Sack of Baltimore

Entrance to Baltimore bay

The sack of Baltimore took place on 20 June 1631, when the village of Baltimore in West Cork, Ireland, was attacked by pirates from the Barbary Coast of North Africa — the raiders included Dutchmen, Algerians, and Ottoman Turks. The attack was the largest by Barbary slave traders on Ireland.^[1][2]

The attack was led by an expatriate Dutch captain, Murad Reis the Younger (formerly Jan Janszoon van Haarlem), who had been enslaved by Algerians but released when he renounced his faith and converted to Islam. Murad's force was led to the village by an Irish Catholic known as John Hackett — the captain of a fishing boat that had been captured earlier — purportedly in exchange for his freedom although dark conspiracy theories regarding Hackett, Sir Walter Coppinger, and Murad persist (see Sack of Baltimore#Conspiracy speculation). Hackett was subsequently hanged from the cliff-top outside the village for conspiracy.^[3][4]

Attack

Murad's crew, made up of European renegades and Algerians,^[a] launched their covert attack on the remote village of Baltimore on 20 June 1631.^[5][2] They captured at least 107 villagers,^[6] mostly English settlers along with some local Irish people (some reports put the number as high as 237).^[7] The attack was focused on the area of the village known to this day as the Cove.^[5] The villagers were put in irons and taken to a life of slavery in Algiers.^[8]

Aftermath

Slave market in Algiers, 1684

Some prisoners were destined to live out their days as galley slaves, rowing for decades without ever setting foot on shore^[9][10] while others would spend long years in a harem or as labourers. Only three at most of the slaves ever returned to Ireland.^[11][10] One was ransomed almost at once ^{[citation needed]} and two others in 1646.^[12] In the aftermath of the raid, the remaining villagers moved to Skibbereen, and Baltimore was virtually deserted for generations.^[13]

Conspiracy speculation

In his book The Stolen Village, Des Ekin raises the possibility that Sir Walter Coppinger, a prominent Catholic lawyer and moneylender of Hiberno-Norse descent and member of the leading Cork family — who had become the main landowner in the area after the death of Sir Thomas Crooke, 1st Baronet, the founder of the English colony — secretly hired the Barbary pirates to attack the village in possible collaboration with the family of deceased local Irish clan chief, Sir Fineen O'Driscoll.^[14] It was the Clan O'Driscoll that rented Baltimore and its lucrative pilchard fishing grounds to the English Puritan settlers on 20 June 1610. The lease for the land was for twenty-one years at the end of which the title for the land was set because of a loan agreement to transfer to Walter Coppinger on 20 June 1631.^[15]

Baltimore Bay on the south coast

Coppinger, before the time was over on the lease, tried by an assortment of means to evict the settlers from Baltimore and gain the valuable fishing rights of the area early.^[16] After a long period of legal wrangling and harassment, it was decided in 1630 by the courts that the settlers could not be evicted because of the large amount they had invested in the development of the town. Coppinger was required to rent the land to the settlers for perpetuity.^[17] Ekin proposes that Coppinger, in order to guarantee that the land would revert to him on 20 June 1631, as originally agreed with the English settlers, hired Murad Reis to raid Baltimore. Ekin acknowledges that there is no concrete proof that Coppinger had any involvement with the raid, however, he does note the uncanny coincidence of the raid happening on 20 June 1631 -- the exact same date the lease was supposed to end.^[14]

On the other hand, Murad may just as easily have planned the raid without any help. For example, it is well-documented that the authorities had advanced intelligence that Murad planned to make an attack against a port town along the County Cork coast, although Kinsale was incorrectly thought to be the target rather than Baltimore.^[18]

In literature and the arts

• The fictionalized capture and enslavement of Sir Fineen O'Driscoll's daughter Máire during the raid inspired Thomas Davis's poem, "The Sack of Baltimore".^[19] The poem has the line: "And when to die a death of fire that noble maid they bore, She only smiled, O'Driscoll's child; she thought of Baltimore."^[20]
• A detailed account of the sack of Baltimore can be found in the book The Stolen Village: Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates by Des Ekin.^[21]
• In 1999, the raid on Baltimore was portrayed in a screenplay titled Roaring Water, The Sack of Baltimore, by Irish screenwriter Sean Boyle.
• In 2014, Chris Bolister set the saga to music in "The Ballad (Sack) of Baltimore", written from the perspective of the captured James Rooney.^[22]
• In 2015, the raid inspired the song "Roaring Waters" from the album Last of Our Kind by British hard rock band The Darkness. The band were inspired to write the song after learning of the incident while on Valentia Island, approximately 50 miles from Baltimore.^[23]
• In 2018, singer/songwriter Tim O'Riordan commemorated the raid in the song Sail Away To Barbary on the album Taibhse.^[24]
• A historic drama in three acts about the events leading up to and following the infamous raid in June 1631 set in 'The Cove', Baltimore, and at Lismore Castle. We Who Are Blameless by Rupert Stutchbury.^[25][26]
• A historical fiction novel regarding the Sack of Baltimore in three books: Baltimore, Baltimore Book 2, and Baltimore Book 3 by Tony Bryan.^[27]
• A musical soundtrack demonstration of a working historical fiction musical called The Sack 1631

