Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna
        • Siriono: Siriono; Jora †; Yuki
        • Guarani
          • Ache: Ache
          • Guarani: Guarani, Classical †; Chiriguano; Chiripa
          • Central: Guarani Paraguaio
          • Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete
          • Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta
      • Tupinamba-Kokama
        • Kokama-Omagua: Kokama; Kokamilla; Omagua
        • Tupi: Tupi †; Tupi Austral †
        • Tupinamba: Nhengatu; Tupinamba †
        • Wayampi: Emerillon; Wayampi; Zo'e

Ferraz and Reichert (2021)

The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).^[5][6]

• Tupí-Guaraní
  • Guajá–Tenetehara
    • Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara
  • Guaraní
    • Warazu
    • Xetá
    • Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano
    • Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá
    • Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki
  • Tupi
    • Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)
  • Northern
    • Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté
    • Avá–Wayampí?
      • Avá-Canoeiro
      • Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí
  • Central
    • Asurini Xingu
    • Akwawa–Tapirapé
      • Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini
    • Kawahib
      • Kayabi
      • Parintintin, Tenharim
      • Amondava, Urueuwauwau

Varieties

Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.^[7]

Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)

Tupi (Abañeénga) dialects Tamoyo – once spoken from the Cabo de São Tomé to Angra dos Reis, state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.) Ararape – once spoken on the Paraíba do Sul River in the state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.) Temimino – once spoken on the coast of the state of Espirito Santo. (Unattested.) Tupiniquin / Margaya – once spoken on the coast from Espirito Santo as far as Camamu, state of Bahia. Tupinamba – formerly spoken on the coast from Camamu as far as the mouth of the São Francisco River, later on the coast in the state of Maranhão. Tupina – once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia. (Unattested.) Caeté / Caité – once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the São Francisco River to the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River. (Unattested.) Amoipira / Anaupira – once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia, from Cabrobó to the mouth of the Grande River. (Unattested.) Abaete – once spoken in Bahia on the Abaeté River. (Unattested.) Maromomi – dialect spoken at the old mission of São Barnabé, Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.) Potiguara / Petigare – dialect once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River to the mouth of the Parnaiba River, now spoken by a few families in the Baía da Traição, state of Paraíba. Viatan – once spoken in the interior of the states of Pernambuco, but the exact location not recorded. (Unattested.) Tobajara / Miarigois – once spoken in the interior of the state of Ceará on the Camocim River. (Unattested.) Cahicahi / Caicaze / Caicai – once spoken on the lower course of the Itapecurú River, state of Maranhão. (Unattested.) Jaguaribára – once spoken at the mouth of the Jaguaribare River, state of Ceará. (Unattested.) Tupinambarana – once spoken on the island of the same name on the Amazon River. (Unattested.) Nhengahiba / Ingahiva – once spoken in the southern part of Marajó Island, Pará. (Unattested.) Nheéngatu / Niangatú / Lingua Geral – a language spoken by the mixed population on both banks of the Amazon River and in the past century used in intertribal and commercial relations. Guarani (Karani, Abañéem) dialects Chandri / Yarri – once spoken on the Martín García Island and in the Martín Chico region, Argentina, and on the coast near San Lázaro, Paraguay. (Unattested.) Topare – once spoken near San Gabriel, Uruguay. (Unattested.) Cariú / Carijó – once spoken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from Porto Alegre to Antonina, state of Paraná and in the Serra do Mar. Arachane / Arechane – once spoken around the Lagoa dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul. (Unattested.) Itatin – originally spoken south of the