Development began in March 2016 when Imperative Entertainment won the adaptation rights to the book. Scorsese and DiCaprio were attached to the film in 2017, with production expected to begin in early 2018. Following several pushbacks and delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, production was scheduled to start in February 2021, with Apple Studios confirmed to finance and distribute the film alongside Paramount Pictures. Principal photography ultimately took place between April and October 2021 in Osage and Washington counties, Oklahoma. The film was produced by Scorsese's Sikelia Productions and DiCaprio's Appian Way Productions, with its $200–215 million budget reportedly the largest amount ever spent on a film shoot in Oklahoma.[14]
Osage Nation elders bury a ceremonial pipe, mourning their descendants' assimilation into White American society. Wandering through their Oklahoma reservation during the annual "flower moon" phenomenon of fields of blooms,[16] several Osage find oil gushing from the ground. The tribe becomes wealthy as it retains mineral rights. However, the law requires court-appointed white legal guardians to manage the money of full and half-blood members, assuming them "incompetent".[b]
In 1919, Ernest Burkhart returns from World War I to live with his brother Byron and uncle William King Hale on Hale's reservation ranch. Hale, a reserve deputy sheriff and cattle rancher, poses as a friendly benefactor to the Osage. Ernest and Byron commit armed robbery against the Osage. Ernest develops a romance with Mollie Kyle, an Osage whose family owns oil headrights. They marry in an Osage ceremony with Catholic elements and raise three children.
Hale contracts the killing of multiple wealthy Osage, explaining that Ernest will inherit more headrights the more of Mollie's family dies. Mollie is diabetic, and her mother, Lizzie, is ill. After Mollie's sister Minnie dies of a mysterious illness, Hale orders Byron to kill Mollie's other sister, Anna. Lizzie and the Osage council blame the white residents and urge the tribe to fight back.
The 1921 Tulsa race massacre caused further concern amongst the Osage that they could suffer similarly. Lizzie's ancestors welcome her to the afterlife as she dies. Hale orders Ernest to arrange the murder of Mollie's first husband, Henry Roan, but Ernest botches the assignment, and Hale paddles him inside a Masonic Temple. Hale orders Ernest to arrange the murder of Mollie's last surviving sister, Reta, and her husband, Bill.
The sheriff and judges are in Hale's pocket, so there are no investigations. An Osage Nation representative seeking to lobby Congress is murdered in Washington, D.C.. At the same time, private detective William J. Burns, who Mollie hired, is run off the reservation by Ernest and Byron.
Hale again orders Ernest to murder Reta and Bill, this time by having criminal Acie Kirby blow up their house. As the last surviving member of her family, Mollie inherits their headrights. She travels to Washington and asks President Calvin Coolidge for help. Hale orders Ernest to poison Mollie's insulin to "slow her down". Mollie's condition worsens, and Ernest exhibits similar symptoms after also ingesting the poison.
Bureau of Investigation Agent Thomas Bruce White Sr. and his assistants discover the truth. Hale tries to cover his tracks by murdering his hitmen, but White arrests Hale and Ernest. Two agents find Mollie near death and rush her to the hospital, where it is found that she has been repeatedly poisoned. She recovers.
White persuades Ernest to confess and turn state's evidence against his uncle. Hale's attorney, W. S. Hamilton, tries to convince Ernest to claim he was tortured and recant. After his daughter dies of whooping cough, Ernest testifies, wanting to be around for his remaining family. Hale unsuccessfully tries to have Ernest murdered, and Mollie leaves Ernest after he refuses to admit to poisoning her.
A radio drama years later reveals the Shoun brothers were implicated in other "wasting deaths" but never prosecuted due to lack of evidence; Byron was tried as an accomplice to Anna's murder but served no prison time due to a hung jury.[c]; Hale and Ernest were sentenced to life imprisonment but later paroled despite Osage protests; and Mollie died of diabetes-related complications in 1937 at the age of 50, her obituary stating that she was buried with her parents, sisters, and daughter while making no mention of the Osage murders.
The film closes with an overhead view of a 21st-century Osage powwow dancing circle.
