Oclusiva dental surda

Oclusiva dental surda
IPA 103 408
Codificação
Entidade (decimal) t​̪
Unicode (hex) U+0074 U+032A
X-SAMPA t_d
Kirshenbaum t[
Som

A oclusiva dental surda é um tipo de fone consonantal empregado em alguns idiomas, sendo uma variação da consoante oclusiva alveolar surda ([t]). O símbolo deste som no alfabeto fonético internacional é [t̪] quanto no X-SAMPA é t_d. À semelhança da oclusiva dental sonora, este som ocorre no português em dialetos do norte de Portugal, como o açoriano e o transmontano, à semelhança da pronúncia do "d" castelhano, e no português brasileiro nos dialetos interiorano e recifense. É caracterizado pela forte pronúncia dentialveolar antes do som da vogal /i/ em palavras como "time" e "dente". No resto de Portugal e nos dialetos portugueses do continente africano, adota-se a pronúncia da oclusiva alveolar surda antes de /i/. Já no português brasileiro, adota-se a a pronúncia da oclusiva alveolar surda apenas nos dialetos dialeto sulista e a maioria dos nordestinos, e nos demais dialetos são realizadas africadas pós-alveolares surdas (/tʃ/) antes de /i/. Outros idiomas onde a oclusiva dental surda ocorre são a língua inglesa e as línguas neolatinas e similares, como castelhano, italiano, francês e romeno.

Características

  • Seu modo de articulação é oclusivo, ou seja, produzida pela obstrução do fluxo de ar no trato vocal.
  • Como a consoante também é oral, sem saída nasal, o fluxo de ar é totalmente bloqueado e a consoante é uma plosiva.
  • É dental, o que significa que é articulado com a ponta ou a lâmina da língua nos dentes superiores, denominados respectivamente apical e laminar.
  • Sua fonação é surda, o que significa que é produzida sem vibrações das cordas vocais. Em alguns idiomas, as cordas vocais estão ativamente separadas, por isso é sempre sem voz; em outras, as cordas são frouxas, de modo que pode assumir a abertura de sons adjacentes.
  • É uma consoante oral, o que significa que o ar só pode escapar pela boca.
  • O mecanismo de fluxo de ar é pulmonar, o que significa que é articulado empurrando o ar apenas com os pulmões e o diafragma, como na maioria dos sons.