Apa River, Paraguay, now by a few families on the Brilhante River, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. (Unattested.) Bituruna – once spoken on the São Antonio River, Peixe River, and Chopim River in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (Unattested.) Tape – extinct dialect from the Serra Geral, state of Rio Grande do Sul (Unattested.) Apapocúva – originally spoken on the Dourados River and Amambaí River, state of Mato Grosso, later on the Itaparé River, state of São Paulo, now extinct. Tañyguá – originally spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso, later on the Aguapeí River, state of São Paulo, now extinct. (Unattested.) Oguaíva – originally spoken in Mato Grosso, later on the Paranapanema River, state of São Paulo. (Unattested.) Kainguá / Painguá / Montese – language affined to Guaraní, spoken on the Jejuy River, Paraguay, and on the Aracaí River and Igatimí River, state of Paraná. Dialects are: Baticola – once spoken in the Serra Amambaí, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Paiguasú – spoken on the Curupaiña River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Avahuguai – spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Yvytyiguá – spoken in the Serra do Diabo, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Apiteré – spoken between the São Joaquim River and Amambaí River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Tembecua – spoken by the neighbors of the Ivitiigúa (Yvytyigua) tribe. Chiripá – spoken on the Acaray River, Paraguay; and at the mouth of the Iguasú River, Argentina. Mbyhá / Jeguaká Tenondé / Bwihá / Caiua / Cahygua – spoken on the Monday River, Paraguay. Canoiero / Aba / Tiäbezä – spoken on both banks of the Tocantins River, in the central part of Bananal Island and at the mouth of the Crixás River and Peixe River, state of Goiás. Guaranized languages Shetá / Aré / Yvaparé – once spoken in the interior of the state of Paraná on the Ivaí River, now extinct. Serra dos Dourados (tribe with unknown name) – in the Serra dos Dourados, state of Paraná. Guayaquí / Acé – spoken by a tribe in the Cordillera de Villa Rica, Paraguay. Notobotocudo / Pihtadyouai – language of an extinct tribe that lived at the sources of the Uruguai River and Iguasú River, state of Santa Catarina. Kamayurá group Kamayurá / Camayura – spoken by a small tribe on the Ferro River in the Xingú basin, state of Mato Grosso. Awití / Auetö / Aweti – spoken in the same region on the Culiseú River, Mato Grosso. Arawiné – little known language from the 7 de setembro River, state of Mato Grosso. Tapirapé group Tapirapé – spoken on the Tapirapé River and Naja River, Mato Grosso. Ampaneá – extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Tapirapé River, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Northern group Tenetehara – language with two dialects: Guajajára – originally spoken at the sources of the Itapecurú River and Mearim River, now on the Grajaú River and Pindaré River, state of Maranhão. Tembé – originally spoken on the upper course of the Pindaré River, now on the Capiro River and Acará Pequeno River, state of Maranhão. Guajá / Guaxara / Wazaizara / Ayaya – spoken between the Capim River and the lower course of the Gurupí River, Maranhão. Manajé / Ararandeuára – spoken at the sources of the Bujarú River and on the Mojú River and Ararandéua River, state of Maranhão. Manoxo / Amanaye – extinct language once spoken on the lower course of the Mearim River near São Bento, Maranhão. (Unattested.) Turiwára / Turiguara – spoken originally on the Turi River, now on the Acará Grande River. Kaapor / Urubú / Gavião – spoken by the tribe of beautiful feather workers who lived on the Gurupi River, Guama River, and Turiassú River, Maranhão. Pocheti – once spoken on the Araguaia River and Mojú River. (Unattested.) Pará group Camboca – extinct language once spoken between the mouths of the Tocantins River and Jacundá River. (Unattested.) Apehou – once spoken at the mouth of the Xingú River. (Unattested.) Aratú – once spoken at the mouth of the Curuá River. (Unattested.) Mapua – once spoken on Marajó Island on the Mapuá River. (Unattested.) Anajá – once spoken on Marajó Island on the Anajás River. (Unattested.) Camarapim – once spoken at the mouth of the Pacajá River. (Unattested.) Uanapú – once