Pradaksina

Para biksu, biksuni, dan aṭṭhasīlanī Buddhis Theravāda mengamalkan pradaksina mengelilingi Candi Borobudur
Umat Buddha mengamalkan pradaksina mengelilingi Candi Borobudur

Pradaksina (KBBI; Sanskerta: प्रदक्षिण, pradakṣiṇa; Pali: padakkhiṇā), juga dikenal sebagai parikrama (Sanskerta: परिक्रम, parikrama; Pali: parikamma), adalah kegiatan ritual penghormatan dengan mengelilingi sebuah objek pemujaan searah jarum jam yang lazim dilakukan pada agama-agama darmikHindu, Buddha, Sikh, dan Jain.[1][2][3][4][5]

Dalam Buddhisme, istilah ini secara khusus lebih merujuk kepada jalur lintasan ritual.[3] Pradaksina dilakukan dengan mengelilingi stupa, pohon Bodhi, atau rupang Buddha sebanyak tiga kali. Penghormatan dilakukan bersamaan dengan meditasi sambil berjalan searah jarum jam. Dalam melakukan pradaksina, peserta harus dijaga oleh orang lain agar posisinya selalu berada di sisi kanan objek pemujaan.[6]

Dalam agama Hindu, parikrama terhadap dewa-dewi agama dalam sebuah pura, sungai-sungai suci, bukit-bukit suci, dan sekelompok pura yang berdekatan sebagai simbol doa merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari peribadatan umat Hindu.[7][8][9] Parikrama dilakukan setelah menyelesaikan puja atau praktik bakti lainnya, dan setelah dilakukannya darshana (penghormatan kepada dewa). Pradaksina harus dilakukan dengan dhyana (kontemplasi spiritual atau meditasi). Arsitektur candi Hindu biasanya mencakup berbagai jalur pradaksina.[10] Mungkin ada jalan parikrama yang mengelilingi dewa utama dan beberapa jalan lain yang lebih luas yang berpusat pada jalan utama, meskipun tidak jarang ditemukan juga jalur parikrama yang tidak berpusat. Kadang-kadang, jalur parikrama terluar meliputi seluruh desa, kota kecil, kota besar, dengan demikian menyiratkan bahwa panjang jalur tersebut dapat membentang.[8][11] Parikrama juga dilakukan di sekitar pohon Peepal suci, tulsi (tanaman kemangi India), dan Agni (api suci atau dewa api).[12][13] Parikrama Agni merupakan bagian dari upacara pernikahan Hindu.[14][15]

Etimologi

Parikrama adalah istilah dalam bahasa Sanskerta yang berarti "jalur yang mengelilingi sesuatu", juga disebut sebagai pradakṣiṇa ("ke kanan"), melambangkan tindakan sirkumambulasi berputar ke kanan dengan bangunan suci selalu berada di sebelah kanan orang yang melakukan pradaksina.[3] Kedua istilah tersebut biasanya digunakan dalam konteks praktik keagamaan mengelilingi suatu benda yang dianggap suci.[3][16][17]

Parikrama didefinisikan sebagai:[18]

"Jalan keliling atau jalur yang mengelilingi bangunan suci atau candi sebagai suatu bentuk doa atau ritual keagamaan yang lazim di India. Termasuk di dalamnya ritual yang dilakukan di Narmada, Shetrunjaya, dan Girnar. Jalur jalan yang dilapisi batu di sekeliling bangunan suci lazim disebut jalur pradaksina."

Hinduisme

Parikrama searah jarum jam di dalam kuil Hindu (merah).

Referensi

  1. ^ Deepak Sanan (2002). Exploring Kinnaur in the Trans-Himalaya. Indus Publishing. hlm. 234. ISBN 978-8173871313. 
  2. ^ Linda Kay Davidson; David Martin Gitlitz (2002). Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 113. ISBN 978-1-57607-004-8. 
  3. ^ a b c d Bowker, John (1999). The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 224. ISBN 0-19-866242-4. 
  4. ^ Cort, John (2011). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-979664-9. 
  5. ^ Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. hlm. 439. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. 
  6. ^ Khairiah (2018). Agama Budha (PDF). Pekanbaru: Kalimedia. hlm. 83–84. ISBN 978-602-6827-86-9. 
  7. ^ Bowker, John (1999). The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 224. ISBN 0-19-866242-4. 
  8. ^ a b http://www.hindunet.org/faq/fom-serv/cache/31.html Diarsipkan 2017-01-15 di Wayback Machine. Why do we perform Pradakshina or Parikrama?
  9. ^ http://www.hinduism.co.za/kaabaa.htm Kaaba a Hindu Temple?Hindus invariably circumambulate around their deities
  10. ^ Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent — glossary
  11. ^ "Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary". indoarch.org. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-10. 
  12. ^ http://www.kamat.com/indica/culture/sub-cultures/pradakshina.htm The Concept of Pradaksina
  13. ^ "Darbashayanam". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2008-10-20. 
  14. ^ Some reflections on fire in Hindu and other wedding ceremonies, and on Agni Pradakshina, circling the fire.
  15. ^ "Some reflections on fire in Hindu and other wedding ceremonies, and on Agni Pradakshina, circling the fire". Diakses tanggal 2007-01-11. 
  16. ^ http://www.hindunet.org/faq/fom-serv/cache/31.html Diarsipkan 2017-01-15 di Wayback Machine. Why do we perform Pradakshina or Parikrama?
  17. ^ http://www.hinduism.co.za/kaabaa.htm Kaaba a Hindu Temple?Hindus invariably circumambulate around their deities
  18. ^ Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent — glossary

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