On this page, Klingon text in the Latin alphabet is displayed in typewriter font, and with the modifier letter apostrophe ( ʼ ) rather than the ASCII apostrophe ( ' ), which is a punctuation mark.
Klingon follows an object–verb–subject word order.[1] Adverbs usually go at the beginning of the sentence[2] and prepositional phrases go before the object.[3]
Doʼ DujDaq ghoqwIʼ Sam laʼ
Doʼ
fortunately
Duj
ship
-
+
Daq
LOC
ghoqwIʼ
spy
Sam
find
laʼ
commander
Doʼ Duj - Daq ghoqwIʼ Sam laʼ
fortunately ship + LOC spy find commander
Fortunately, the commander found the spy aboard the ship
Sentences can be treated as objects, and the word ʼeʼ is placed after the sentence. ʼeʼ is treated as the object of the next sentence.[4] The adverbs, indirect objects and locatives of the latter sentence go after the subject, but before the ʼeʼ[5]
bIpIv ʼeʼ vItuʼ
bI
you-Ø
-
+
pIv
be healthy
ʼeʼ
that
vI
I-it
-
+
tuʼ
observe
bI - pIv ʼeʼ vI - tuʼ
you-Ø + {be healthy} that I-it + observe
I see that you're healthy (lit. I observe that you are healthy)
Nouns
Klingon has three noun classes. The first one is living beings with an innate capacity to use language. The second one is body parts (not the body itself) and the third is all other nouns.[6] Klingon has no articles, so the word raStable can mean a table or the table. The difference between the two is inferred from context.
Suffixes
There are five types of noun suffixes. A word cannot have two suffixes of the same type.[7] The suffixes are ordered based on type number; a type 2 suffix goes before a type 3 suffix, but after a type 1 suffix.[8] In the following example, all five suffix types are used in the correct order.
If the noun to which the endearment suffix is added ends with a vowel, a glottal stop is inserted between them:[9]
ghu
baby
→
ghuʼoy
dear baby
ghu → ghuʼoy
baby {} {dear baby}
Type 2 (plurals)
This type of suffix forms plurals. There are three suffixes, one for each noun class.
The suffix -puʼ is for beings capable of using language.[6]
qetwIʼ
runner
→
qetwIʼpuʼ
runners
qetwIʼ → qetwIʼpuʼ
runner {} runners
The suffix -Duʼ is for body parts,
ghop
hand
→
ghopDuʼ
hands
ghop → ghopDuʼ
hand {} hands
The suffix -mey is used for all other nouns.
quS
chair
→
quSmey
chairs
quS → quSmey
chair {} chairs
When -mey is used for nouns that would normally take -puʼ or -Duʼ, it carries the connotation of being all over the place.
ghot
person
→
ghotmey
people all over the place
ghot → ghotmey
person {} {people all over the place}
A noun does not require a plural suffix if a pronoun, pronominal prefix, or context serves to indicate that it is plural,[10] or if it is being used in conjunction with a number.[11]
DuypuʼchaH or Duy chaH
They are emissaries.
raSmeyDIghor or raS DIghor
We broke the tables.
Type 3 (accuracy)
This type of suffix indicates the speaker's opinion of the applicability of the noun. There are three suffixes:
The suffix -qoq indicates that the speaker thinks what they are referencing is not actually represented by the noun.
QaH
the help
→
QaHqoq
the so-called help
QaH → QaHqoq
{the help} {} {the so-called help}
The dubitative suffix -Hey indicates the speaker is not entirely sure if the object they are referencing is represented by the noun.[12]
choH
change
→
choHHey
apparent change
choH → choHHey
change {} {apparent change}
The suffix -naʼ indicates that the speaker is entirely sure that the object is represented accurately by the noun.[13]
jup
friend
→
jupnaʼ
true friend
jup → jupnaʼ
friend {} {true friend}
Type 4 (possession, determiners)
This type of suffix indicates possession or specifies which object is referred to. It contains twelve suffixes.
