Procaterolo

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Procaterolo
Nome IUPAC
(±)-(1R,2S)-rel-8-idrossi-5-[1-idrossi-2-(isopropilammino)butil]-chinolin-2(1H)-one
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC16H22N2O3
Massa molecolare (u)290,357
Numero CAS59828-07-8
Numero EINECS276-590-0
Codice ATCR03AC16
PubChem4916
DrugBankDBDB01366
SMILES
CCC(C(C1=C2C=CC(=O)NC2=C(C=C1)O)O)NC(C)C
Dati farmacologici
Categoria farmacoterapeuticabroncodilatatori, beta 2 agonisti selettivi
Modalità di
somministrazione
Orale, inalatoria
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Frasi H---
Consigli P---

Il procaterolo è un composto, a breve durata d'azione, spesso venduto come procaterolo idrocloridrato, con attività di tipo agonista selettivo sui recettori β2-adrenergici. Come farmaco viene utilizzato per ridurre il broncospasmo in alcune condizioni patologiche quali l'asma bronchiale e la broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva. Sfortunatamente la molecola viene prontamente ossidata in presenza di umidità ed aria, il che la rende inadatta all'uso terapeutico tramite inalazione per aerosol. L'azienda farmaceutica che ha sviluppato il farmaco, la Parke-Davis/Warner-Lambert ha a lungo ricercato uno stabilizzatore per prevenire il fenomeno dell'ossidazione, ma questi sforzi non sono stati coronati da successo. Sviluppato in Giappone è commercializzato dalla società farmaceutica Otsuka Pharmaceutical ed è disponibile nella forma farmacologica di compresse, sciroppo ed aerosol con inalatore predosato. Può essere inoltre somministrato per via parenterale.

Farmacodinamica

Procaterolo è una molecola adrenergica, un agonista selettivo dei recettori β2-adrenergici, particolarmente diffusi a livello della muscolatura liscia bronchiale. La stimolazione di questi recettori da parte del farmaco comporta un incremento dell'AMP ciclico endocellulare. L'aumento di AMP ciclico porta a sua volta all'attivazione della protein chinasi A, ed all'inibizione della fosforilazione della miosina, con conseguente rilassamento muscolare e determinazione di un effetto di tipo broncodilatatore con risoluzione del broncospasmo.[1][2][3]

Usi clinici

Il farmaco viene utilizzato nel trattamento del broncospasmo associato all'asma bronchiale e ad altre patologie che comportano occlusione delle vie respiratorie, come ad esempio la broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva.[4][5][6] Può essere utilizzato nella prevenzione del broncospasmo associato all'esercizio fisico.

Effetti collaterali ed indesiderati

Tra gli effetti collaterali più comuni si segnala la possibile comparsa di tremori fini a carico della muscolatura scheletrica, in genere più facilmente evidenziabili alle mani. Questo effetto avverso, tipico e comune a tutti gli stimolanti beta-adrenergici, è in stretta relazione con la dose.[6][7][8] Sono stati osservati anche altri effetti collaterali, come ad esempio ansia, cefalea, cardiopalmo, secchezza delle fauci, crampi muscolari. Questi eventi avversi sembrano verificarsi con una frequenza sovrapponibile o lievemente inferiore a quella di salbutamolo.[9][10][11]

Note

  1. ^ T. Fujiwara, K. Sumimoto; T. Itoh; H. Suzuki; H. Kuriyama, Relaxing actions of procaterol, a beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulant, on smooth muscle cells of the dog trachea., in Br J Pharmacol, vol. 93, n. 1, Gen 1988, pp. 199-209, PMID 2894876.
  2. ^ H. Yabana, Y. Sasaki; H. Narita; T. Nagao, Subcellular fractions of cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and the positive inotropic effects of selective beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists in guinea pig hearts., in J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, vol. 26, n. 6, Dic 1995, pp. 893-8, PMID 8606525.
  3. ^ Y. Saitoh, T. Hosokawa; T. Igawa; Y. Irie, Effect of a selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, procaterol, on tissue cyclic AMP level. Its determination after tissue fixation by microwave irradiation., in Biochem Pharmacol, vol. 28, n. 8, Apr 1979, pp. 1319-22, PMID 87200.
  4. ^ H. Tukiainen, J. Jaakkola; M. Torkko; EO. Terho, Comparison between oral procaterol and salbutamol in patients with bronchial asthma., in Curr Med Res Opin, vol. 11, n. 4, 1988, pp. 236-41, DOI:10.1185/03007998809114242, PMID 2975204.
  5. ^ SC. Siegel, RM. Katz; GS. Rachelefsky; ML. Brandon; LA. Borgen, A placebo-controlled trial of procaterol: a new long-acting oral beta 2-agonist in bronchial asthma., in J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol. 75, n. 6, Giu 1985, pp. 698-705, PMID 2861219.
  6. ^ a b WW. Storms, P. Chervinsky; T. Bell; JP. Kemp; ML. Brandon; CE. Reed; SC. Siegel; L. Repsher, Procaterol metered-dose inhaler: a multiclinic study evaluating the efficacy and safety in patients with asthma., in Ann Allergy, vol. 63, n. 5, Nov 1989, pp. 444-8, PMID 2573298.
  7. ^ DG. Tinkelman, R. DeJong; C. Lutz; DL. Spangler, Evaluation of tremor and efficacy of oral procaterol in adult patients with asthma., in J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol. 85, n. 4, Apr 1990, pp. 719-28, PMID 1969869.
  8. ^ A. Chetta, M. Del Donno; G. Maiocchi; G. Pisi; D. Moretti; D. Olivieri, Prolonged bronchodilating effect of formoterol versus procaterol in bronchial asthma., in Ann Allergy, vol. 70, n. 2, Feb 1993, pp. 171-4, PMID 8430925.
  9. ^ T. Płusa, E. Zaraś; J. Kruszewski, [Clinical evaluation of procaterol and salbutamol in patients with bronchial asthma]., in Pneumonol Alergol Pol, vol. 60, n. 11-12, 1992, pp. 48-52, PMID 1303778.
  10. ^ JA. Mazza, DP. Tashkin; CE. Reed, Evaluation of procaterol and albuterol (salbutamol) aerosol in the treatment of asthma., in Ann Allergy, vol. 68, n. 3, Mar 1992, pp. 267-73, PMID 1532117.
  11. ^ K. Liippo, M. Silvasti; H. Tukiainen, Inhaled procaterol versus salbutamol in bronchial asthma., in Eur J Clin Pharmacol, vol. 40, n. 4, 1991, pp. 417-8, PMID 1828765.

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