Modelos de buracos negros não singulares

Um buraco negro não-singular é um tipo de buraco negro descrito por teorias matemáticas que evita certos problemas com o atual modelo padrão dos buracos negros, incluindo o perda de informação e a natureza não observável do horizonte de eventos.

Evitando paradoxos no modelo de buracos negros padrão

Para que um buraco negro exista fisicamente como uma solução à equação de Einstein, é preciso que este corpo forme um horizonte de eventos em tempo finito em relação a observadores externos. Isto requer uma teoria refinada para a formação dos buracos negros, e várias teorias já foram propostas. Em 2007, Shuan Nan Zhang da Universidade de Tsinghua propôs um modelo no qual o horizonte de eventos de um buraco negro em potencial só se forma (ou se expande) após a queda de um objeto no horizonte de eventos existente, ou após o horizonte de eventos ter atingido uma densidade crítica. Em outras palavras, um objeto cainte faz com que o horizonte de eventos de um buraco negro se expanda, o que só ocorre após o objeto ter caído no buraco negro, permitindo um horizonte de eventos em tempo finito.[1][2] Porém, esta solução não resolve o problema do paradoxo da informação.

Modelos alternativos de buracos negros

Modelos de buracos negros não-singulares têm sido proposto desde que os primeiros problemas com os buracos negros foram identificados. Atualmente, algumas dos candidatos mais viáveis para o resultado final do colapso de uma estrela cuja massa supera em muito o limite de Chandrasekhar inclui o gravastar e a estrela de energia escura.

Embora os buracos negros venham sendo uma parte bem estabelecida da física durante o final do século XX, modelos alternativos receberam atenção renovada quando modelos propostos por George Chapline e posteriormente por Lawrence Krauss, Dejan Stojkovic, e Tanmay Vachaspati da Universidade Case Western Reserve demonstraram em várias simulações separadas que o horizonte de eventos dos buracos negros não poderia se formar.[3][4]

A pesquisa sobre modelos alternativos de buracos negros tem recebido considerável atenção midiática,[5] levando em conta que estes corpos têm por muito tempo capturado a imaginação tanto do público quanto dos cientistas por sua natureza simples e misteriosa. Por isso, os resultados teóricos recentes destas teorias alternativas têm sido alvo de intenso inquérito e muitos têm sido descartados. Por exemplo, vários modelos alternativos de buracos negros se mostraram instáveis em rotação rápida,[6] os quais, através da conservação do momento angular não seriam incomuns para um cenário físico de uma estrela colapsada (ver pulsar). No entanto, a existência de um modelo estável para um buraco negro não-singular permanece uma questão aberta.

Referências

  1. Zhang, Shuang Nan; Sumin Tang (6 de julho de 2007). «Witnessing matter falling into a black hole by a distant observer». Universidade de Tsinghua. Consultado em 3 de novembro de 2007  [ligação inativa]
  2. Zhang, Shuang Nan; Yuan Liu (outubro de 2007). «AIP Conference Proceedings». AIPConf.Proc.968:384-391,2008. 968: 384–391. arXiv:0710.2443Acessível livremente. doi:10.1063/1.2840436  |capítulo= ignorado (ajuda)
  3. Chapline, George (julho de 1998). «The Black Hole Information Puzzle and Evidence for a Cosmological Constant». arXiv:hep-th/9807175Acessível livremente [hep-th] 
  4. Vachaspati, Tanmay; Dejan Stojkovic, Lawrence M. Krauss (junho de 2007). «Observation of Incipient Black Holes and the Information Loss Problem». Phys.Rev.D76:024005,2007. 76 (2). Bibcode:2007PhRvD..76b4005V. arXiv:gr-qc/0609024Acessível livremente. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.024005 
  5. Rockets, Rusty (22 de junho de 2008). «Rethinking Black Holes». Science A Gogo. Consultado em 3 de novembro de 2007 
  6. Cardoso, Vitor; Paolo Pani, Mariano Cadoni, Marco Cavaglia (setembro de 2007). «Ergoregion instability rules out black hole doubles». Phys.Rev.D77:124044,2008. 77 (12). Bibcode:2008PhRvD..77l4044C. arXiv:0709.0532Acessível livremente. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.124044 

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