Queen Anne's Revenge

34°41′44″N 76°41′20″W / 34.69556°N 76.68889°W / 34.69556; -76.68889

Illustration published in 1736
French merchant flagFrance
NameLa Concorde
Launchedc. 1710
CapturedMartinique, 28 November 1717
Blackbeard's flagPirates
NameQueen Anne's Revenge
FateRan aground on 10 June 1718 near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina
General characteristics
Class and typeFrigate
Tons burthen200 bm
Length103 ft (31.4 m)
Beam24.6 ft (7.5 m)
Sail planFull-rigged
Complementup to 300 in Blackbeard's service
Armament40 cannons (alleged), 30 found[1]
Queen Anne's Revenge
Queen Anne's Revenge is located in North Carolina
Queen Anne's Revenge
Queen Anne's Revenge is located in the United States
Queen Anne's Revenge
Nearest cityAtlantic Beach, North Carolina
Arealess than one acre
Builtc. 1710; 314 years ago (1710)
NRHP reference No.04000148[2]
Added to NRHP9 March 2004

Queen Anne's Revenge was an early-18th-century ship, most famously used as a flagship by Edward Teach, better known by his nickname Blackbeard. The date and place of the ship's construction are uncertain,[3] and there is no record of its actions prior to 1710 when it was operating as a French privateer as La Concorde.[4][5] Surviving features of the ship's construction strongly suggest it was built by French shipwrights, based on differences in fastening patterns in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.[6][7] After several years of French service, both as a naval frigate and as a merchant vessel – much of that time as a slave ship- she was captured by Blackbeard in 1717. Blackbeard used the ship for less than a year,[8] but captured numerous prizes using her as his flagship.

In May 1718, Blackbeard ran the ship aground at Topsail Inlet, now known as Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, United States, in present-day Carteret County.[8] After the grounding, her crew and supplies were transferred to smaller ships. In 1996, Intersal Inc., a private firm, discovered the remains of a vessel that was later determined to be Queen Anne's Revenge,[9] which was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The shipwreck was discovered off Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina.[10]

History

The ship that would be known as Queen Anne's Revenge was a 200-ton vessel believed to have been built in 1710. She was handed over to René Duguay-Trouin and employed in his service for some time before being converted into a slave ship, then operated by the leading slave trader René Montaudin of Nantes, until sold in 1713 in Peru or Chile. She was briefly re-acquired by the French Navy in November 1716, but was sold by them for commerce five months later in France, again for use as a slaver.[11] She was captured by Blackbeard and his pirates on 28 November 1717, near the island of Martinique in the West Indies.[12]

After selling her cargo of slaves at Martinique, Blackbeard made the vessel his flagship, added more heavy cannons and renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge. The name may come from the War of the Spanish Succession, known in the Americas as Queen Anne's War, in which Blackbeard may have served in the Royal Navy, or possibly from sympathy for the Jacobite cause (Queen Anne being the last Stuart monarch).[13] Blackbeard sailed this ship from the west coast of Africa to the Caribbean, attacking British, Dutch, and Portuguese merchant ships along the way.[14]

Shortly after blockading Charleston harbor in May 1718, and refusing to accept the Governor's offer of the King's Pardon, Blackbeard ran Queen Anne's Revenge aground while entering Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, on 10 June 1718. A deposition given by David Herriot, the former captain of the sloop Adventure, states "Thatch's [Teach's] ship Queen Anne's Revenge run a-ground off of the Bar of Topsail-Inlet." He also states that Adventure "run a-ground likewise about Gun-shot from the said Thatch" in an attempt to kedge Queen Anne's Revenge off the bar.[15] Blackbeard then disbanded his flotilla and escaped by transferring supplies onto the smaller Adventure. He stranded several crew members on a small island nearby, where they were later rescued by Captain Stede Bonnet. Some[16] suggest Blackbeard deliberately grounded the ship as an excuse to disperse the crew. Shortly afterward, he surrendered and accepted the King's Pardon for himself and his remaining crewmen from Governor Charles Eden at Bath, North Carolina. However, Blackbeard returned to piracy later that year and was killed in combat in November 1718.[15]

Discovery and excavation

Model of the Queen Anne's Revenge in the North Carolina Museum of History

Intersal Inc., a private research firm, discovered the wreck believed to be Queen Anne's Revenge on 21 November 1996.[17] It was located by Intersal's director of operations, Mike Daniel, who used historical research provided by the company's president, Phil Masters[18][19] and maritime archaeologist David Moore.[20] The shipwreck lies in 28 feet (8.5 m) of water about one mile (1.6 km) offshore of Fort Macon State Park (34°41′44″N 76°41′20″W), Atlantic Beach, North Carolina. On 3 March 1997, Jim Hunt, the governor of North Carolina, held a press conference in Raleigh, North Carolina. He stated: "The state of North Carolina is working to protect the site and will do everything we can to that end. We look forward to the day when all North Carolinians can see these exciting artifacts for themselves."[21] Thirty cannons have been identified to date and more than 300,000 artifacts have been recovered.[22][23] The cannons are of different origins including Sweden and England, and of different sizes as would be expected with a colonial pirate crew.[23][24]