The analysis of the themes in the book and film has centered on the difference between Killers of the Flower Moon and traditional Westerns in the old Hollywood tradition. Jorge Cotte of The Nation stated: "Unlike the visions of unbounded freedom found in traditional westerns, Martin Scorsese's new film is a study of a West bounded by the vertical geometry of oil rigs and the violent conspiracies of powerful men."[21]
Cotte then indicated the thematic differences between the book version and the film version of Scorsese's film, stating: "At the center of Grann's book is a set of unsolved crimes: a slew of unsolved murders, then called the 'Reign of Terror', that tormented the Osage from 1921 to 1926, and the corresponding emergence of a Bureau of Investigation (the eventual FBI) that finally arrives to determine who is doing the murdering. The book is meticulously researched and as diligent in setting the context for these shocking acts as it is in examining J. Edgar Hoover's role in shaping the bureau and using the murders as a showcase for it... Scorsese's retelling ends up being narrower in focus. It does away with much of the original's sense of suspense and Hoover's role in the investigation, and instead focuses on how an individual descends, through greed, complicity, and cowardice, into unforgivable acts of despoliation and violence."[21]
Niles Schwartz's review focuses on the film's theological dimensions, as well as the overarching theme of human greed undermining our society's ideals.[22]
In June 2019, it was announced that Paramount Pictures would distribute the film.[26] Scorsese later reached out to Netflix and Apple TV+ to finance and distribute the film, as Paramount had concerns about the film's budget reaching $200 million. Paramount was still open to a deal to be involved with the film alongside an additional partner.[27] In May 2020, Apple TV+ was announced to co-finance and co-distribute the film, with Paramount remaining as distributor.[28]
Writing
The initial script focused on the perspective of Thomas Bruce White Sr. and the Federal Bureau of Investigation coming into Oklahoma to investigate the murders of the Osage Nation, with DiCaprio originally cast to star as White. This version of the script would have been a more faithful adaptation of Grann's book and, at one point, was nearly two hundred pages in length. Scorsese compared the initial draft to a police procedural and said that he and Roth struggled to complete the script due to their unfamiliarity and discomfort with writing for that genre.[29]
Scorsese and Roth worked on the script for nearly two years before DiCaprio questioned Scorsese about where the heart of the story lay. After several meetings and dinners with members of the Osage, Scorsese realized that the real story came from their perspective. During those meetings, tribe members would constantly mention the marriage between the American war veteran Ernest Burkhart and the Osage tribe member Mollie Kyle and that the couple were indeed in love. This intrigued Scorsese, who concluded the heart of the film lay in the love story between Ernest and Mollie, as well as Mollie's self-deception in staying with her husband despite his onerous dealings.[29]
DiCaprio then suggested changing his role from Tom White to Ernest Burkhart, to which Scorsese agreed. Scorsese and Roth would then overhaul the script to switch the film's main perspective to the Osage community's, and to place the story's emphasis on Burkhart and his torn loyalties between his wife and his uncle William King Hale.[29] Paramount felt this character change resulted in the film turning into "a moody and less commercial character study," but Lily Gladstone would later say that the Osage Nation's input had positively affected the film, stating "the work is better when you let the world inform your work".[30][31] Scorsese would cite Ari Aster and his films, Midsommar (2019) and Beau Is Afraid (2023), as inspirations for the "slower...quieter" pacing of Killers of the Flower Moon.[32]
When writing the ending, Scorsese and Roth noted how previous adaptations had reduced the events to being "entertainment", and instead wanted their film to "take responsibility". They had conceived various versions of the ending, including the filming of a Hollywood movie similar to that of The FBI Story (1959), but changed to the filming of a radio drama adaptation as the script focused on Mollie and Ernest's relationship. Wanting to avoid chyrons, Roth wrote the final tribute to Mollie, which Scorsese himself would end up delivering in the film as he felt he could not direct another actor in doing so.[33]
Casting
In July 2019, it was reported that De Niro had joined the cast, with filming tentatively set to commence in the summer of 2020.[34] At the 26th Screen Actors Guild Awards on January 19, 2020, DiCaprio confirmed that he and De Niro would star in the film.[35] DiCaprio was paid $30 million for his involvement.[36] In February 2021, Gladstone and Jesse Plemons were added to the cast.[37][38] Production wanted a Native American actress to portray Mollie Kyle. Casting director Ellen Lewis first tipped Scorsese off to Gladstone by showing him Certain Women (2016), where Gladstone's performance impressed Scorsese.[29]