spoken on the Anapú River. (Unattested.) Coaní – once spoken at the mouth of the Xingú River. (Unattested.) Mamayaná – once spoken to the south of the mouth of the Anapú River. (Unattested.) Pacajá – once spoken between the Pacajá River and Anapú River. Jacunda – once spoken on the Jacundá River. (Villa Real 1848, p. 432, only two words.) Parakanã – spoken between the Tocantins River and Pacajá River by an almost unknown tribe. Anambé – once spoken on the left bank of the Tocantins River near Rebojo de Guariba, now extinct. Caranbú – spoken by the unknown neighbors of the Anambé tribe. (Unattested.) Tapirauha / Cupelobo / Kupẽ-rob / Jandiaí – spoken by only a few individuals on the Igarapé do Bacurí and west of the Cachoeira de Itaboca. Anta – once spoken by the neighbors of the Tapirauha tribe. (Unattested.) Tacayuna – once spoken on the Tacaiuna River. (Unattested.) Asurini – spoken by the totally unknown tribe that lived between the upper course of the Xingú River, and the Freso River and Pacajá River. (Unattested.) Mudzyetíre – a Cayapó name for an unknown Tupi tribe that lived on the Igarapé Sororosinho. (Unattested.) Tacuñapé / Eidum / Péua – extinct language once spoken on the Iriri River and Novo River. (only a few words.) Tacumandícai / Caras Pretas – language of a very little known tribe that lived on the lower course of the Xingú River. Jauari – extinct language once spoken on the Vermelho River and Araguaia River. (Unattested.) Zapucaya – once spoken between the Amazon and Paraná do Urariá Rivers. (Unattested.) Tapajó – once spoken at the mouth of the Tapajós River (cf. Amazonas group). (Unattested.) Auacachi – once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River. (Unattested.) Papateruana – once spoken in a part of Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River. (Unattested.) Guiana group Oyampi / Wayapí / Guayapi – originally spoken on the lower course of the Xingú River, later on the Oiapoque River in the territory of Amapá, in French Guiana, now on the Maroni River. Tamacom – extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Jarí River and at the sources of the Maracá River, Pará. (Unattested.) Cusari / Coussani – once spoken on the upper course of the Araguarí River, territory of Amapá. (Unattested.) Paikipiranga / Parixi – spoken at the sources of the Maracá River, Pará. Calayua – once spoken at the sources of the Inipucú River, Pará. (Unattested.) Apama – spoken by a few individuals on the Maecurú River, Pará. (Unattested.) Emerillon / Teko / Emereñon / Marêyo – spoken by only a few families on the Approuague River, Camopi River, Inini River, Coureni River, and Araoua River, French Guiana. Caripuna / Calipurn – language spoken on the Curipi River, Pará, by the mixed population of diverse origin. (Unattested.) Southern group Apiacá – originally spoken between the Arinos River and Juruena River, now on the São Manoel River and Ronuro River, and on the upper course of the Tapajós River, Mato Grosso. Tapañuna – language of a very little known tribe that lived between the Tapanhuna River and Peixe River, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Timaóna – language of an unknown tribe from the Peixe River. (Unattested.) Raipé-Sisi / Aipé-Chichi – once spoken between the Arinos River and São Manoel River. (Unattested.) Makirí – spoken at the mouth of the São Manoel River. Pariuaia – spoken at the sources of the Barati River. (Unattested.) Kayabí / Parua – spoken on the lower course of the Verde River and on the Paranatina River. Kawahyb / Cabahyba / Kawahíwa – originally spoken in the tropical forests west of the upper course of the Tocantins River, later on the Ji-Paraná River and Marmelos River, Pará. Dialects: Parintintin / Nakazetí / Itoehebe – spoken between the Madeira River and Maiçí River, Pará. Wiraféd / Tupi do rio Machado – spoken on the Machado River. Pauaté – once spoken at the sources of the Zinho River. (Unattested.) Paranawát – spoken at the mouth of the Muqui River. (Unattested.) Mialat – spoken on the middle course of the Machado River. (Unattested.) Takwatíp / Tacuatepe – spoken at the confluence of the Ji-Paraná River and Pimenta Bueno River. Tukumaféd – spoken on the middle course of the Machado River. (Unattested.) Ipoteuate – spoken on the Ji-Paraná River. (Unattested.) Apairandé – spoken