For one week in 2000 and 2001, live underwater video of the project was webcast to the Internet as a part of the QAR DiveLive[25] educational program that reached thousands of children around the world.[26] Created and co-produced by Nautilus Productions and Marine Grafics, this project enabled students to talk to scientists and learn about methods and technologies utilized by the underwater archaeology team.[27][28]

In November 2006 and 2007, more artifacts were discovered at the site and brought to the surface. The additional artifacts appear to support the claim that the wreck is that of Queen Anne's Revenge. Among evidence to support this theory is that the cannons were found loaded. In addition, there were more cannons than would be expected for a ship of this size, and the cannons were of different makes. Depth markings on the part of the stern that was recovered point to it having been made according to the French foot measurements.[29] Markings found on a cannon and a bronze bell are engraved with dates prior to 1718, further supporting that the wreck is Queen Anne's Revenge.[30]

By the end of 2007, approximately one third of the wreck was fully excavated. Part of the hull of the ship, including much of the keel and part of the stern post, has survived. The 1,500-pound (680 kg) stern post was recovered in November 2007.[31][32] The NCDNCR set up the website[33] Queen Anne's Revenge to build on intense public interest in the finds. Artifacts recovered in 2008 include loose ceramic and pewter fragments, lead strainer fragments, a nesting weight, cannon apron, ballast stones, a sword guard and a coin.[34]

Goals during the 2010 field season included staging of one of the ship's largest main deck cannons to the large artifact holding area on site, taking corrosion readings from anchors and cannons undergoing in situ corrosion treatment, attaching aluminum-alloy anodes to the remaining anchors and cannons so as to begin their in situ corrosion treatment and continuing site excavations.[35]

In 2011, the 0.9-tonne (2,000 lb)[36] anchor from the ship was brought to the surface, along with a range of makeshift weaponry including langrage or canister shot.[37][38]

On 29 August 2011, the National Geographic Society reported that the State of North Carolina had confirmed the shipwreck as Queen Anne's Revenge, reversing a conclusion previously maintained because of a lack of conclusive evidence.[39] Specific artifacts that support this conclusion include a brass coin weight bearing the bust of Queen Anne of Great Britain, cast during her reign (1702–1714); the stem of a wine glass decorated with diamonds and tiny embossed crowns, made to commemorate the 1714 coronation of Queen Anne's successor, King George I; the remains of a French hunting sword featuring a bust that closely resembles King Louis XV, who claimed the French throne in 1715; and a urethral syringe for treating venereal diseases with a control mark indicating manufacture between 1707 and 1715 in Paris, France.[40][41]

On 21 June 2013, the National Geographic Society reported recovery of two cannons from Queen Anne's Revenge.[42] Several months later, on 28 October, archaeologists recovered five more cannons from the wreck.[43]

The 23rd of 30 cannons identified at the wreck site was recovered on 24 October 2014. The gun is approximately 56 inches (140 cm) long, weighs over 300 pounds (140 kg) and may be a sister to a Swedish gun that was previously recovered. Nine cannonballs, bar shot halves, an iron bolt and a grenado were also recovered during the 2014 field season.[44]

In January 2018, sixteen fragments of paper were identified after being recovered from sludge inside a cannon. The scraps were from a copy of the book A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710 and 1711 by Captain Edward Cooke, in which Cooke travels under Woodes Rogers; it is likely the pages were torn from the book and used as wadding in that cannon.[45] A portion of the objects and artifacts found at the shipwreck have been given on long-term loan to the Smithsonian and are on display in the National Museum of American History. Additionally, some artifacts have been loaned to the Musée national de la Marine in Paris.[46]

In total, 24 of 30 known cannons have been excavated.[47] Of these, six cast-iron cannons bear founder's marks or proof marks indicative of a specific nation of origin. One 1⁄2-pounder carries an English proof mark, a 4-pounder carries an English proof mark and the founder's mark for Major John Fuller (1652–1722) of the Heathfield Furnace in East Sussex, and four 1-pounders carry founder's markings for Jesper Eliaeson Ehrencreutz at Ehrendals [sv] works in Södermanland, Sweden.[48] Two of the Ehrendal cannons also carry legible date marks for 1713.[49] Although there are thirty known cannons from the wreck, it is estimated that Blackbeard added around forty cannons, all in varying sizes.[50]