Gladstone was selected for the role after a Zoom call with Scorsese, in which they discussed Catholicism.[39] DiCaprio also endorsed Gladstone after the two actors had their own conversation on Zoom, and soon the Osage Nation gave their own approval for Gladstone.[29] The role of Thomas White, the lead BOI agent, was initially written for DiCaprio, but after DiCaprio pushed to instead portray Ernest Burkhart, Plemons was cast as White.[40]
Filming experienced several delays. In July 2017, production designer Dante Ferretti said that filming would begin in early 2018, with Scorsese directing and DiCaprio starring.[49] Production stalled until October 2018, when it was announced that the film would be Scorsese's next effort after completing The Irishman (2019). At that point, filming was due to begin in summer 2019.[50] In December 2019, Rodrigo Prieto, Scorsese's frequent cinematographer since The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), said that the film was expected to start principal photography in March 2020, adding that the "look and feel of the film" was still being figured out.[51] In April 2020, it was announced that the filming of Killers of the Flower Moon had been postponed indefinitely in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[52] Production was expected to resume in February 2021 in Oklahoma. Jack Fisk signed on as production designer for the film, marking the first collaboration between him and Martin Scorsese.[2][53]
Killers of the Flower Moon began principal photography on April 19, 2021, with filming taking place in Osage County, Oklahoma and Washington County, namely Pawhuska, Fairfax and Bartlesville.[54][55][56] There were over 50 production locations being used, including a combination of existing structures and built sets.[39] In a news release before the beginning of filming, Scorsese said: "We are thrilled to finally start production on Killers of the Flower Moon in Oklahoma. To be able to tell this story on the land where these events took place is incredibly important and critical to allowing us to portray an accurate depiction of the time and people. We're grateful to Apple, the Oklahoma Film and Music Office and The Osage Nation, especially all our Osage consultants and cultural advisors, as we prepare."[57]
Prieto shot most of the footage using film, except for some night scenes. When the film approaches the climax, Prieto uses a Technicolor process called ENR, which enhances color contrast and reduces saturation, saying that "Everybody suddenly has this harsh feel".[39] On May 13, De Niro suffered a quadriceps muscle injury off-set and returned to New York City for medical attention. Production was completed on time, as De Niro's subsequent scenes were filmed in June 2021.[58] When filming the radio play scene, Scorsese's family members were there, and he felt he could confidently deliver his dialogue.[39] Principal photography wrapped on October 1, 2021.[59][failed verification] In March 2022, Osage Nation Principal Chief Geoffrey Standing Bear stated that additional footage would be shot to film a traditional community dance in mid-May in Osage County.[60]
Osage Nation involvement
Scorsese sought to closely involve the Osage Nation in the film's production from the beginning.[39] During pre-production, Scorsese travelled to Pawhuska, Oklahoma, to meet with Principal Chief Geoffrey Standing Bear and learn about the tribe during the "Reign of Terror", while also discussing how they could incorporate the tribe members on the film's set.[39][61] A consultation was held with around 200 Osage people to gauge Osage points of view regarding the production.[62]
Scorsese cast Osage actors in at least 40 roles, in addition to hundreds of tribe members being hired as background extras. He also employed several Osage members in both small and prominent production crew roles to ensure the accuracy of the tribe during the film's time period.[39] Osage language teacher and translator Christopher Cote taught the actors the Osage language and gave coaching about how to use it. As Osage people in the 1920s extensively used the language, the film incorporated its use.[63]
Brandy Lemon, an Osage Nation Congress member, served as liaison between the film production and the Osage community.[64] Lemon was present during the film's production and consulted on several details of the film. For example, Lemon helped instruct Gladstone on how to hold her cup.[65] Lemon credited the production for their consultative approach, saying: "They listened, that was the biggest thing. They actually listened to us."[65]
Frequent Scorsese collaborator Robbie Robertson, himself having Cayuga and Mohawk ancestry, composed the incidental score.[67] Critics have described it as "old-timey",[68] "bluesy",[67] and "percussive".[69] The film also features a soundtrack of popular music from the 1920s and Native American songs.[67] It was Robertson's final completed film score before he died in August 2023. The film is dedicated to his memory.[70]