There are ten possession suffixes, indicating who is the possessor of the object, which may be a person. For first- and second-person possessors, there are different forms depending on whether the "object" is a being capable of using language.
-vamthis indicates an object that is nearby or that is being discussed
-vetlhthat indicates an object that is not nearby or that had previously been discussed
Examples:
Non-language-user possessives:
nav
paper
→
navwIj
my paper
nav → navwIj
paper {} {my paper}
Language-user possessives:
qeSwIʼpuʼ
advisors
→
qeSwIʼpuʼlIʼ
your advisors
qeSwIʼpuʼ → qeSwIʼpuʼlIʼ
advisors {} {your advisors}
Determiners:
Soj
food
→
Sojvam
this food
Soj → Sojvam
food {} {this food}
Type 5 (syntactic role)
This type of suffix serves a syntactic role in the sentence. It contains five suffixes.
The locative suffix -Daq indicates the action of the sentence is taking place in, at or on the noun.[15] With certain verbs, it indicates motion towards the noun.
juHmaj
our home
→
juHmajDaq
in our home
juHmaj → juHmajDaq
{our home} {} {in our home}
The ablative suffix -voʼ indicates that the action is taking place away from the noun. Again, with certain verbs, it indicates motion away from the noun.
qoj
cliff
→
qojvoʼ
away from the cliff
qoj → qojvoʼ
cliff {} {away from the cliff}
The causal suffix -moʼ indicates that the action is occurring because of the noun.
ghuʼ
situation
→
ghuʼmoʼ
because of the situation
ghuʼ → ghuʼmoʼ
situation {} {because of the situation}
The dative/benefactive suffix -vaD indicates the indirect object, and/or the noun for which the action has been done.[15]
jeʼwIʼ
buyer
→
jeʼwIʼvaD
to/for the buyer
jeʼwIʼ → jeʼwIʼvaD
buyer {} {to/for the buyer}
The topicalizing suffix -ʼeʼ indicates the topic of the sentence or emphasises the noun in the phrase, and also marks the head noun of a relative clause.[16]
Verbs
Klingon verbs mark for aspect but not for tense, which is indicated where necessary by context and by time adverbs. Prefixes mark subject and object. There are ten types of suffix, and as with nouns, a verb can have no more than one suffix of any type. (The tenth type, called rovers, are an exception.) Again as with nouns, the types of suffix must appear in a strict order, indicated by their type number: a type 2 suffix goes before a type 3 suffix, but after a type 1 suffix. A rover suffix can go between any of them.[17]
Unlike English, there is no infinitive.[18] The presentation of the verb stem as an infinitive in this article's example sentences is just to show the individual morphemes.
Prefixes
Klingon verb prefixes mark both the subject and the object.
Prefixes must be present even if the nouns or pronouns they reference are declared explicitly.[19] In certain cases with a third person object, a first or second person indirect object can be omitted by using the first and second person object prefixes instead. This is known as the prefix trick.[20]
Examples:
No object:
Qong
sleep
→
jIQong
I sleep
Qong → jIQong
sleep {} {I sleep}
Subject and object:
nob
give
→
DunuQ
It annoys you
nob → DunuQ
give {} {It annoys you}
Imperative:
laD
read
→
yIlaD
Read it
laD → yIlaD
read {} {Read it}
Suffixes
Type 1 (reflexive/reciprocal)
This type of suffix forms reflexive verbs. There are two suffixes.
The reflexive suffix -ʼegh indicates that the individual subject(s) does/do the action to her/him/itself/themselves.[21]
This type of suffix describes the action of the verb. There are two suffixes.