between the Ji-Paraná River and Maiçí River. (Unattested.) Jabotiféd – spoken on a tributary of the Machado River, east of the Ipoteuate tribe. (Unattested.) Dawahib / Bocas Pretas – spoken on the Anarí River, Rondônia. Jaguarúb – spoken south of the Paranawát tribe. (Unattested.) Hamno – spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb. (Unattested.) Sanenäre – spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb, but exact location uncertain. (Unattested.) Majubim – spoken at the confluence of the Pimenta Bueno River and Ji-Paraná River. (Unattested.) Catuquinarú – language of a Tupinized Katukina tribe, spoken on the Embira River, Amazonas. Amazonas group Omagua / Campeua / Carari – originally spoken along the Amazon River between the mouth of the Juruá River and the mouth of the Napo River, now in only a few villages. Yurimagua / Yoriman – once spoken along the Amazon River from the mouth of the Jutaí River to the mouth, of the Purus River, now spoken by only a few of the mixed population in the city of Yurimaguas, Peru. (Unattested.) Aizuare – once spoken from the mouth of the Juruá River to the mouth of the Japura River. (Unattested.) Ibanoma / Bonama – spoken on the right bank of the Amazon River from the mouth of the Purus River to the mouth of the Juruá River; now totally extinct. (Unattested.) Tapajó – once spoken at the mouth of the Tapajós River (cf. Pará group). (Unattested.) Awakachi – once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River. (Unattested.) Papateruana – once spoken in a part of the Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River. (Unattested.) Paguana – once spoken along the Amazon River from the mouth of the Cafua River to the mouth of the Tefé River. (Unattested.) Cocama – language spoken on a great lagoon on the left bank of the Ucayali River and near the city of Nauta, Peru. Cocamilla – spoken on the lower course of the Huallaga River, Peru. (Tessmann 1930, p. 82.) Yeté – once spoken on the Tiputini River, Loreto province, Peru. (Unattested.) Jibitaona – once spoken near the city of Santiago de las Montañas, Peru. (Unattested.) Chiriguano group Chiriguano / Camba – spoken in the Bolivian Andes in the Serranía de Aguarugue and in the western part of the Bolivian Chaco, in Sara Province and on the upper course of the Bermejo River. Now only in the Carandaiti Valley and around Tarabuco. Guarayo – spoken at the sources of the Blanco River and on the San Miguel River, now in the missions of Yotaú, San Pablo, and Yaguarú, province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Pauserna / Moperecoa / Warádu-nëe – originally spoken on the Paragúa River and Tarbo River, Bolivia, now by only a few individuals on the Verde River, a tributary of the Guaporé River, Mato Grosso. Tapieté / Kurukwá / Yanaygua / Parapiti – spoken on the upper course of the Pilcomayo River and on the Parapití River, Paraguayan Chaco Izozo / Chané – spoken on the Itiyuro River in the Campo y Durán and on the Parepetí River, Chaco. Siriono / Chori – language of a very primitive tribe in central Bolivia, especially in the tropical forests on the Ichillo River and Grande River, between the Blanco River and Yapacaní River, between the Ivari River and Quimore River, between the upper course of the Ivari River and Grande River, between the Piray River and Itonama River, and between the Beni River and Mamoré River. Dialects: Tirinié – spoken on the Mamoré River. Ñeozé – spoken on the Grande River and Mamoré River. Yandé – spoken on the Mamoré River. (Unattested.) Jora – once spoken around the Laguna Jorá near the city of Baures. Mawé group Mawé / Mauhé / Mague – originally spoken on the Tapajós Mataura River, Maué-assú River, Arapiuns River, Arichi River, and Tracuá River, in the state of Pará, now on the Uaicurapá River. Arapiyú / Aripuana – once spoken at the mouth of the Arapiuns River. (Unattested.) Andirá – once spoken south of Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River. (Unattested.) Igapuitariara – once spoken at the sources of the Curauaí River. (Unattested.) Curiato – once spoken at the mouth of the Maricauá River. (Unattested.) Sapupé / Sacopé – once spoken on the Bararatí River. (Unattested.) Maraguá – extinct language once spoken on the right bank of the Amazon River, south of the Condurí tribe. (Unattested.)