Ocorrência

Línguas Palavras AFI Significado Notas
Aleúte[1] tiistax̂ [t̪iːstaχ] Massa Laminar denti-alveolar.
Armênio Oriental[2] տուն [t̪'un] Casa Laminar denti-alveolar.
Assírio neoaramaico [t̪lɑ] Três
Basquir дүрт / dürt [dʏʷrt] Quatro Laminar denti-alveolar.
Bielorrusso[3] стагоддзе [s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe] Século Laminar denti-alveolar.
Basco toki [t̪oki] Lugar Laminar denti-alveolar.
Bengali তুমি [t̪umi] Você Laminar denti-alveolar. Contrasta com forma aspirada.
Catalão[4] tothom [t̪uˈt̪ɔm] Todo mundo Laminar denti-alveolar.
Chinês Hacá[5] ta3 [t̪ʰa˧] Ele Laminar denti-alveolar. Contrasta com forma não-aspirada.
Tchuvache ут [ut] Cavalo
Dinka[6] th [mɛ̀t̪] Criança Laminar denti-alveolar, contrasta com alveolar /t/.
Holandês Belga taal [t̪aːl̪] Língua Laminar denti-alveolar.
Inglês Dublin[7] thin [t̪ʰɪn] Fino Laminar denti-alveolar, corresponde a [θ] em outros dialetos; em Dublin pode ser [t͡θ] no lugar.[7]
Indian
Sul da Irlanda[8]
Ulster[9] train [t̪ɹeːn] Trem Laminar denti-alveolar. Alofone de /t/ antes de /r/, com variação livre com a parada alveolar.
Esperanto Esperanto [espeˈran̪t̪o] Quem tem esperança
Finlandês tutti [ˈt̪ut̪ːi] Pacificador Laminar denti-alveolar.
Francês[10] tordu [t̪ɔʁd̪y] Torto Laminar denti-alveolar.
Hindustâni[11] ती / تین [t̪iːn] Três Laminar denti-alveolar. Contrasta com forma aspirada.
Indonésio[12] tabir [t̪abir] Cortina Laminar denti-alveolar.
Italiano[13] tale [ˈt̪ale] Tal Laminar denti-alveolar.
Japonês[14] 特別/tokubetsu [t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ] Especial Laminar denti-alveolar.
Cassúbio[15] [exemplo necessário] Laminar denti-alveolar.
Quirguiz[16] туз [t̪us̪] Sal Laminar denti-alveolar.
Letão[17] tabula [ˈt̪äbulä] Mesa Laminar denti-alveolar.
Mapudungun[18] a [ˈfɘt̪ɜ] Marido Interdental.[18]
Marata बला [t̪əbˈlaː] Tabla Laminar denti-alveolar. Contrasta com forma aspirada.
Nepali ताली [t̪äli] Batida de palmas Contrasta com forma aspirada.
Nunggubuyu[19] darag [t̪aɾaɡ] Bigodes Laminar denti-alveolar.
Oriá ତାରା/tara [t̪ärä] Estrela Laminar denti-alveolar. Contrasta com forma aspirada.
Pazeh[20] [mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh] Continue batendo palmas Dental.
Polonês[21] tom [t̪ɔm] Volume Laminar denti-alveolar.
Português[22] Muitos dialetos montanha [mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ] Montanha Laminal denti-alveolar. É provável que haja alofones entre os falantes nativos, já que pode ser africado em [], [] e/ou [ts] em certos ambientes.
Punjabi ਤੇਲ / تیل [t̪eːl] Petróleo Laminar denti-alveolar.
Russo[23] толстый [ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j] Gordo Laminar denti-alveolar.
Gaélico escocês[24] taigh [t̪ʰɤj] Casa
Servo-croata[25] туга / tuga [t̪ǔːgä] Lamento Laminar denti-alveolar.
Esloveno[26] tip [t̪íːp] Tipo Laminar denti-alveolar.
Espanhol[27] tango [ˈt̪aŋɡo̞] Tango Laminar denti-alveolar.
Sueco[28] tåg [ˈt̪ʰoːɡ] Três Laminar denti-alveolar.
Temne[29] [exemplo necessário] Dental.
Turco at [ät̪] Cavalo Laminar denti-alveolar.
Ucraniano[30][31] брат [brɑt̪] Irmão Laminar denti-alveolar.
Usbeque[32] [exemplo necessário] Laminar denti-alveolar. Pouco aspirada depois de vogais.[32]
Vietnamita[33] tuần [t̪wən˨˩] Semana Laminar denti-alveolar. Contrasta com forma aspirada.
Zapoteco Tilquiapano[34] tant [t̪ant̪] Tão Laminar denti-alveolar.

Referências

  1. Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  2. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17.
  3. Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  4. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  5. Lee & Zee (2009), p. 109.
  6. Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115 and 121.
  7. a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  8. Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  9. «Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland» (PDF) 
  10. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  11. Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  13. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  14. Okada (1999), p. 117.
  15. Jerzy Treder. «Fonetyka i fonologia». Arquivado do original em 4 de março de 2016 
  16. Kara (2003), p. 11.
  17. Nau (1998), p. 6.
  18. a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
  19. Ladefoged (2005), p. 158.
  20. Blust (1999), p. 330.
  21. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  22. Cruz-Ferreira 1995, p. 91.
  23. Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  24. Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
  25. Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  26. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  27. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  28. Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  29. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. ?.
  30. S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). «Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system». arXiv:0802.4198Acessível livremente 
  31. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  32. a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  33. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  34. Merrill (2008), p. 108.

Bibliografia

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