婆罗米文

婆羅米文
Brāhmī Lipi
𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻 𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺
类型
使用时期
公元前6世紀到公元3世紀
书写方向從左至右 编辑维基数据
语言印度次大陸早期俗語
相关书写体系
父体系
子体系
姊妹体系希伯來字母納巴泰字母敘利亞字母佉卢文
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Brah (300), ​Brahmi
Unicode
别名Brahmi
范围U+11000–U+1107F
 本條目包含國際音標 (IPA) 符號。 有關 IPA 符號的介紹指南,請參閱 Help:IPA[ ]/ / 及 ⟨ ⟩ 之間的區別,參閲IPA§方括號與轉錄定界符
阿育王摩崖敕令

婆罗米文/波羅密文字brāhmī),是除了尚未破解的印度河文字以外,印度最古老的字母,是婆羅米系文字天城文坦米爾文孟加拉文藏文的来源。婆罗米文可能在西元前6世纪以前就已出现,印度列国时代将其写在棕叶纸上,现存最早的实例是斯里兰卡阿努拉德普勒出土的公元前4世纪初叶带有婆罗米文的陶器[1][2][3],公元前3世纪的阿育王铭文则是该类文献的典型代表。一般认为婆罗米文来自亚拉姆文

溯源

婆罗米文可能最初为两河流域地区的商人带入古印度,在印度列国时代之初的西元前7至前6世纪间已有流传,首先传入古印度西北部受波斯文化影响的健驮逻剑浮沙一带。但当时的书写材料多为棕榈叶之类,难以长时间保存。也有观点认为达罗毗荼人所发明的印度河文字是婆罗米文的前身,但此说无法证实,目前一般认为婆罗米文源于西亚地区的阿拉姆字母

印度列国时代健驮逻国梵语学家波你尼(公元前5至4世纪)在他关于梵语语法的权威著作《八篇书》中提到了“lipi”,这是印度文字,用于书写脚本。“lipi”和“libi”这两个词是从古波斯语“dipi”借来的,最初则由苏美尔语“dup”派生而来。为了描述他自己的诏书,阿育王使用了“lipi”这个词,现在通常简称为“书写”或“铭文”。[4][5][6][7][8]

特點

婆羅米文通常從左到右書寫,和它的后代們一樣。但是在一個找到的公元前4世紀的錢幣上有從右到左的婆羅米文題字,如同亞拉姆文一樣。[9]

婆羅米文是元音附標文字,這意味著每個字母表示一個輔音,而元音則寫成必須的變音符號。在沒有寫元音的時候,理解為元音/a/。特殊的聯合輔音被寫為輔音叢比如/pr//rv/

跟隨在輔音后的元音被寫為變音符號,但是初始的元音有專門的字母。在婆羅米文中有三個元音/a, i, u/長元音從短元音的字母得出。但是只有五個元音變音符號,因為不寫元音被理解為短/a/

字母表

阿育王刻文字母表

元音

𑀅 a 𑀇 i 𑀉 u 𑀏 e 𑀑 o
𑀆 ā 𑀈 ī 𑀊 ū 𑀐 ai

輔音

塞音 鼻音 近音 擦音
清音 濁音
不送氣 送氣 不送氣 送氣
聲門音 𑀳 h
軟腭音 𑀓 k 𑀔 kh 𑀕 g 𑀖 gh 𑀗
硬腭音 𑀘 c 𑀙 ch 𑀚 j 𑀛 jh 𑀜 ñ 𑀬 y 𑀰 ś
卷舌音 𑀝 𑀞 ṭh 𑀟 𑀠 ḍh 𑀡 𑀭 r 𑀱
齒音 𑀢 t 𑀣 th 𑀤 d 𑀥 dh 𑀦 n 𑀮 l 𑀲 s
雙唇音 𑀧 p 𑀨 ph 𑀩 b 𑀪 bh 𑀫 m
唇齒音 𑀯 v
/ka/ 的婆羅米符號,被修改來表示不同的元音。

常見變體

婆羅米文演變

下表列出婆羅米字母的一些常見變體。

IAST 阿育王 吉尔
纳尔山
英语Girnar
旃陀罗
-笈多
古吉
拉特
安拉
阿巴德
讷尔
默达河
奎师
那河
a
ā
i
ī
u
ū
e
ai
o
au
k
kh
g
gh
c
ch
j
jh
ñ
ṭh
ḍh
t
th
d
dh
n
p
ph
b
bh
m
y
r
l
v
ś
s
h
IAST gi ghī cu chū kṛ de dhai mo mau sya
Girnar
Chandragupta
Gujarat
Allahabad
IAST ki ku ke ko kṣ
Narbada
Kistna
  • 名稱 Chandragupta 出自 Carl Faulmann 1880 年的《Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift》,字形和其他名稱出自 Carl Faulmann 1880 年的《Das Buch der Schrift》[10]


起源於亞拉姆字母假設

腓尼基字母(第4列)和婆羅米文(第5列)之間的聯繫。公元前6到前4世紀亞拉姆字母在很多情況下是二者之間的中間形式

下面列出假定的字母表對應:西方字母表(希臘字母、拉丁字母)和東方字母表(婆羅米系文字)。注意在腓尼基字母(通過亞拉姆字母)與婆羅米字母之間的精確對應是非確定性的,特別是噝擦音和括號中的字母。