See also

• Sklavenkasse
• Slave raid of Suðuroy, raid on Faroe Islands in 1629
• Slavery in Africa
• Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
• Turkish Abductions, raid on Iceland in 1627

Notes

1. Individuals who renounced their Christian faith and converted to Islam were called "renegades".

References

1. Ó Domhnaill, Rónán Gearóid (28 April 2015). Fadó Fadó: More Tales of Lesser-Known Irish History. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-78462-230-5.
2. Wilson, Peter Lamborn (2003). Pirate Utopias: Moorish Corsairs & European Renegadoes. Autonomedia. pp. 119, 121. ISBN 978-1-57027-158-8.
3. Ó Domhnaill, Rónán Gearóid (2015). Fadó Fadó: More Tales of Lesser-Known Irish History. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 34. ISBN 978-1784622305. Retrieved 15 June 2015. The truth soon emerged and he was hanged from the cliff top outside the village for his conspiracy
4. Corporation, Kinsale, Ireland (1879). The Council Book of the Corporation of Kinsale, from 1652 to 1800. J. Billing and sons. pp. xxxiii–xxxv.
5. Murray, Theresa Denise (30 March 2020). "Chapter 4: From Baltimore to Barbary: the 1631 sack of Baltimore". In Gibney, John (ed.). The Irish Diaspora. Pen and Sword History. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-5267-3685-7.
6. Gibney, John (30 March 2020). The Irish Diaspora. Pen and Sword History. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-5267-3685-7.
7. Lane-Poole, Stanley; Kelley, James Douglas Jerrold (1890). The Story of the Barbary Corsairs. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8482-4873-4.
8. Gibney, John (30 March 2020). The Irish Diaspora. Pen and Sword History. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-5267-3685-7.
9. Davis, Robert (2003). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0333719664.
10. Ó Domhnaill, Rónán Gearóid (28 April 2015). Fadó Fadó: More Tales of Lesser-Known Irish History. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-78462-230-5.
11. "The Sack of Baltimore – Heritage & History | Baltimore Holiday and Travel Information – Ireland".
12. Gibney, John (30 March 2020). The Irish Diaspora. Pen and Sword History. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-5267-3685-7.
13. Gibney, John (30 March 2020). The Irish Diaspora. Pen and Sword History. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-5267-3685-7.
14. Ekin, Des (2008). The stolen village: a thrilling account of the 17th-century raid on Ireland by the Barbary pirates. Internet Archive. New York, N.Y.: Fall River Press. pp. 338–343. ISBN 978-1-4351-0500-3.
15. Ekin, Des (2008). The stolen village: a thrilling account of the 17th-century raid on Ireland by the Barbary pirates. Internet Archive. New York, N.Y.: Fall River Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-4351-0500-3.
16. Ekin, Des (2008). The stolen village: a thrilling account of the 17th-century raid on Ireland by the Barbary pirates. Internet Archive. New York, N.Y.: Fall River Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-1-4351-0500-3.
17. Ekin, Des (2008). The stolen village : a thrilling account of the 17th-century raid on Ireland by the Barbary pirates. Internet Archive. New York, N.Y.: Fall River Press. p. 338. ISBN 978-1-4351-0500-3.
18. Ekin, Des (2008). The stolen village: a thrilling account of the 17th-century raid on Ireland by the Barbary pirates. Internet Archive. New York, N.Y.: Fall River Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-4351-0500-3.
19. Ekin, Des (2008). The stolen village: a thrilling account of the 17th-century raid on Ireland by the Barbary pirates. Internet Archive. New York, N.Y.: Fall River Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4351-0500-3.
20. Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan (1845). The Ballad Poetry of Ireland. J. Duffy. p. 235.
21. Ekin, Des (2008). The stolen village: a thrilling account of the 17th-century raid on Ireland by the Barbary pirates. Internet Archive. New York, N.Y.: Fall River Press. ISBN 978-1-4351-0500-3.
22. "The Ballad (Sack) of Baltimore". YouTube.
23. "The Darkness Roaring Waters". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
24. "Taibhse Tim O'Riordan". www.timoriordan.hearnow.com. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
25. Cassidy, Eddie (10 June 2013). "Play provides new theory on 1631 pirate invasion of village". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
26. English, Eoin (20 June 2013). "Play lifts lid on Pirates of the Carbery". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
27. Ireland, TheCork ie (News)-Your Online News from Cork (8 November 2020). "NEW CORK RELATED BOOK: which uses 17th Century 'Sack of Baltimore' in West Cork, Ireland as historical backdrop". TheCork.ie (News & Entertainment). Retrieved 30 June 2023.

External links

• The Sack of Baltimore – short account from the Baltimore Web site
• The Sack of Baltimore – the text of Davis's poem
• Fineen the Rover, Hackett and the Algerian pirates

51.48341°N 9.37168°W / 51.48341; -9.37168 (Sack of Baltimore)