The suffix -choH indicates a change of state to that indicated by the verb:
yIt
He/she/it walks
→
yItchoH
He/she/it starts walking
yIt → yItchoH
{He/she/it walks} {} {He/she/it starts walking}
Doq
It is red
→
DoqchoH
It becomes red
Doq → DoqchoH
{It is red} {} {It becomes red}
The suffix -qaʼ indicates the action had been stopped, but is now resuming, or that the action is being performed again.[23]
yIQong
Sleep!
→
yIQongqaʼ
Go back to sleep!
yIQong → yIQongqaʼ
Sleep! {} {Go back to sleep!}
Type 4 (causative)
There is only one suffix in this category, the causative suffix -moH. This suffix indicates that the subject is causing something to happen. If the verb to which it is added is transitive, the object becomes the indirect object. Many Klingon words are derived this way. For example, the verb clean (SayʼmoH) is derived from the verb be clean (Sayʼ).[24]
Intransitive verb:
poS lojmIt.
poS
be open
lojmIt
door
poS lojmIt
{be open} door
The door is open.
Causative form:
lojmIt poSmoH qup.
lojmIt
door
poS
be open
-
+
moH
CAUS
qup
elder
lojmIt poS - moH qup
door {be open} + CAUS elder
The elder opened the door. (lit. The elder caused the door to be open.)
Transitive verb:
paq Danej.
paq
book
Da
you-it
-
+
nej
look for
paq Da - nej
book you-it + {look for}
You look/are looking for the book. (lit. You look for the book.)
Causative form:
paq qanejmoH
paq
book
qa
I-you
-
+
nej
look for
-
+
moH
CAUS
paq qa - nej - moH
book I-you + {look for} + CAUS
I made you look for the book. (lit. I caused you to look for the book.)
Type 5 (undefined subject; capability)
There are two unrelated suffixes in this group. The suffix -luʼ indicates an undefined subject.[24] The verb prefixes that are normally used for first or second person subject with third person singular object are used to indicate first or second person object. The suffix -laH indicates that the subject is capable of performing the action of the verb.[24]
Examples:
-luʼ without prefix:
much bejluʼ
much
presentation
bej
watch
-
+
luʼ
INDF SBJ
much bej - luʼ
presentation watch + {INDF SBJ}
the presentation is watched, someone watches the presentation [Note 1]
much bej
He/she watches the presentation
-luʼ with prefix:
vItlhaʼluʼ
vI
I-it
-
+
tlhaʼ
chase
-
+
luʼ
INDF SBJ
vI - tlhaʼ - luʼ
I-it + chase + {INDF SBJ}
I am chased, someone chases me
vItlhaʼ
I chase it
-laH:
vIbomlaH
vI
I-it
-
+
bom
sing
-
+
laH
able to
vI - bom - laH
I-it + sing + {able to}
I can sing it
Type 6 (perfection; uncertainty)
This type indicates the speaker's opinion of the action of the verb. There are four suffixes.
The suffix -chuʼ indicates that the speaker considers the action is done in the best possible manner.
pIQoy
we hear you
→
pIQoychuʼ
we hear you clearly
pIQoy → pIQoychuʼ
{we hear you} {} {we hear you clearly}
The suffix -bej indicates that the speaker is completely sure the action is occurring.
SuQeH
you (plural) are angry
→
SuQeHbej
you are definitely angry
SuQeH → SuQeHbej
{you (plural) are angry} {} {you are definitely angry}
The dubitative suffix -lawʼ indicates that the speaker thinks the action is occurring, but is not sure.[25]
luyaj
they understand it
→
luyajlawʼ
they seem to understand it
luyaj → luyajlawʼ
{they understand it} {} {they seem to understand it}
The suffix -baʼ indicates that the speaker thinks that it is obvious that the action is occurring.[26]
lupar
they dislike it
→
luparbaʼ
they obviously dislike it
lupar → luparbaʼ
{they dislike it} {} {they obviously dislike it}
Type 7 (aspect)
This type indicates the verb's aspect. There are four Type 7 suffixes.
