Asahi Linux

Asahi Linux

Screenshot of Arch Linux ARM of Asahi Linux with KDE Plasma 5
Developer	Hector Martin Alyssa Rosenzweig Asahi Lina[Note 1] Dougall Johnson Sven Peter Mark Kettenis Martin Povišer Neal Gompa Davide Calvaca Eric Curtin Janne Grunau[1]
OS family	Linux (Unix-like)
Working state	Official Stable (Fedora 40)
Source model	Open source
Repository	github.com/AsahiLinux
Platforms	Apple M1 & M2 (AArch64)
Official website	asahilinux.org

Asahi Linux is a project that ports the Linux kernel and related software to Apple Silicon-powered Macs, started and led by Hector Martin. It does so by reverse-engineering the SoCs which lack documentation from Apple.

History

Shortly after Apple announced their transition away from Intel x86 processors in late 2020, Linux creator Linus Torvalds expressed interest in Linux support for the Apple M1 Mac, but thought that the work to make this happen was too time-consuming for him to personally take on the necessary software development tasks.^[2]

Martin announced the project in December 2020 and formally started work a month later in 2021,^[3] after securing crowd-sourced funding. Alyssa Rosenzweig, who developed the open-source graphics driver stack Panfrost, joined the project to help support the Apple silicon graphics processing unit (GPU).^[4][5]. The project has been made challenging by the lack of publicly available documentation of Apple's proprietary firmware.^[6][7]

The developers quickly realized that just attempting to boot the Linux kernel compiled for Apple silicon's processor architecture (AArch64) would be challenging, as it involved working out the functionality of proprietary Apple code used in the boot process. The work was time-consuming and took most of the year, including submitting pull requests to the main Linux kernel developers to keep development in sync and avoid regressions. However, it subsequently led to a thorough and comprehensive explanation of the previously undocumented boot process, which Martin and others published on GitHub.^[6][8]

The project released an experimental alpha version of the Asahi Linux installer in March 2022. The installer offered the choice of a desktop based on Arch Linux ARM, a minimal environment, or a basic UEFI environment for installing OpenBSD or alternate Linux distributions with support for Apple silicon via a bootable USB drive.^[7] Despite being able to launch a UEFI shell, booting Microsoft Windows is not supported, and there are no plans to do so, as it would involve modifying the proprietary Windows kernel.^[9] While other projects that are attempting to study a possible port of Windows to these systems specified challenging roadblocks related to Windows handling the proprietary Apple Interrupt Controller (AIC), and the 16K pages only found on the IOMMU.

Full support for all Apple silicon-supported Macs is not expected for another year or two following the first alpha release.^[10] In July 2022, the Asahi Linux team released an update with support for the M1 Ultra, Mac Studio, and early initial support for the M2 MacBook Pro.^[11]

In August 2023, it was announced that Asahi was partnering with the Fedora Project to release the Fedora Asahi Remix, which would supersede the original Arch-based distribution as Asahi's flagship OS.^[12] The effort began in late 2021, and is an upstream-first project. The end goal of the project is to merge upstream all changes so that the project's distribution becomes unnecessary.

In October 2023, Fedora Asahi Remix was released as a Beta, then 3 months later, as a stable.^[13][14]

Hardware and driver support

A Vulkan driver is in a working prototype^[15] and OpenGL 4.6 and OpenGL ES 3.2 are supported.^[16] This driver is currently the only fully-compliant AGX (Apple Silicon GPU) driver for any widespread graphics standard. ^[17][18][19] While initially using the Panfrost driver implementation, the Asahi Linux Project also made use of Gallium-3D and Rust for Linux based APIs for driver development. OpenCL is not supported. KDE Plasma rendering is hardware accelerated, while video decoding is not.

HDMI video output is only supported on the Apple silicon Mac mini, and there is no support for video via Thunderbolt^[17] although external displays can be used via DisplayLink docks.

The operating system's kernel has been configured for and only supports 16 kB (for reason of performance) pages. Programs that do not (e.g. expect 4 kB or 64 kB pages) experience alignment problems when being mapped to memory.^[20] The page sizes set by Linux are global (there is no support for multiple page sizes in operation).^[21] The Apple GPU driver supports 4 kB and 16 kB pages.^[22][23]

Reception

The project has been well received. A review in The Register said that it ran surprisingly well for alpha software that is still in development.^[18] Similarly, a review in Ars Technica was impressed by the amount of hardware that was already supported early in the project lifecycle.^[10]

See also

• Linux on Apple devices
• Reverse engineering

Notes

1. A pseudonymous developer only known by their VTuber identity.

References

1. "About Asahi Linux". Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
2. "Linus Torvalds would like to use an M1 Mac for Linux, but ..." ZDNet. November 24, 2020. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
3. Grüner, Sebastian (April 9, 2021). "Initaler M1-Support landet im Linux-Kernel" [Initial M1-Support Lands in Linux Kernel]. golem.de (in German). Retrieved June 16, 2024.
4. Tung, Liam (January 8, 2021). "Linux on Apple's Arm silicon Macs? This crowdfunded project wants to give it a try". ZDnet. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
5. Grüner, Sebastian (February 18, 2021). "Asahi Linux: Stabiler Linux-Support für M1-Macs dauert noch" [Asahi Linux: Stable Linux support for M1 Macs still takes time]. Linux-Magazin (in German). Retrieved June 16, 2024.
6. Sharma, Mayank (March 15, 2021). "Porting Linux to Apple M1 Macs is proving trickier than previously imagined". TechRadar. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
7. Martin, Hector. "The first Asahi Linux Alpha Release is here! – Asahi Linux". asahilinux.org. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
8. Calligeros, James. "Apple Silicon Subsystems - Platform Initialisation and Boot". GitHub. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
9. "Windows support?". Asahi Linux GitHub. May 21, 2021. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
10. "Asahi Linux is reverse-engineering support for Apple Silicon, including M1 Ultra". Ars Technica. March 25, 2022. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
11. Cunningham, Andrew (July 18, 2022). "Linux distro for Apple silicon Macs is already up and running on the brand-new M2". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
12. Proven, Liam (August 7, 2023). "Asahi Linux project hooks up with Fedora: Remix that's not a remix coming soon". The Register. Archived from the original on August 8, 2023. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
13. "We've updated our front page to direct new users to Fedora Asahi!". Asahi Linux Official Mastodon Account. October 21, 2023.
14. "We've updated our front page to direct new users to Fedora Asahi!". Asahi Linux Official Webpage. December 19, 2023. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
15. "Vulkan 1.3 on the M1 in 1 month". rosenzweig.io. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
16. "Conformant OpenGL 4.6 on the M1". rosenzweig.io. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
17. Crume, Jacob (March 21, 2022). "Asahi Linux Distro Improves Apple M1 Support With First Alpha Release". It's FOSS. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
18. "We take Asahi Linux alpha for a spin on an M1 Mac Mini". The Register. March 22, 2022. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
19. Purdy, Kevin (December 7, 2022). "Four-person dev team gets Apple's M-series GPU working in Linux". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
20. "Broken Software". GitHub. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
21. "Linux does support mixed page sizes (that's how huge pages work) and the page si... | Hacker News". news.ycombinator.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
22. "Progress Report: September 2021 - Asahi Linux". asahilinux.org. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
23. "Paving the Road to Vulkan on Asahi Linux - Asahi Linux". asahilinux.org. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.

External links

• Official website
• Setup video