Universalglot

Universalglot
Created byJean Pirro
Date1868
Purpose
Latin, with one letter from the Greek alphabet
Sourcesvocabulary from Romance and Germanic languages
Language codes
ISO 639-3qgu (local use). Also used for Wulguru.
GlottologNone
IETFart-x-univglot
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Universalglot is an a posteriori international auxiliary language published by the French linguist Jean Pirro in 1868 in Tentative d'une langue universelle, Enseignement, grammaire, vocabulaire. Preceding Volapük by a decade and Esperanto by nearly 20 years, Universalglot has been called the first "complete auxiliary-language system based on the common elements in national languages".[1] Pirro gave it more than 7,000 basic words and numerous prefixes, enabling the development of a very extensible vocabulary.

In his book describing his own language project Novial, Otto Jespersen praised the language, writing that it is "one to which I constantly recur with the greatest admiration, because it embodies principles which were not recognized till much later".[2] The magazine Cosmoglotta for the auxiliary language Interlingue (then known as Occidental) also praised the language in 1931 for its readability and analysis of international words (in particular the suffix -ion) and regretted that its creator had been forgotten in contrast with the creators of Esperanto and Volapük:

Monuments have been erected to the glory of Zamenhof and the name Schleyer has been engraved in marble. Their precursor and master, Pirro, has been honored - with oblivion.[3]

Linguistic properties

Orthography

The Universalglot alphabet contains 27 letters. It uses 24 of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, "w" and "y" are not used, and has three additional letters "œ", "σ", "ü" and "σ" which comes from the Greek alphabet.[4]

Universalglot alphabet
Upper case A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Œ P Qu R S Σ T U Ü V X Z
Lower case a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o œ p qu r s σ t u ü v x z
Phoneme (IPA) a b t͡s d e f ɡ h/ [a] i j k l m n o ø p kw ʁ [b] s ʃ t u y v ks z
  1. ^ Pirro says that <h> should be "always aspired as in héros" however in modern French <h> at the beginning of "héros" is silent
  2. ^ Pirro provides word "ravir" as an example for <r>, so technically <r> in Universalglot should be realized as [ʁ]

Word classes

Nouns

Nouns (substantives) are invariable except for the feminine form, which is formed by using suffix -in e.g kaval - 'horse', kavalin - 'mare'. All words can be used as nouns with the help of an article.

Adjectives

Adjectives like in English and unlike French, are completely invariable e.g. (singular): el old man, el old manin. e.g. (plural): Li old man, Li old manin. An adjective can be formed from any word, by adding suffix -il, eg. dai 'day', daili 'daily', amen 'to love', amli 'lovable'. If several adjectives are derived from the same root, -li usually indicates something passive. So to mark an action, the ending -iv is used, e.g. akten 'to act', aktli 'doable', aktiv 'active'.

Articles

There are two definite articles:

Singular: el (the)
Plural: li (the)

And one indefinite:

un (a/an)

If a noun doesn't have an article preceding it, it will be considered plural: I hab kaval - I have horses.

Verbs

The verbs all share the same easy conjugation:

Conjugation Suffix Example English translation
Infinitive -en esen to be
Past tense -ed esed was/were
Present tense -e ese am/is/are
Future tense -rai esrai will be
Conditional -rais esrais would be
Imperative No suffix es! be!
Present participle -ant esant being
Past participle -ed esed been

Transitive verbs, such as loben (to praise) also have passive forms:

esen lobed (to be praised)
i ese lobed (I am praised)
i esed lobed (I was praised)
i esrai lobed (I will be praised)
i esrais lobed (I would be praised)
i esrai esed lobed (I will have been praised)
i esrais esed lobed (I would have been praised)
es lobed! (be praised!)

Passive verbs use esen for the perfect (have been). All other verbs use haben.[clarification needed]

And reflexives:

se loben (to praise oneself)
i lobe me (I praise myself)
i lobed me (I praised myself)
i lobrai me (I will praise myself)
i lobrais me (I would praise myself)

Adverbs

  • Adverb of place - da 'there', di 'here', fern 'far', pertot 'everywhere', post 'from behind', retro 'backward', sub 'down', up 'up', vo 'where?'
  • Adverbs of manner - alterlit 'otherwise', hastlit 'quickly', insamel 'together', oft 'often', rarlit 'rarely', re 'again', so 'thus/so'
  • Adverbs of mode - certlit 'certainly', ies 'yes', non 'no', potlit 'maybe' (possibly), villit 'gladly' (willingly)
  • Adverbs of time - alor 'so/then', altervolt 'formerly', ankor 'still', bald 'soon', ditdai 'today', heri 'yesterday', jam 'already', kras 'tomorrow', nonk 'never', nun 'now', postdit 'next/then', 'primlit 'first', semper 'always'
  • Adverbs of quantity - admindest 'at least', ben 'well', kom 'how', mal 'badly', mind 'few', molt 'many', prox 'almost/around', quant 'how many', sat 'enough', self 'self/even', talit 'that/so much', tant 'as much', totlit 'immediately', trop 'too', unlit 'only', vix 'scarcely'