Note that aspect is different from tense and independent of it. A "completed" event (perfective aspect, -puʼ or -taʼ) can just as easily be set before, during, or after the time of description (past, present, or future tense), or unspecified for tense. For simplicity, this section says "is completed", not "was, is, or will be completed." (Do not confuse perfective aspect with "perfectly done".)
The perfective suffix -puʼ indicates that, in the time context of the sentence, the action is completed.
qaS
It occurs
→
qaSpuʼ
It has occurred
qaS → qaSpuʼ
{It occurs} {} {It has occurred}
vIghor
I break it
→
vIghorpuʼ
I have broken it
vIghor → vIghorpuʼ
{I break it} {} {I have broken it}
The suffix -taʼ also indicates that the action is completed, and further specifies that it was done on purpose.[27]
Qu' QIj
She explains the mission
→
Qu' QIjtaʼ
She has explained the mission
{Qu' QIj} → {Qu' QIjtaʼ}
{She explains the mission} {} {She has explained the mission}
vIghor
I break it
→
vIghortaʼ
I have broken it (on purpose)
vIghor → vIghortaʼ
{I break it} {} {I have broken it (on purpose)}
The suffix -taH indicates that the verb is occurring continuously.
jItlhuH
I breathe
→
jItlhuHtaH
I keep breathing
jItlhuH → jItlhuHtaH
{I breathe} {} {I keep breathing}
The suffix -lIʼ indicates that the verb is occurring continuously, but that it has a definite ending point.[28]
megh vIvut
I prepare lunch
→
megh vIvutlIʼ
I am preparing lunch
{megh vIvut} → {megh vIvutlIʼ}
{I prepare lunch} {} {I am preparing lunch}
The perfective aspect can also be indicated by the use of the verb form rIntaH after the main verb. This carries the connotation of irreversibility.[28]
ghorluʼ rIntaHIt has been broken (and it cannot be mended)
Type 8 (honorific)
There is only one suffix in this group, the honorific suffix -neS. It is used when addressing any type of superior, be it social, political, or military, and only when being very polite or having high regard for that person. It is never required.[29]
-neS:
qaqIH
I meet you
→
qaqIHneS
I am honoured to meet you
qaqIH → qaqIHneS
{I meet you} {} {I am honoured to meet you}
Type 9 (syntactic)
Eleven suffixes specify syntactic roles in the sentence.
Two suffixes form specific types of noun from a verb.
The suffix -wIʼ is used to form words for persons and things that do something, much as English nouns of the form X-er can mean either "person who does X" (listener, baker) or "thing that does X" (screwdriver, sprinkler).[17]
ʼIj
listen
→
ʼIjwIʼ
listener
ʼIj → ʼIjwIʼ
listen {} listener
woch
be tall
→
wochwIʼ
tall person or tall thing
woch → wochwIʼ
{be tall} {} {tall person or tall thing}
The suffix -ghach is used as a nominalizer for verbs ending in suffixes, which otherwise are unable to be nominalized. This suffix is usually used with other suffixes and is rarely found alone with the verb stem.[30][31]
{We need to assist them} {} {Do we need to assist them?}
The optative suffix -jaj is used to indicate a wish or desire of the speaker.[26]
bIQap
You succeed
→
bIQapjaj
May you succeed
bIQap → bIQapjaj
{You succeed} {} {May you succeed}
Subordinators
The following seven suffixes are used to form subordinate clauses. A subordinate clause may go after or before the clause it modifies.[32]
Time
The suffix -paʼ indicates that the event described in the main clause occurs chronologically before the event of this clause.
jItlheDpaʼ, HIboQBefore I depart, assist me
(jItlheDI depart, HIboQassist me)
The suffix -vIS indicates that the main clause is occurring at the same time as this clause. It is always used in conjunction with the type-7 suffix continuous suffix -taH.
lumtaHvIS, pagh taʼHe accomplishes nothing while he procrastinates
(lumprocrastinate, taʼaccomplish, paghnothing)
The suffix -DIʼ indicates that the event of the main clause occurs immediately after the event of this clause is completed.