全音素文字 輔音音素文字 元音附標文字
拉丁
字母
希臘
字母
腓尼基
字母
閃米特語
音位
亞拉姆
字母
佉盧文 婆羅米文 天城文 IAST
A Α Aleph /ʔ/ 𐨀 𑀅 a
B В Beth /b/ 𐨦 𑀩 b
C(G) Г Gimel /g/ 𐨒 𑀕 g
D Δ Daleth /d/ 𐨢(𐨝) 𑀥(𑀠) ध(ढ) dh(ḍh)
E Ε He /h/ 𐨱 𑀳 h
F, V, Y Ϝ, Υ Waw /w/ 𐨬 𑀯 v
Z Ζ Zayin /z/ 𐨡(𐨜) 𑀤(𑀟) द(ड) d(ḍ)
H Η Heth /ħ~χ~x/ 𐨓 𑀖 gh
- Θ Teth /tˤ/ 𐨠(𐨛) 𑀣(𑀞) थ(ठ) th(ṭh)
I Ι Yodh /j/ 𐨩 𑀬 y
K Κ Kaph /k/ 𐨐 𑀓 k
L Λ Lamedh /l/ 𐨫 𑀮 l
M Μ Mem /m/ 𐨨 𑀫 m
N Ν Nun /n/ 𐨣 𑀦 n
- Ξ Samek /s/ 𐨭 𑀰 ś
O Ο Ayin /ʕ/
P Π Pe /p/ 𐨤, 𐨥 𑀧, 𑀨 प, फ p, ph
- Ϻ Sade /sˤ/ , 𐨯 𑀲 s
Q Ϙ Qoph /kˁ~q/ 𐨑 𑀔 kh
R Ρ Res /r/ 𐨪 𑀭 r
S Σ Sin /ʃ/ 𐨮 𑀱
T Τ Taw /t/ 𐨟(𐨚) 𑀢(𑀝) त(ट) t(ṭ)

Unicode

在Unicode標準6.0中為婆羅米文分配了範圍U+11000–U+1107F。現在支援這些字元的字體有Noto Sans Brahmi[11]Windows 10内置的Segoe UI Historic[12]

婆羅米文
Brahmi[1][2]
Unicode Consortium 官方碼表(PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1100x 𑀀 𑀁 𑀂  𑀃   𑀄  𑀅 𑀆 𑀇 𑀈 𑀉 𑀊 𑀋 𑀌 𑀍 𑀎 𑀏
U+1101x 𑀐 𑀑 𑀒 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟
U+1102x 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯
U+1103x 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 𑀵 𑀶 𑀷 𑀸 𑀹 𑀺 𑀻 𑀼 𑀽 𑀾 𑀿
U+1104x 𑁀 𑁁 𑁂 𑁃 𑁄 𑁅 𑁆 𑁇 𑁈 𑁉 𑁊 𑁋 𑁌 𑁍
U+1105x 𑁒 𑁓 𑁔 𑁕 𑁖 𑁗 𑁘 𑁙 𑁚 𑁛 𑁜 𑁝 𑁞 𑁟
U+1106x 𑁠 𑁡 𑁢 𑁣 𑁤 𑁥 𑁦 𑁧 𑁨 𑁩 𑁪 𑁫 𑁬 𑁭 𑁮 𑁯
U+1107x 𑁰 𑁱 𑁲 𑁳 𑁴 𑁵  BNJ 
注釋
1.^ 依據 Unicode 14.0
2.^ 灰色區域表示未分配的碼位

引用

  1. ^ Pichumani (2004)
  2. ^ Deraniyagala, nd
  3. ^ Coningham, R. a. E.; Allchin, F. R.; Batt, C. M.; Lucy, D. Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. April 1996, 6 (1): 73–97 [2023-03-27]. ISSN 1474-0540. S2CID 161465267. doi:10.1017/S0959774300001608. (原始内容存档于2019-06-03) (英语). 
  4. ^ Scharfe, Hartmut, Education in Ancient India, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers: 10–12, 2002 
  5. ^ Masica, Colin. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. 1993 [2023-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2. (原始内容存档于2023-02-01). 
  6. ^ Hultzsch, E. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1925: xlii. 
  7. ^ Sharma, R. S. India's Ancient Past. Oxford University Press. 2006: 163 [2018-09-19]. ISBN 9780199087860. (原始内容存档于2021-07-13) (英语). 
  8. ^ "The word dipi appears in the Old Persian inscription of Darius I at Behistan (Column IV. 39) having the meaning inscription or 'written document'." Congress, Indian History. Proceedings – Indian History Congress. 2007: 90 [2018-09-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-27) (英语). 
  9. ^ Brahmi - Crystalinks. [2009-02-27]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-20). 
  10. ^ 《Das Buch der Schrift》,Carl Faulmann(1835-1894)著, Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei 於 1880 年出版,PDF 版。
  11. ^ Noto Sans Brahmi下載頁. [2016-03-23]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-08). 
  12. ^ MSDN: Script and Font Support in Windows. [2016-03-23]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-08). 

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