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APS
APS
	APS underwater rifle with 5.66-mm cartridge
Type	Underwater Assault rifle
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1975–present
Production history
Designer	Vladimir Simonov
Designed	1970s
Manufacturer	Tula Arms Plant,; TsNIITochMash
Produced	1975–present
Specifications
Mass	3.0 kg empty; 3.9 kg loaded
Length	840 mm with stock extended; 620 mm with stock retracted
Barrel length	300 mm
Width	65 mm
Cartridge	5.66×39mm MPS with 5.66×120mm steel darts and tracer MPST
Caliber	5.66mm
Action	Gas actuated
Rate of fire	600 rounds per minute (on land)
Muzzle velocity	340–360 meter per second (on land)
Effective firing range	30 m at depth 5 m (98 ft at depth 16 ft); 20 m at depth 20 m (66 ft at depth 66 ft); 11 m at depth 40 m (36 ft at depth 131 ft)
Maximum firing range	100 m in the air
Feed system	26-round detachable Magazine

The APS underwater assault rifle (Russian: Автомат Подводный Специальный, romanized: Avtomat Podvodny Spetsialnyy, lit. 'Special Underwater Assault Rifle') is an underwater firearm designed by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. It was adopted in 1975. Made by the Tula Arms Plant (Тульский Оружейный Завод, Tul'skiy Oruzheynyy Zavod) in Russia, it is exported by Rosoboronexport.

Under water, ordinary bullets are inaccurate and have a very short range. The APS fires a 120-millimetre-long (4.7 in), 5.66 mm calibre steel bolt specially designed for this weapon. Its magazine holds 26 rounds. The APS's barrel is not rifled; the fired projectile is kept in line by hydrodynamic effects; as a result, the APS is somewhat inaccurate when fired out of water.

The APS has a longer range and more penetrating power than spearguns. This is useful in such situations such as shooting an opposing diver through a reinforced dry suit, a protective helmet (whether air-holding or not), thick tough parts of breathing sets and their harnesses, and the plastic casings and transparent covers of some small underwater vehicles.

The APS is more powerful than a pistol, but is bulkier, heavier and takes longer to aim, particularly swinging its long barrel and large flat magazine sideways through water.

History

The rising threat of attacks by frogmen in naval bases caused various anti-frogman techniques to be developed. In the USSR, one of these techniques was guard frogmen sent to stop the attackers. At first these guard frogmen were armed only with knives and AK-type rifles. The rifle was carried in a waterproof case and could be used only on the surface, so the only effective underwater weapon against enemy frogmen was the knife.

The SPP-1 underwater pistol was accepted in 1971, but soon proved to be useful for close-up self-defence rather than in attacking more distant targets. Vladimir Simonov undertook the job of developing an underwater assault rifle. To allow the rifle's mechanism to work under water, there had to be room for the flow of the water pushed aside by moving parts and by the gas produced by the propellant explosive in the cartridge. The APS rifle was accepted for use in the mid-1970s. One special improvement was a perforated gas tube, and in the sighting. Its design engineer received a state award in 1983.

As with the SPP-1 the first stage of the work was to develop a cartridge. A 5.45-millimetre (0.215 in) by 39-millimetre (1.5 in) cartridge was lengthened by about 115 millimetres (4.5 in) to fit the sharp-fronted steel bolt. Another cartridge version was designed that contained a miniature rocket, which when fired makes a visible streak in the water. Next, Vladimir Simonov designed the rifle. The objective was ambitious; nobody had ever before tried to build a functioning automatic underwater firearm. The most important problem was designing a receiver that could work under water. Water is essentially incompressible, so the structure had to let water move around easily; as a result, its receiver is open at the rear. Since it operates on the principle of gas discharge, it has a gas controller to let it work both underwater and on land.

Special Operations Forces operator with an APS rifle

The APS was adopted in the mid-1970s. Afterwards, there was lengthy improvement work on the APS. One improvement was fitting a perforated gas pipe with a special shield to break up the emitted gas bubbles, making targeting easier and reducing the visibility of the bubbles, allowing stealthier firing of the weapon.

The APS was the primary weapon of Soviet frogmen and Serbian river flotilla frogmen.

However, since the conception of this new weapon there were objections. It was the perfect weapon for the Soviet frogmen's underwater operations, but it was less useful for Spetsnaz soldiers fighting both on land and underwater. The APS can operate on land, but its effective range does not exceed 50 metres, and the rifle's lifetime drops to 180 shots in air from 2,000 shots underwater. Therefore, they mostly carried a SPP-1 pistol for self-defence under water and an AK-74 to fight on land. At the end of the 1980s the ASM-DT amphibious rifle was developed.

Users

Azerbaijan^[2]
Belarus^[3]
India: Used by MARCOS commandos.^[4]
Kazakhstan^[5]
Russia^[6]
Serbia: by the 82nd River Underwater Demolition Company of the 72nd Brigade for Special Operations^[7]
Ukraine^[8]

Bibliography

Piotr Taras „Strzałki” dla płetwonurków, Komandos 9/93. ISSN 0867-8669.
Zbigniew Gwóźdź, Strzały pod wodą, Komandos 7/8/96. ISSN 0867-8669.
Leszek Erenfeicht, Rosyjska broń strzelecka dla płetwonurków, Strzał 5/2003. ISSN 1644-4906.
Wiktor Suworow, Specnaz. Historia sił specjalnych Armii Radzieckiej, Wydawnictwo Adamski i Bieliński, Warszawa 1999. ISBN 83-87454-50-8.
Southby-Tailyour, Ewen (2005). Jane's Special Forces Recognition Guide. New York: Collins. ISBN 0-00-718329-1.