jImej chocholDIʼAs soon as you approach me, I leave
DaSamlaHchugh, DaSuqlaHIf you can find it, you can take it
(DaSamlaHyou can find it, DaSuqlaHyou can acquire (take) it)
The suffix -moʼ indicates the main clause is occurring because of this clause.[26]
bIʼIlmoʼ, qavoqBecause you are sincere, I trust you
(bIʼIlyou are sincere, qavoqI trust you)
(Relative and purpose clauses)
The suffix -bogh is used in relative clauses. Their usage is covered in the relative clauses section.
The suffix -meH is used in purpose clauses.[17] Their usage is covered in the purpose clauses section.
Rovers
This type of suffix is known as a lengwIʼ in Klingon, which is translated as rover (lengwander + wIʼ). There are four rovers. These suffixes have no defined position, and can go after the verb stem or after any suffix – even another rover – except after a type-9 suffix or where the result would be meaningless. They modify whatever directly precedes them.
The rover suffix -beʼ negates what precedes it but in the imperative mood -Qoʼ is used.[33]
wInaD
We praise it
→
wInaDbeʼ
We do not praise it
wInaD → wInaDbeʼ
{We praise it} {} {We do not praise it}
boʼollaH
You are able to verify it
→
boʼollaHbeʼ
You are not able to verify it
boʼollaH → boʼollaHbeʼ
{You are able to verify it} {} {You are not able to verify it}
The rover suffix -Qoʼ negates what precedes it in the imperative mood. In the indicative mood it indicates refusal by the subject. It can only be used between verb suffixes of Type 8 and Type 9.[34]
yIQIp
Be stupid
→
yIQIpQoʼ
don't be stupid
yIQIp → yIQIpQoʼ
{Be stupid} {} {don't be stupid}
vIlon
I abandon it
→
vIlonQoʼ
I refuse to abandon it
vIlon → vIlonQoʼ
{I abandon it} {} {I refuse to abandon it}
The rover suffix -quʼ emphasises what precedes it.[35]
narghqang
He is willing to escape
→
narghqangquʼ
He is really willing to escape
narghqang → narghqangquʼ
{He is willing to escape} {} {He is really willing to escape}
The rover suffix -Haʼ reverses what precedes it; that is, it indicates that the opposite of what precedes it is being done, or that the action is being undone.[34] If used on a verb that cannot be undone and has no meaningful opposite, it means to perform the action wrongly, not in the proper way, somewhat like the English prefix mis- in misspeak, mistype, misspell, etc. Unlike the other rovers, it can be placed only just after the stem; its classification in the rover category is attributed to the insistence of fictional Klingon grammarians.[36]
yIchuʼ
Activate it
→
yIchuʼHaʼ
De-activate it
yIchuʼ → yIchuʼHaʼ
{Activate it} {} {De-activate it}
boloʼ
you (plural) use it
→
boloʼHaʼ
you (pl.) misuse it
boloʼ → boloʼHaʼ
{you (plural) use it} {} {you (pl.) misuse it}
bIQuch
You are happy
→
bIQuchHaʼ
You are unhappy
bIQuch → bIQuchHaʼ
{You are happy} {} {You are unhappy}
The position of the rover suffixes affects the meaning of the word. Contrast
luSoplaHThey are able to eat it
luSoplaHbeʼThey are not able to eat it
luSopbeʼlaHThey are able to not eat it
(In context, possibly equivalent to They can refuse to eat it)
luSopbeʼlaHbeʼThey are not able to not eat it
(In context, possibly equivalent to They cannot refuse to eat it)
Pronouns and copula
Klingon has no verb that corresponds to the verb to be; the concept is expressed using a different grammatical construction. Pronouns can be used as verbs that act as the pronoun plus the verb to be. The pronoun can take verb suffixes, which then modify the pronoun like any other verb. A third-person subject that is not a pronoun must go after the pronoun-verb and carry the type-5 noun suffix -ʼeʼ[37]
Klingon does not have adjectives as a distinct part of speech. Instead, many intransitive verbs can be used as adjectives, in which case they follow the noun they modify.
