在17世紀末至18世紀,烏克蘭開始形成一股民族復興運動。俄羅斯方面,17世紀,第聶伯河左岸的哥薩克族為了證明自己的身份定立,熱中於收集歷史文獻和證物,形成研究烏克蘭史的研究風氣。1777年,出版了《小俄羅斯編年簡史》(俄语:«Краткая летопись Малыя России»),卡利諾史基(俄语:Калиновский, Григорий Иванович)出版了《小俄羅斯和斯洛波達烏克蘭省區結婚習俗歌謠敘述》(俄语:«Описание свадебных украинских простонародных обрядов, в Малой России и в Слободской Украинской губернии»)。同時,烏克蘭「文學之父」柯梁列夫斯基以拉丁字母寫作詩歌,帶動了烏克蘭文字的改革。俄羅斯起初沒有注意到這些運動,1863年,俄羅斯內政部長瓦路耶夫發布了禁止以烏克蘭出版宗教和教育書籍的命令。1876年,沙皇決定按委員會的建議,全面禁止所有烏克蘭文書籍。[b]:109-114
庫奇馬執政其間,他同時重視與俄羅斯的關係,也同時重視與西方國家的關係。美國方面,1994年、1995年,兩國元首先後互訪。美國給予烏克蘭經濟援助,以支持烏克蘭進行經濟改革。在俄羅斯方面,庫奇馬任內,俄烏間的緊張關係得到融解。1997年,俄烏雙方簽署協定,解決了黑海艦隊的問題。1997-1998年,雙方簽訂了多份的經濟合作協議。2003年,刻赤海峽危機(英语:2003 Tuzla Island conflict)影響了雙方的關係,其後,雙方簽定協議,將亞速海和刻赤海峽歸為俄烏雙方內水,並共同組建組織以管理刻赤海峽的事務。歐盟方面,1994年,歐盟通過了「對烏克蘭的行動計劃」,撥款8500萬歐洲貨幣單位,以協助維持烏克蘭財政支付平衡。1995年11月,烏克蘭加入歐洲委員會。1998年,烏克蘭正式提出《烏克蘭與歐盟一體化戰略》,將加入歐盟定為戰略目標。[p]:96-99
^Parody and Burlesque (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) // Hardie, Philip. The Last Trojan Hero: A Cultural History of Virgil's Aeneid. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. 264 p: 187 (英語)
^Литературная энциклопедия 1929—1939, Article "Вертепная драма".
^Ivan Katchanovski; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav. Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. 2013-07-11: 254. ISBN 978-0-8108-7847-1(英语). From the early 19th century, Kharkiv became an important center of the Ukrainian cultural renaissance. Classicist writer Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko lived and worked there, as did the writers of the Kharkiv romantic laid the foundations of modern Ukrainian literature. Many of the early Ukrainian miscellanies were published there, as well as the first periodicals in Russian-ruled Ukraine, including Ukrainskii vestnik (1816–19) and Ukrainskii zhurnal (1824–25). The first professional theater troupe in Ukraine was established in Kharkiv in 1789, and the earliest modern Ukrainian plays were performed there. A clandestine hromada functioned in the city from the early 1860s, and a Prosvita branch was active after the Revolution of 1905.
^The Ukrainian Quarterly. Ukrainian Congress Committee of America. 1947: 253 (英语). Kharkiv was the first Ukrainian city to boast of a permanent theatrical group (1789).
^Академія наук Української. Soviet Ukraine. Editorial Office of the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian S.S.R. 1969: 525 (英语).
^Ukraine, a Concise Encyclopedia. Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the U.S.A. 1987: 176 (英语).
^Whittow argues however that: "The title of qaghan, with its claims to lordship over the steppe world, is likely to be no more than ideological booty from the 965 victory." (Whittow 1996,第243–252頁) harv模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWhittow1996 (幫助)
^Korobkin citing Golb & Pritsak notes that Khazars have often been connected with Kiev's foundations.[9] Pritsak and Golb state that children in Kiev were being given a mixture of Hebrew and Slavic languages names by c. 930.[10] Toch on the other hand is skeptical, and argues that "a significant Jewish presence in early medieval Kiev or indeed in Russia at large remains much in doubt". (Toch 2012,第166頁) harv模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFToch2012 (幫助)
^The yarmaq based on the Arab dirhem was perhaps issued in reaction to fall-off in Muslim minting in the 820s, and to a felt need in the turbulent upheavals of the 830s to assert a new religious profile, with the Jewish legends stamped on them. (Golden 2007b,第156頁) harv模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGolden2007b (幫助)
^Scholars are divided as to whether the fortification of Sarkel represents a defensive bulwark against a growing Magyar or Varangian threat. (Petrukhin 2007,第247, and n.1頁) harv模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPetrukhin2007 (幫助)
^MQDWN or the Macedonian dynasty of Byzantium; SY, perhaps a central Volga statelet, Burtas, Asya; PYYNYL denoting the Danube-Don Pechnegs; BM, perhaps indicating the Volga Bulgars, and TWRQY or Oghuz Turks. The provisory identifications are those of Pritsak. (Kohen 2007,第106頁) harv模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKohen2007 (幫助)
^Al-Mas'udi says the king secretly tipped off the Rus' of the attack but was unable to oppose the request of his guards. (Olsson 2013,第507頁) harv模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFOlsson2013 (幫助)
^The letter continues: "I wage war with them. If I left them (in peace) for a single hour they would crush the whole land of the Ishmaelites up to Baghdad." (Petrukhin 2007,第257頁) harv模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPetrukhin2007 (幫助)
^From Klavdiy Lebedev (1852–1916), Svyatoslav's meeting with Emperor John I Tzimisces, as described by Leo the Deacon.
^Henry Hoyle Howorth argued that the Khazars were the ancestors of contemporary Circassians.[16]
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中华人民共和国驻古晋总领事馆Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in KuchingKonsulat Jeneral Republik Rakyat China di Kuching中国使领馆标志概要類型总领事馆[*]地點 马来西亚砂拉越古晋地址古晋市王长水路10段276号[1]启用日1994年8月3日领馆信息領事轄區砂拉越所属部門 中华人民共和国外交部總領事邢伟平 网站中华人民共和国驻古晋总领事馆 中华人民共和国驻古晋总领事馆
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