Killers of the Flower Moon had its world premiere at the 76th Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 2023,[71][72][73] where the film received a nine-minute standing ovation at the end of its screening.[74] The film's United States premiere took place on September 27, 2023, at Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center in New York City, with none of the cast members in attendance due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike.[75] The film was originally set to open in select theaters on October 6, 2023, before going wide in the United States on October 20, 2023, by Apple TV+, under their Apple Original Films label, and Paramount Pictures.[76] The limited release was later scrapped, with the film receiving a global theatrical rollout on October 20.[77]
As reported by Variety, Italy's Rai Cinema, alongside Leone Film Group, had acquired the rights for local theatrical release over Paramount as they managed to secure the rights in the middle of the film's production progress.[78] Right before the film's second trailer premiered in July 2023, it was announced that the film would also be released in IMAX theatres.[79][80]
A few cinemas in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the United States inserted their own intermission into the film. The theaters were considered to violate their contract by Paramount and Apple Original Films, who took action to have it stopped. The film has been criticized for its long running time,[81] which Scorsese and editor Thelma Schoonmaker have publicly defended.[82][83] The film debuted at the #2 position at the global box office followed by Vijay's film Leo.[84] The film was released on video on demand (VOD) platforms on December 5, 2023, and became available for streaming on Apple TV+ on January 12, 2024.[85][86]
Reception
Box office
Killers of the Flower Moon grossed $68 million in the United States and Canada, and $90.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $158.8 million.[4][5]Variety noted that under a traditional theatrical release, the film would need to gross $500–600 million worldwide to break even.[87] In February 2024, Deadline Hollywood reported that the film fell about $20 million short of covering its marketing budget during its theatrical run, but made that up from home rentals, leaving a net loss equivalent to its $200 million production budget for Apple.[88] However, Apple insisted the film was profitable.[3]
In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross $20–25 million from 3,621 theaters in its opening weekend.[84] The film made $9.4 million on its first day, including $2.6 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $23 million. The total was above the average Scorsese–DiCaprio collaboration ($19 million), the highest opening of Scorsese–De Niro collaborations, topping Cape Fear's $10.2 million in 1991, and the third-best of Scorsese's career. 61% of the audience was male, with "an amazing" 38% over 45 years old.[84][89] The film made $9 million in its second weekend, a drop of 61%,[90] then $7 million in its third, finishing in third place both times.[91] Following its 10 Oscar nominations, the film expanded from 16 theaters to 941 in its 15th week of release and made $220,000, an increase of 3,811% from the previous weekend.[92]
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 474 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's consensus reads: "Enormous in runtime, theme, and achievement, Killers of the Flower Moon is a sobering appraisal of America's relationship with Indigenous peoples and yet another artistic zenith for Martin Scorsese and his collaborators."[93]Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 89 out of 100, based on 63 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[94] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, while those polled by PostTrak gave it an 88% overall positive score, with 72% saying they would definitely recommend the film.[89]
Critic Brian Tallerico on RogerEbert.com gave the film 4/4 stars, writing: "In the end, Killers of the Flower Moon is like a puzzle—each creative piece does its part to form the complete picture. When it's put together, it's depressingly easy to see the wolves. The question now is, what do we do when we find them?"[95]
In his review of the "meaty and demanding" film following its premiere at Cannes, Peter Debruge of Variety commended the story, characters and themes, but criticized the runtime: "In its present form, [Killers of the Flower Moon] is still a compelling true story... It's engrossing from the get-go, the palpable tension methodically echoed by Robbie Robertson's steady-heartbeat score. But it keeps going and going until everyone we care about is dead, dying or behind bars, with nearly an hour still in store".[81] Conversely, David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter opined that "the three-and-a-half-hour running time is fully justified in an escalating tragedy that never loosens its grip" and praised the screenplay, direction, cinematography, score, and cast performances (particularly that of Gladstone).[96]
In The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw called the film an "epic of creeping, existential horror about the birth of the American century, a macabre tale of quasi-genocidal serial killings" and also lauded the "performance of tragic force" by Gladstone.[97] The Los Angeles Times'Justin Chang observed that the film "is both like and unlike anything its director has ever done",[73] writing: "Scorsese doesn't just achieve a sense of place; he also pulls off, not for the first time, a passionate and meticulous feat of cultural anthropology. He brings an entire bygone era to rich, teeming life, just before he chokes it off with an all-consuming stench of death."[73][98]