Contrast (wepcoat, and yIQbe wet)
wep yIQ
the wet coat
with
yIQ wep.
The coat is wet.
In this construction, the only verbal suffixes allowed are rover suffixes such as -quʼ and -Haʼ.[39]
Type-5 noun suffixes that would normally be attached to the noun are instead attached to the adjectival verb:[40]
paʼDaq
in the room
paʼ tInDaq
in the big room (tInbig)
Adverbs
Adverbs are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence,[2] but time adverbs go before other adverbs.[41]
wa'leS ghaytan nujatlh.
wa'leS
tomorrow
ghaytan
likely
nu
they-us
-
+
jatlh
speak
wa'leS ghaytan nu - jatlh
tomorrow likely they-us + speak
They will probably speak to us tomorrow.
Adverbs can take the rover suffix -Haʼ to denote the opposite adverbial.[42]
In a relative clause, the verb has the type-9 verb suffix -bogh added to it.[43] The order of the words in relative clauses remains the same as in regular clauses, but the head noun may optionally get the type-5 suffix -ʼeʼ added.[44]
chuS Saj ngevbogh ghotʼeʼ.
chuS
to be noisy
Saj
pet
ngev
sell
-
+
bogh
REL
ghot
person
-
+
-ʼeʼ
FOC
chuS Saj ngev - bogh ghot - -ʼeʼ
{to be noisy} pet sell + REL person + FOC
The person who sells the pet is noisy
chuS Sajʼeʼ ngevbogh ghot.
chuS
be noisy
Saj
pet
+
+
-ʼeʼ
FOC
ngev
sell
-
bogh
REL
ghot
person
chuS Saj + -ʼeʼ ngev - bogh ghot
{be noisy} pet + FOC sell {} REL person
The pet which the person sells is noisy
Since there is already a type-5 noun suffix marking the head noun, nothing other than the subject or the object can be marked as head noun. Two sentences are formed instead to form the same idea. Relative clauses can have nouns with type 5 suffixes as modifiers, but it can be ambiguous as they can be misinterpreted as being part of the main sentence.[44]
Purpose clauses
A purpose clause expresses the reason or goal of the action of the main clause. If it is modifying a noun it states the purpose of the noun. A purpose clause always goes before the clause or noun it modifies.[43] This is the cause of some grammatical ambiguity in Klingon, as a -meH modifying a noun at the beginning of a sentence can be misinterpreted as modifying the entire sentence. This can be resolved in writing with punctuation.[44]
-meH with sentence:
jumermeH, bISoʼʼegh
ju
you-us
-
+
mer
surprise
-
+
meH,
purpose
bI
you
-
+
Soʼ
hide
-
+
ʼegh
self
ju - mer - meH, bI - Soʼ - ʼegh
you-us + surprise + purpose you + hide + self
You hid yourself in order to surprise us.
-meH with nouns:
QaQ vIDubmeH qechlIj
QaQ
be good
vI
I-it
-
+
Dub
improve
-
+
meH
purpose
qech
idea
-
+
lIj
your
QaQ vI - Dub - meH qech - lIj
{be good} I-it + improve + purpose idea + your
Your idea on how I should improve it is good/Your idea for improving it is good. (lit. Your idea [for I improve it] is good)
Comparatives
In this section, noun phrases are indicated by the abbreviation NP, and adjectives by A.
Klingon comparatives mainly rely on adjectives like lawʼ (to be many), puS (to be few), rap (to be the same), and rur (to resemble, to be like) to contrast the nouns. However, many (but not all) of the comparatives have unusual word orders that don't parse as regular Klingon sentences.