Proto-language

Proto-Tupi–Guarani
Reconstruction of	Tupi–Guarani languages
Reconstructed ancestors	Proto-Tupian Proto-Maweti-Guarani

See also: Proto-Tupian

Schleicher (1998)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):^[8]

Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Schleicher (1998)

no. gloss Proto-Tupi-Guarani notes 1 fruit *ʔá; *ɨʔβa 2 hair *ʔáβ 3 lie down *ʔáβ/*ʔáw 4 to stand *ʔám 5 to sit *ʔapɨk 6 tie up *ʔapɨtĩ 7 fall (human) *ʔár 8 say *ʔé 9 other, companion *ʔirũ 10 tree *ʔɨ́β 11 canoe *ʔɨčár 12 swim *ʔɨtáβ 13 they *ʔŋã 14 dig *ʔók 15 eat (trans.) *ʔú 16 3rd person *aʔé 17 seed *aʔɨ̃y 18 person *aβá 19 corn *aβatí 20 bad *aíβ 21 sharp *aimbé 22 man *akʷaimbaʔé < *kuyãʔĩ-mbaʔé ? 23 head *akáŋ 24 humid, wet *akɨ́m 25 hot *-akúβ 26 rain *amán 27 other *amõ 28 far *amõ-ité 29 old man, grandfather *amõy 30 no *anĩ 31 this *áŋ 32 back *apé 33 road *apé ~ *peé 34 burn *apɨ́ 35 nose *apũy 36 root *apó 37 short *apoʔá/*apuʔá 38 round *apuʔá 39 day *ár 40 walk *atá 41 fire *(t)atá 42 smoke *(t)atá-tíŋ 43 mountain *atɨ́r 44 horn *atĩ 45 tooth *-ãy 46 push *(mbo)ayán 47 parrot *ayurú 48 fly *βeβé 49 float *βeβúy 50 crack, split *βók 51 swell *βúr 52 float *βúr 53 cord *čám 54 play, amuse *-čaráy 55 worm *čeβoʔí 56 wash *čéy 57 mother *čɨ́ 58 clean *čɨ́β 59 rub *čɨ́β 60 smooth *čɨ́m 61 run (water) *čɨrɨ́ 62 pull off *čók 63 to bite *čuʔú 64 black *čún 65 not *eʔɨ́m 66 scratch *eʔɨ̃y 67 belly *eβék 68 eye *ečá 69 to pull *ekɨ́y 70 to live *ekó 71 wife *embi-rekó 72 you *endé 73 saliva *endɨ 74 hear *endúβ 75 knee *enɨpɨʔã 76 call *enõy 77 see *epʸák 78 name *-ér 79 much *-etá 80 leg *etɨmã 81 smell *-etún 82 stone *itá 83 I *iye, *iče 84 water *ɨ́ 85 lake *ɨ-upá 86 sand *ɨʔɨtíŋ 87 drink *ɨʔú 88 earth *ɨβɨ́ 89 sky *ɨβák 90 cloud *ɨβák-tíŋ 91 tree *ɨβɨrá 92 wind *ɨβɨtú 93 belly *ié 94 domestic animal *(e)ɨmbá 95 bark *ɨpé 96 night *ɨpɨtún 97 bow *ɨrapár/*ɨβɨrapár 98 dust, powder *-ɨtiʔmbór 99 know *kʷaáβ 100 sun *kʷár 101 scrubland, forest *kaʔá 102 grass, weeds *kaʔapiʔí 103 monkey *kaʔí 104 suck *kaʔmbú 105 fat *káβ 106 breast *kám 107 bone *káŋ 108 scrape *karãy 109 eat (intrans.) *karú 110 good *katú 111 get burned *káy 112 sleep *kér 113 dirty *kɨʔá 114 louse *kɨβ 115 knife *kɨčé 116 fear *čɨkɨyé 117 green *(a)kɨr 118 fat *(pi)kɨr 119 clean *kɨtíŋ-ʔók 120 to cut *kɨtĩ/*kɨti 121 tongue *kũ 122 this *ko 123 ashes *kočúβ 124 sand *kuʔí 125 back *kupé 126 boy *kurumĩ 127 bore, perforate *kutúk 128 fall (object) *kúy 129 woman *kuyã 130 manioc plant *mandí 131 die *manõ 132 why *mbaʔé 133 sing *mbaraká 134 sew *mboβúk/*mboβɨk 135 few *mbočapɨr 136 throw *(mbo)mbór 137 snake *mbóy 138 dust *-mbukú 139 give *meʔéŋ 140 child *membɨr 141 husband *mén 142 animal *miyár 143 two *mokõy 144 recount *mombeʔú 145 ear *nambí 146 beat *nupã 147 flesh *oʔó 148 green *oβɨ́ 149 leaf *óβ 150 house *ók 151 we (exclusive) *ore 152 all *páβ 153 (re)count *papár 154 river *paranã 155 one *pé 156 you all *pẽẽ 157 wing *pepó 158 tobacco *petɨ́m 159 blow *peyú 160 rub *pín 161 skin *pír 162 fish *pirá 163 bark *pirér 164 child *ptáŋ/*mitáŋ 165 foot *pɨ́ 166 liver *pɨʔá 167 new *pɨčačú 168 catch *pɨčɨ́k 169 wide *pɨpír 170 suck *pɨtér 171 breath *pɨtú 172 hand *pó/*mbó 173 thin *poʔí 174 fingernail *po-apẽ 175 twist *poán < *poayán ? 176 heavy *počɨ́y 177 sing, dance *poračéy 178 chest *potiʔá 179 flower *potɨ́r 180 clean *potuká < *po-kutuk ? 181 laugh *puká 182 long *pukú 183 tie (up) *pʷár 184 cure *pʷeráβ 185 cold *roʔɨ́ 186 swell *rurúk 187 ashes *tanimbúk < *tatá imbúk ? 188 tapir *tapiʔír 189 white *tíŋ 190 nose *tĩ 191 pull *-tɨ́k 192 father *túβ 193 big *tuβiyáβ 194 old *tuyá 195 arrow *uʔɨ́β 196 leg *úβ 197 egg *upiʔá 198 come *úr 199 blood *uwɨ́ 200 tail *uwáy 201 old (woman) *waiwĩ 202 red *-wáŋ 203 vomit *weʔén 204 bird *wɨrá 205 ax *yɨ́ 206 jaguar *yaʔwár 207 moon *yačɨ́ 208 star *yačɨ-tatá 209 crocodile *yakaré 210 run *yán 211 we (inclusive) *yande 212 tighten *(mbo)yár 213 to play *-yarú 214 laugh *yáy 215 speak *yeʔéŋ 216 return, come back *ye-βɨ́r 217 grass, weeds *yuʔũ 218 yellow *yúβ 219 rotten *yúk 220 kill *yuká 221 yellow *yukɨrɨ́ 222 salt *yukɨ́r 223 neck *yúr 224 mouth *yurú