Recognizing the significance of Queen Anne's Revenge, the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources (NCDNCR), Intersal, and Maritime Research Institute (MRI) entered into a memorandum of agreement in 1998.[51] Intersal agreed to forgo entitlement to any coins and precious metals recovered from the wreck site in order that all artifacts remain as one intact collection, and in order for NCDNCR to determine the ultimate disposition of the artifacts. In return, Intersal was granted media, replica, and other rights related to an entity known as Blackbeard's Queen Anne's Revenge Shipwreck Project;[52] MRI was granted joint artifact touring rights with NCDNCR, Intersal, and Rick Allen of Nautilus Productions signed a settlement agreement[53] on 24 October 2013, connected to commercial, replica, and promotional opportunities for the benefit of Queen Anne's Revenge. The State of North Carolina owns the wreck since it lies in state waters (within the three-mile limit).

Archaeological recovery ceased on the shipwreck after the 2015 season because of lawsuits filed against the State of North Carolina, the NCDNCR, and the Friends of the Queen Anne's Revenge nonprofit.[54] Intersal, which discovered the Queen Anne's Revenge, filed suit in state court over contract violations.[55][56] In a unanimous decision on 2 November 2019, the North Carolina Supreme Court affirmed Intersal's complaint and voted to send the lawsuit back to complex business court for reconsideration.[57] On 23 February 2023 the judge in the case issued a ruling in favor of Intersal which granted them permission to proceed to a jury trial sometime in 2024.[58]

In 2013 and 2015, the state government of North Carolina uploaded videos of the wreck of the Queen Anne's Revenge to its website without permission. As a result, Nautilus Productions, the company documenting the recovery since 1998, filed suit in federal court over copyright violations and the passage of "Blackbeard's Law" by the North Carolina legislature.[59][60][61] Before posting the videos the North Carolina Legislature passed "Blackbeard's Law", N.C. General Statute §121-25(b),[62] which stated, "All photographs, video recordings, or other documentary materials of a derelict vessel or shipwreck or its contents, relics, artifacts, or historic materials in the custody of any agency of North Carolina government or its subdivisions shall be a public record pursuant to Chapter 132 of the General Statutes."

On 5 November 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Allen v. Cooper.[63][64][65][66] On 23 March 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of North Carolina and struck down the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act, which Congress passed in 1989 to attempt to curb such infringements of copyright by states.[67][68][69]

After the ruling, Nautilus filed a motion for reconsideration in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina.[70] On 18 August 2021 Judge Terrence Boyle granted the motion for reconsideration which North Carolina promptly appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.[71] The 4th Circuit denied the state's motion on 14 October 2022.[72] Nautilus then filed their second amended complaint on 8 February 2023 alleging 5th and 14th Amendment violations of Nautilus' constitutional rights, additional copyright violations, and claiming that North Carolina's "Blackbeard's Law" represents a Bill of Attainder.[73][74] Eight years after the passage of Blackbeard's Law, on 30 June 2023, North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper signed a bill repealing the law.[75]

Intersal, Inc.'s lawsuit continues in the North Carolina Business Court with a trial date set for 4 November 2024.[76][77] Possible damages in the case could run from $15.6 million to $259.3 million.[78]

National Register of Historic Places

Queen Anne's Revenge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The reference number is 04000148. It is listed as owned by the State of North Carolina and located South of Beaufort Inlet, N.C.[79] The wreck site is designated 31CR314 by the state of North Carolina.[80][81]

See also

References

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    • The Queen Anne's Revenge is featured in the 2015 movie Pan as the flagship of the fleet of flying pirate ships used by Blackbeard and the pirates of Neverland.
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Ceramic creations in ancient Rome Decorated terra sigillata bowl from Gaul (Metz in France) Unusually ambitious Samian ware flask from Southern Gaul around 100 AD. Heracles is killing Laomedon. Pottery was produced in enormous quantities in ancient Rome, mostly for utilitarian purposes. Some of this pottery has been uncovered into the 21st century in the former territory of the Roman Empire, as well as in other parts of the world, especially in waste mounds such as Monte Testaccio. Roman dome...

 

 

List of twin towns and sister cities in North Macedonia

Map of North Macedonia This is a list of municipalities in North Macedonia which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as town twinning (usually in Europe) or sister cities (usually in the rest of the world). B Bitola[1] Bayside, Australia Bursa, Turkey Épinal, France Kranj, Slovenia Pleven, Bulgaria Požarevac, Serbia Rijeka, Croatia Stari Grad (Belgrade), Serbia Trelleborg, Sweden Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria D Delčevo[2] Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria Borno...