The film's coda in particular drew acclaim for its acknowledgement of the historical silencing of crimes committed against Indigenous peoples, with Joel Robinson of Slate writing the scene "turns the camera both inward and onto the audience simultaneously",[99] and The New Yorker's Richard Brody noting: "Scorsese's control of form and tone, and the bold yet subtle way that he marshals incident, signal that he is intent not merely on narrating history but on troubling the conscience of his (doubtless largely white) audience".[100][101]
Much praise was given to Gladstone's performance, with Anthony Lane of The New Yorker describing her as "unmistakably the movie's most compelling presence",[102] and Chang calling her "an actor who can set off more emotional reverberations with a barely cracked smile than some performers manage in an entire monologue".[98][100][101][103] Brody observed: "[Mollie] is not only the character on whose actions the drama pivots but also the one whose subjectivity, presented sparingly but suggested powerfully, gives the story a sense of inner life."[100]
Filmmaker Alfonso Cuarón praised the film, stating: "Scorsese has chosen a distant and reflective stance, favoring atmosphere over narrative, denying us the easy satisfaction of moral superiority to the men on screen who managed to justify their hideous betrayals of their loved ones and still pretend to have a soul, and confronting audiences with the sin by omission that must rightfully haunt the American soul."[104]
Some critics lamented the film's decision to focus its narrative on the characters of Ernest and Hale, opining that the character of Mollie felt underdeveloped.[100][102][103] Chang noted: "The movie seems curiously reluctant to penetrate the psychology of its Osage characters — a reluctance that feels like timidity, respect or maybe a mix of both."[98]Angelica Jade Bastién of Vulture wrote: "Trapped by the gleam of reverence, [Scorsese] ends up returning to the same racial stereotypes he sought to avoid: The Osage people are noble and connected to the land, but their personalities, their desires, their joys, and, most crucially, their anger remain in the shadowed hallways of a history Scorsese is too timid to approach."[103]
For her portrayal of Mollie Burkhart, Gladstone became the first Indigenous American actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.[109] At age 81, Scorsese earned his tenth nomination for Best Director,[e] garnering more Oscar nominations for that category (including one prior win) than anyone alive.[110] Scorsese also became the oldest Best Director nominee, eclipsing John Huston,[f] who was 79. Schoonmaker earned her ninth nomination for Best Editing, surpassing the record for most nominations in this category.[111] Robbie Robertson earned his first Academy Award nomination (for Best Original Score), becoming the 64th individual to earn a posthumous nomination for a competitive category.[112]
Gladstone's loss to Emma Stone for Best Actress (for Poor Things) at the 96th Academy Awards stirred debate over what some deemed a "snub".[113] Some argued that awarding Stone was a missed opportunity for greater inclusivity to Native Americans, with others arguing that since Stone had already won Best Actress for her performance in La La Land (2016), Gladstone was more deserving of the award.[114] Stone herself was surprised at her win, stating: "I think I blacked out. I was very shocked."[115]
In its summary of 2024 Oscar winners and losers, Billboard magazine classified the movie's lack of Academy Awards, despite 10 nominations, as a snub, noting: "OK, that happens at awards shows. But this was director Martin Scorsese’s third film to go 0-10 on Oscar night, following Gangs of New York (2002) and The Irishman (2019). Scorsese is universally acknowledged as one of the greatest directors of our time. For it to happen three times to the same director – a legend, no less – is hard to explain."[116]
Indigenous response
Lindsey Bark of the Cherokee Phoenix wrote that there was "hope that this film opens up more discussion among non-Native people about the real tragedies that have occurred to Native people throughout history".[117] However, Christopher Kuo of The New York Times wrote that, despite broad agreement in Indigenous circles that the film accurately portrays the culture and language of the Osage people, there was a mixed overall reaction to the film among indigenous people.[62]
At the film's Los Angeles premiere, Christopher Cote, an Osage who was a language consultant for the film, said that he "really wanted this to be from the perspective of Mollie and what her family experienced".[118]Slate's Joel Robinson, an Osage, expressed similar views, but still praised the film, concurring with former chief of the Osage Nation Jim Gray that he had "never seen a film immerse itself in a culture like this one did with ours". He added that he hoped that the success of the film would mean more opportunities for Indigenous filmmakers to tell stories from their own point of view.[99][119]