Lemle (1971)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):^[9]

Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Lemle (1971)

no. gloss Proto-Tupi-Guarani 1 to, in *pɨpe 2 accident *memwã 3 sharp *aemee 4 water *ɨ 5 some *amõ 6 align, braid *pẽ 7 yellow *yub 8 tie *apɨtĩ 9 tie *pwar 10 walk *ata 11 tapir *tapiʔir 12 tightten *momyk 13 squeeze *pɨcɨk 14 that *pe 15 bow *ɨbɨrapar 16 tree *ʔɨb 17 wing *pepo 18 grandfather *amõy 19 fat *kab 20 lard *yanɨ 21 stomach, liver *pɨʔa 22 stomach *ɨe 23 stomach *ebek 24 hit *nupã 25 drink *ɨʔu 26 animal *eɨmab 27 mouth *yuru 28 float *bebɨy 29 good *katu 30 white *tiŋ 31 play *yemocaray 32 hole *kwar 33 head *akaŋ 34 hair *ʔab 35 fall *ʔar 36 path *pe, *ape 37 field *yũ 38 canoe *ɨar 39 grass *kapiʔi 40 meat *oʔo 41 house *ok 42 bark *pe 43 corn drink *kawĩ 44 dig *ɨbɨkoy 45 dig *yoʔok 46 basket *karamemwã 47 sky *ɨbak 48 call *enõy 49 full *por 50 smell *etun 51 horn *atĩ 52 horn *ʔak 53 suck *pɨter 54 rain *aman 55 ashes *tanimuk 56 coati *kwati 57 snake *moy 58 scratch *eʔɨ̃y 59 eat *ʔu 60 companion, brother *ʔirũ 61 long *puku 62 string *cam 63 flow *cɨrɨk 64 cut *kɨtĩ 65 back *ape 66 back *kupe 67 sew *mobɨk, *mobɨbɨk 68 grow *akakuwab 69 give *meʔeŋ 70 finger *pwã 71 lie *ʔab 72 tooth *ãy 73 draw *kwatiar 74 day *ar 75 two *mokõy 76 sleep *ker 77 he *aʔe 78 push *moayan 79 rub *pin 80 rub *kɨtɨk 81 wife *emireko 82 stand *puʔam 83 star *yacɨtata 84 I *(i)ce 85 knife *kɨce 86 speak *yeʔeŋ 87 full *ʔɨtarõ 88 thin *poʔi 89 arrow *uʔɨb 90 flower *potɨr, *ɨbotɨr 91 fire *tata 92 leaf *ob 93 cold *roʔɨ, *roʔɨca 94 fruit *ʔa 95 smoke *tatatiŋ, *catatiŋ 96 tobacco *petɨm 97 pierce *kutuk 98 claw *pɨcãpẽ 99 like *ʔarõ 100 large *tubicab 101 man *aba 102 island *ɨpaʔũ 103 swell *bubur 104 swell *ruru 105 space *paʔũ 106 go *co 107 alligator *yakare 108 knee *enɨpɨʔã 109 throw *momor 110 lake *ɨpab, *ɨupab 111 wash *yocey, *ey, *c-ey, *yac-ay 112 tongue *ape-kũ, *kũ 113 smooth *cɨm 114 far *-mɨrɨb 115 moon *yacɨ 116 monkey *kaʔi 117 ax *yɨ 118 mother *cɨ 119 command *pway 120 manioc *maniʔok 121 hand *po 122 left hand *acu 123 husband *men 124 kill *yuka 125 woods *kaʔa 126 bad *aib, *aɨb 127 boy *kunumĩ 128 corn *abati 129 wet *akɨm 130 bite *cuʔu 131 die *manõ 132 hill *ɨbɨtɨr, *ɨbɨʔam (+ -usu) 133 move *mɨ̃y 134 many *eta, *c-eta 135 woman *kuyã 136 variety of bird *mɨtũ 137 swim *ɨtab 138 nose, beak *tĩ 139 night *pɨtun 140 night *pɨca 141 name *er 142 we (excl.) *ore 143 we (incl.) *yane 144 new *pɨcacu 145 cloud *ɨbatiŋ 146 hollow *ɨbɨ̃y 147 eye *eca 148 jaguar *yawar 149 ear *nami 150 bone *kaŋ, *kaŋ-wer 151 hear *enub 152 egg *upiʔa 153 father *ub 154 pan *yaʔẽ 155 pan *yaẽpopo 156 parrot *ayuru 157 pass *pwan 158 bird *wɨra 159 stick *ɨbɨra 160 foot *pɨ 161 rock *ita 162 chest *potiʔa 163 breast *kam 164 fish *pira 165 skin *pir, *piruer 166 feather *ab, *c-ab, *c-a-wer 167 leg *etɨmã 168 heavy *pocɨy 169 neck *ayur 170 person *akwa 171 