 

 

Columbus Day

National holiday in the Americas For other uses, see Columbus Day (disambiguation). Columbus DayFirst Landing of Columbus on the Shores of the New World; painting by Dióscoro Puebla (1862)Observed byVarious countries in the Americas, Italy, Spain, various Little Italys around the world.TypeHistoricalSignificance Celebrations honoring Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas in 1492 Recognize contributions of Americans of Italian descent DateOctober 12 (actual/traditional); second M...

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У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Молодий театр. Молодий театр Колектив Київського «Молодого театру» в день закриття 1-го сезону. 1918 р.[1] Колектив Київського «Молодого театру» в день закриття 1-го сезону. 1918 р.[1] 50°26′54″ пн. ш. 30°31′01″ сх.&#...

 

 

Spyros Capralos

Greek water polo player and sports executive Spyros Capralos Spyros Capralos (Σπύρος Καπράλος, born 15 April 1955 in Athens[1]) is a Greek former water polo player and sports executive. He represented Greece at the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics. He has been the president of the Hellenic Olympic Committee since 2009 and the president of the European Olympic Committees since 2021. He has also been a member of the International Olympic Committee since 2019. Career Champion ...

Ross Masood

Vice-Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1889-1937) Ross MasoodRoss Masood, (right) with Sulaiman Nadwi (center) and Muhammad Iqbal (left) in AfghanistanBorn15 February 1889Delhi, British IndiaDied30 July 1937(1937-07-30) (aged 48)Bhopal, Bhopal State, British IndiaParentSyed Mahmood (father)RelativesSyed Ahmed Khan (grandfather) Part of a series onAligarh Movement Notable ideas Muslim adoption of Western ideas Muslim identity Oxbridge model of education Advocacy of Urdu Notable mem...

 

 

Sabrina (2018 film)

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article or section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as This article has no plot and needs extensive rewrites. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (November 2019)This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable...

 

 

Abdul Mukti Keliobas

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

Cyberwar (video game)

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Black Friday

Drukte bij Walmart. Black Friday (Nederlands: Zwarte Vrijdag) is ontstaan in Verenigde Staten en valt de dag na Thanksgiving Day, dat wordt gevierd op de vierde donderdag in november. Op vrijdag hebben de meeste werknemers in de Verenigde Staten vrijaf. Black Friday wordt beschouwd als het begin van het seizoen voor kerstaankopen. Er wordt met hoge kortingen geadverteerd om klanten te lokken. Heel wat winkels gaan al vroeg in de ochtend open en klanten staan vaak uren in de rij tot de winkels...

 

 

Ukrsotsbank

UkrsotsbankNative nameУкрсоцбанкFormerlyBank Pekao Ukraine, UniCredit Bank Ukraine – UkrsotsbankTypePublic companyIndustryCommercial bankFoundedLutsk, Ukraine (1997 (1997))HeadquartersKyiv, UkraineArea servedUkraineKey peopleTamara Savoshchenko (Executive director)ProductsRetail, investment and private banking, investment management, public financeNet income ₴ 10.988 billion (2013[1])Total assets ₴ 43.057 billion (2014[1])...

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Maëlle Ricker

Canadian snowboarder Maëlle RickerMaëlle Ricker receives her gold medal at the 2010 Olympic medal ceremony.Personal informationBorn (1978-12-02) December 2, 1978 (age 45)North Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaHeight1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Weight63 kg (139 lb; 9.9 st)Websitewww.maellericker.ca/SportCountry CanadaSportSnowboard cross Medal record Women's snowboarding Representing  Canada Olympic Games 2010 Vancouver Snowboard cross World Championships ...

 

 

Richard Rau

German sprinter Richard RauRichard Rau (right) in the 4×100 m final at the 1912 OlympicsPersonal informationBorn26 August 1889Berlin, German EmpireDied6 November 1945 (aged 56)Vyazma, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionHeight1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight67 kg (148 lb)SportSportSprint runningClubSC Charlottenburg, Berlin Richard Rau (26 August 1889 – 6 November 1945) was a German SS officer and track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.[1] He was e...

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Brand of multivitamins CentrumProduct typeMultivitaminsOwnerHaleonCountryUnited StatesIntroduced1978; 45 years ago (1978)Previous ownersWyethPfizerGSKWebsitewww.centrum.com Centrum is an American brand of multivitamins produced by Haleon. It was previously owned by Pfizer (formerly Wyeth) and GSK.[1] Centrum multivitamins in Australasian packaging Physicians' Health Study II This section may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to m...

 

 

Ultimogeniture

Norm of youngest child as sole inheritor Agnatic ultimogeniture diagram. The grey square is the current holder of the property, the black squares are deceased, the numbers indicate his potential successors in order of succession as things stand. Ultimogeniture, also known as postremogeniture or junior right, is the tradition of inheritance by the last-born of a privileged position in a parent's wealth or office. The tradition has been far rarer historically than primogeniture (sole inheritanc...

 

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!