Maureen Lee Lenker noted in Entertainment Weekly that first Nations actress Devery Jacobs (Elora Danan Postoak on Reservation Dogs) shared her reaction to the film: "Being Native, watching this movie was f---ing hellfire ... Our pride, languages, cultures, joy & love are way more interesting & humanizing than showing the horrors white men inflicted on us." Jacobs did believe that Gladstone "carried Mollie [with] tremendous grace" and that no performances were weak, but still argued that "each of the Osage characters felt painfully underwritten, while the white men were given way more courtesy and depth".[120] Lindsey Bark quoted Cherokee Nation citizen Tim Landes as saying: "This movie is another example of why it's important our tribe continues to invest in our filmmakers, so we can share accurate stories that show our side. We can't trust other filmmakers to get it right, even if they are a legend like Martin Scorsese."[117]
Some were more positive. Indigenous commentator Kate Nelson wrote: "When it comes to Native representation, is Killers of the Flower Moon perfect? No. Is it progress? Yes. The film meaningfully moves the entertainment industry forward, making a strong statement that it's no longer acceptable to extract valuable assets from Indigenous communities – whether that be our stories or our natural resources – without our consent and input."[121] Gianna Sieke, an Osage princess from 2021 to 2023[122] who was present for the film's production,[65] told Today: "It does tell our dark history but it's also including things that no one really knows, and it hasn't been expressed to Osage people and anyone because it's a dark history. People don't really talk about it that much. And because of that, (the movie) has made a really big impact. Families are learning to cope and understand."[65]
On November 9, 2023, the day that the SAG-AFTRA strike ended, Gladstone posted on social media encouraging Native people to "see it when and only if you feel ready, and see it with people you feel safe with. You'll likely have a lot of generational grief to process".[123][124]
Legislative responses
Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma Matt Pinnell named the film as a reason to increase subsidies for the film industry in Oklahoma. The Filmed in Oklahoma Act of 2021 allocated $30 million to film subsidies. Bills to increase the total available subsidies to $80 million in 2023 failed in the Oklahoma Senate after passing the Oklahoma House of Representatives.[125]
Notes
^Osage: 𐓨𐓣͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓧𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘 𐓲'𐓟𐓵𐓟, Mihopa hlaska žika c'eðe.[6][7] The Osage title appears on screen at the end of the film, before the English title.
^The federal Burke Act (1906) led to the creation of conservatorships for "incompetent Indians" that required white legal guardians to manage the affairs of Native American wards. All Native Americans with a blood quantum of one-half or more were required to have a court-appointed guardian. Ostensibly set up to protect tribal members, the guardianships became the basis of widespread exploitation of them by white people instead. Appointments historically continued into the 1930s.[17][18]
^In addition, Byron, also known as Bryan, had his charges dropped after he turned state's evidence against Kelsie (aka Kelsey) Morrison.[19]
^ ab"Nonhonzhinga" is translated as medicine man.[20]
^This tenth nomination only includes Scorsese's accolades within the Best Director category. He has additional nominations in writing and producing, and now has the second most, surpassing Steven Spielberg, who has nine for directing (and two wins); William Wyler maintains the record with twelve nominations (and three wins).
^As the following reference notes, larger plants may kill off smaller ones around May, with symbolic meaning relevant to the film. Grady, Gabrielle (March 19, 2023). "What Does the Title 'Killers of the Flower Moon' Mean". Collider. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
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Village in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandIgnacówka PierwszaVillageIgnacówka PierwszaCoordinates: 51°8′N 18°0′E / 51.133°N 18.000°E / 51.133; 18.000Country PolandVoivodeshipGreater PolandCountyKępnoGminaTrzcinica Ignacówka Pierwsza [iɡnaˈt͡sufka ˈpjɛrfʂa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzcinica, within Kępno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.[1] It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2...
Dirk Bach, Moderation des Life Ball 2009 Dirk Bach (* 23. April 1961 in Köln; † 1. Oktober 2012 in Berlin[1]) war ein deutscher Schauspieler, Synchronsprecher, Entertainer, Moderator und Komiker. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 1.1 Privatleben und gesellschaftliches Engagement 1.2 Tod 2 Auszeichnungen 3 Filmografie 3.1 Filme 3.2 Fernsehsendungen 4 Theater 5 Buch 6 Hörbücher 7 Literatur 8 Einzelnachweise 9 Weblinks Leben Dirk Bach mit Hella von Sinnen beim Benefiz-Konzert Cover me in K...
British Conservative politician This article is about the British politician. For the American opera singer, see Jessye Norman. The Right HonourableJesse NormanMPOfficial portrait, 2020Minister of State for Decarbonisation and Technology[a]In office26 October 2022 – 13 November 2023Prime MinisterRishi SunakPreceded byLucy FrazerSucceeded byAnthony BrowneIn office12 November 2018 – 23 May 2019Prime MinisterTheresa MayPreceded byJo JohnsonSucceeded byMichael EllisM...