louse *kɨb 172 variety of gnat *piʔũ 173 past tense *pwer 174 black *un, *c-un 175 black, dark *picun 176 burn *kay 177 burn *apɨ 178 hot *akub 179 tail *uway 180 split *mobok, *bok 181 root *apo 182 scrape *karãy 183 round *apuʔa 184 breathe *pɨtu 185 river *paranã 186 laugh *puka 187 know *kuwaab 188 sat *yukɨr 189 saliva *enɨ 190 blood *uwɨ 191 heal *pwerab 192 dry *kaŋ 193 seed *aʔɨ̃y 194 sit *apɨk 195 sun *kwaracɨ 196 blow *peyu 197 dirty *kɨʔa 198 dirty *ipib 199 bamboo *takwar 200 fear *cɨkɨye 201 land *ɨbɨ 202 all *pab 203 three *mocapɨr 204 intestines *ɨʔe 205 one *oyepeteĩ 206 fingernail *pwã-pẽ 207 wind *ɨbɨtu 208 see *epyak 209 green *obɨ 210 worm *ceboʔi 211 red *waŋ 212 red *piraŋ 213 red *pɨtaŋ 214 pour *(ʔ)ẽ 215 come *ur 216 live *eko, *ekobe 217 ffly *bebe 218 you (sing.) *ne, *ene 219 you (pl.) *pe- -ẽ 220 vomit *weʔen 221 mad *irõ

See also

• Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language

References

1. Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.
2. O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.
3. O'Hagan, Zachary; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia; Michael, Lev (2019). "Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 19: e019018. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791. ISSN 2177-7160.
4. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
5. Ferraz Gerardi, Fabrício; Reichert, Stanislav (2021). "The Tupí-Guaraní language family". Diachronica. 38 (2). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 151–188. doi:10.1075/dia.18032.fer. ISSN 0176-4225. S2CID 228872841.
6. Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4094642
7. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
8. Schleicher, Charles Owen. 1998. Comparative And Internal Reconstruction of the Tupi-Guarani Language Family. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin – Madison.
9. Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), Tupi studies I, 107–129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.

Bibliography

• Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15(2):193–221.
• O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019. Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland. LIAMES, Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1–29, e019018, 2019. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791.
• Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020). "Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Compass. 13 (12). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12358. S2CID 210985305.

Further reading

• Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz; Reichert, Stanislav. "The Tupí-Guaraní language family: A phylogenetic classification". In: Diachronica. Available online: 1 February 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18032.fer]

External links

• Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
• Publications by Lev Michael