The main Klingon comparative structure is NP1 A lawʼ NP2 A puS. The general meaning of this construction is "NP1 is more A than NP2".
qachvam chuʼ lawʼ juHlIj chu' puS.
qachvam
this building
chuʼ
be new
lawʼ
juHlIj
your home
chu'
puS
qachvam chuʼ lawʼ juHlIj chu' puS
{this building} {be new} {} {your home} {} {}
This building is newer than your home. (lit. this-building new many – home-your new few)
The structure NP1 A lawʼ Hoch A puS is used to form superlatives, i.e. "NP1 has the most of quality A (= has more of quality A than anything/one else has)". (Hoch = all, everyone, everything)
qIDvetlh tlhaQ law' Hoch tlhaQ puS.
qIDvetlh
that joke
tlhaQ
be funny
law'
Hoch
tlhaQ
be funny
puS.
qIDvetlh tlhaQ law' Hoch tlhaQ puS.
{that joke} {be funny} {} {} {be funny} {}
That joke is the funniest. (lit. joke-that funny many – everything funny few)
The inverse structure, Hoch A lawʼ NP1 A puS is used to indicate "NP1 has the least of quality A".[43]
Hoch quv lawʼ verengnan quv puS.
Hoch
quv
be honorable
lawʼ
verengnan
Ferengi
quv
puS.
Hoch quv lawʼ verengnan quv puS.
{} {be honorable} {} {Ferengi} {} {}
Ferengi are the least honorable. (lit. everyone honorable many – Ferengi honorable few)
The structure A NP1; NP2rur is used to form similes: "NP1 is A; he/she/it resembles NP2".
ʼIQ rav rur.
ʼIQ
be sad
rav
floor
rur
to resemble
ʼIQ rav rur
{be sad} floor {to resemble}
He is as sad as a floor. (lit. he is sad; he is like a floor)[45]
Questions
A yes–no question in Klingon can be formed by adding the suffix -ʼaʼ to the regular form. The word for yes is HISlaH or HIjaʼ and the word for no is ghobeʼ.[37] Interrogative pronouns go where the answer would normally go, and don't reorder the sentence. Interrogative adverbs go at the beginning of the sentence.[46]
Numbers
Klingon uses a base-10 system to count numbers. To form a multiple of 10, 100, 1 000, 1 000 000, the word for the multiple of ten is suffixed to the digit. For example, chorghmaHeighty is a combination of the word chorgheight and the number forming suffix -maHten.
Larger powers go before smaller powers: chorghmaH Soch is eight-ten seven. The number suffix -DIch is used to form ordinal numbers, and the number suffix -logh indicates how many times an action has been repeated: loSDIchfourth, waʼmaH chaʼloghtwelve times.[47]
10
-maH
100
-vatlh
1 000
-SaD
-SanID
10 000
-netlh
100 000
-bIp
1 000 000
-ʼuyʼ
0
pagh
5
vagh
1
waʼ
6
jav
2
chaʼ
7
Soch
3
wej
8
chorgh
4
loS
9
Hut
Notes
^-luʼ is not the same thing as the passive voice. -luʼ makes the subject indefinite, and keeps the object where it would be if it had a subject. Unlike the passive voice, it does not make the subject the patient of the verb, except when using the verb prefixes
^Okrand, Marc; Schoen, Lawrence M. (September 1994). "Interview: Okrand on -ghach". HolQeD. 3 (3). Flourtown, Pennsylvania: Klingon Language Institute: 10–13.
^ abcOkrand, Marc; Schoen, Lawrence M. (June 1995). "Interview: Okrand on -bogh and more". HolQeD. 4 (2). Flourtown, Pennsylvania: Klingon Language Institute: 5–6.
^Native Klingon Simile from Okrand, Marc (September 1997). Klingon for the Galactic Traveller. Pocket Books. p. 134. ISBN978-0671009953.
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