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Total World Domination – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2009 studio album by Sworn EnemyTotal World DominationStudio album by Sworn EnemyReleasedJune 16, 2009GenreCrossover thrashLength35:34Labe...
Digital locker for movies Movies Anywhere, LLCScreenshot A screenshot of the 2020 Movies Anywhere welcome screen.Type of siteDigital rights locker serviceVideo on demandAvailable inEnglishFoundedFebruary 25, 2014; 9 years ago (2014-02-25) (as Disney Movies Anywhere (DMA))October 12, 2017; 6 years ago (2017-10-12) (as Movies Anywhere (MA))Area servedUnited StatesOwnerThe Walt Disney CompanyGeneral managerKarin GilfordParentDisney EntertainmentURLmo...
Підкритичний ядерний реактор — це концепція ядерного реактора поділу, де відбувається поділ атомного ядра без досягнення критичності. Замість того, щоб підтримувати ланцюгову реакцію, підкритичний реактор використовує додаткові нейтрони із зовнішнього джерела. Іс...
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Gajah Mada. Gajah MadaGenre Drama Roman Laga PembuatMD EntertainmentSutradaraDedy MercyPemeran Rafael P. Ismy Chicco Jerikho Zora Vidyanata Barry Prima Adam Farrel Anne.J.Coto Ryana Dea Ratu Felisha Adhi Pawitra Chilla Irawan Penggubah lagu temaRegina IdolLagu pembukaGajah Mada — Regina IdolLagu penutupGajah Mada — Regina IdolPenata musik Nikanor RS Hariprawiro Iswara Giovani Negara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode178 (daft...
2018 studio album by The FizzChristmas with the FizzStudio album by The FizzReleased16 November 2018Recorded2018StudioMPG Studios, London, UKGenrePop, ChristmasLabelMPG RecordsProducerMike StockThe Fizz chronology The F-Z of Pop(2017) Christmas with the Fizz(2018) Smoke & Mirrors(2020) Singles from The Fizz Don't Start Without MeReleased: November 2018 Christmas with the Fizz is a 2018 album by British pop group The Fizz. It is a festive-themed album, the group's first and was rel...
Town in Victoria, AustraliaGenoaVictoriaGenoaCoordinates37°29′0″S 149°35′0″E / 37.48333°S 149.58333°E / -37.48333; 149.58333Population66 (2021 census)[1]Postcode(s)3891Location 498 km (309 mi) E of Melbourne 336 km (209 mi) S of Canberra 125 km (78 mi) E of Orbost 50 km (31 mi) E of Cann River 32 km (20 mi) NW of Mallacoota LGA(s)Shire of East GippslandState electorate(s)Gippsland EastFederal di...
Manual transmission by Mitsubishi Motors Super Shift transmission levers in a Mitsubishi Cordia The Super Shift transmission, also marketed as Twin-Stick, was a manual transaxle transmission developed by Mitsubishi Motors in the late 1970s and used in a limited number of the company's road cars, most of which were manufactured in the 1980s. It was unusual in that it had 8 forward speeds in a 4x2 arrangement. It essentially installed a married overdrive unit to its manual transmission, somethi...
Manga artist Satsuki IgarashiIgarashi at Anime Expo 2006Born (1969-02-08) February 8, 1969 (age 54)Kyōto, JapanNationalityJapaneseArea(s)Manga artist in charge of the design of the tankōbon, assistant to Mokona and Tsubaki Nekoi, production coordination, line artist, character designerPseudonym(s)五十嵐 さつきCollaboratorsClamp Satsuki Igarashi (いがらし 寒月, Igarashi Satsuki, born February 8, 1969) is a member of the all-female manga-creating team Clamp. Her duties in the...
Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations (appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Essentially, our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal.[1] An example of this is going on a first date. If the date is perceived as positive, one might feel happiness, joy, giddiness, excitement, and/or anticipation, because they hav...
Israeli politician Menachem YedidFaction represented in the Knesset1965–1974Gahal1974–1977Likud Personal detailsBorn15 January 1918Aleppo, SyriaDied5 May 2013(2013-05-05) (aged 95) Menachem Yedid (Hebrew: מנחם ידיד; 15 January 1918 – 5 May 2013) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Gahal and Likud between 1965 and 1977. Biography Born in Aleppo in Syria in 1918, Yedid was educated at a high school and yeshiva, before making aliyah to Mandatory...
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