Prepositions

ad 'to', adkaus 'because of', de 'of', ex 'from', in 'in', inter 'among', kon 'with', kontra 'against', kontravil 'despite', ob 'in front of', per 'by', post 'after / according to', pre 'before', pro 'for', prox 'beside', retro 'behind', sin 'without', sub 'below', til 'until', tra 'across', um 'around', up 'on', uper 'over'

Numerals

un (1), du (2), tri (3), quat (4), quint (5), sex (6), sept (7), okt (8), nov (9), dec (10)

11=undec, 12=dudec, 13=tridec etc.
20=duta, 30=trita, etc.
21=dutaun, 22=dutadu, 23=dutatri etc.

cent (100), mil (1000), milion (1,000,000)

El prim (the first), el duli (the second), el trili (the third) etc. el ultim (the last)
primlit (firstly), dulit (secondly), trilit (thirdly) etc.
1/2 = un midli, 3/4 = tri quatli

Pronouns

i (I), me (me, object—direct, indirect, of preposition), men (my, mine; pl. meni "meni bibel" my books)
tu (you, singular), te (you, singular/object), ten (your(s) singular; pl. teni)
il (he/she/it), eil (him/her/it, object), sen (his/her(s)/its; pl. seni)
nos (we), enos (us, object) nor (our(s); pl. nori)
vos (you, plural), evos (you, plural object), vor (your(s), plural; pl. vori): vor bibel (your (pl.) book), vori bibel (your (pl.) books)
ili (they), eili (them, object), lor (their(s); pl. lori)

Interrogative and relative pronouns: ke (who(m), what), kei (pl. of ke)

alter, alteri 'another, others'
jed 'each'
meri 'several'
nul, nuli 'none'
on 'one/you/they'
self, selfi 'oneself, ones selves'
tal, tali 'such a one, such ones'
tot, toti 'all of it, all of them'
un 'one, someone', uni 'some'

Conjunctions

e 'and', kar 'because', ma 'but', o 'or'

den 'therefore', ed 'also', ferner 'furthermore', finitlit 'finally', indit 'however', kontra 'on the contrary', nonminder 'nonetheless', sekutlit 'consequently', uper 'in addition'

alorke 'when' (at that time), benke 'though', exke 'since', inditke 'during', ke 'that', kom 'as', perke 'because', postke 'following, proke 'so that', preke 'preceding', quan 'when' (at which time?), si 'indeed', so 'so that', tilke 'until'

Affixes

List of affixes which haven't been mentioned before.

affix meaning examples
an- negation afidli (unaithful)
arki- superior degree arkiduk (archduke)
dis- decay, extinction, separation, deprivation, defect disparen (to separate), disnexen (to detach) discrediten (to discredit)
mis- bad, mal- mistrakten (to mistreat), misprisen (to despise), misfiden (to mistrust)
re- repetition, reciprocity, movement backwards redikten (to repeat), renuoven (to renew), retornen (to return), rekusen (to reject), resisten (to resist)
-iet forms diminutives kavalietin (filly)
-er marks the agent of a noun el vorker (the worker), el denker (the thinker), el parler (the speaker)
-tol intrument rastol (razor)
-stan place kavalstan, (stable)
-al/el uncertain [a] vokal, (vowel), detel, (thimble)
  1. ^ Pirro says that those suffixes are used in "certain" words but he doesn't provide any further informations

Borrowings from Latin keeps same suffixes, however they are optional, so, one can say administratnes or administratiom

Syntax

Pirro doesn't provide any specific rules, which everyone should follow, as his says "Everyone is free to follow the usages of his own language". However he makes following recommendations:

  • 1. French du, de la, des (some) shouldn't be translated
  • 2. Use di or da, when referring to "here" or "there" in context: Ese vor pater in haus? (Is your father at home?) - il ese/ or (yes he is (here/there))
  • 3. Object pronouns usually go after the verb e.g. habe tu ten vest? (Do you have your clothes?) I habe eil (lit. I have it)
  • 4. For "there is/are", use Il ese / ili ese, e.g. Ese gent up el merk (Is there anyone at the market?) There is (Ili/il ese da)
  • 5. "Of", "to", ... followed by an infinitive, are not usually translated. However, if clarity requires it, they can be rendered by a preposition; e.g. ad, pro, ex, de, etc.
  • 6. Neither...nor = non... non, e.g. I habe non brod non vin (I have neither bread nor wine)
  • 7. to need, have to - deben
  • 8. Adjectives usually precede the noun
  • 9. "Of which, of whom; about which, about whom" is rendered as de ke, de kei, or ex ke, ex kei.
  • 10. You can form compound words, in which case the determiner word is always placed before the determined word, e.g. un not de bank/un banknot (a banknote)

Special word lists

septin (week):
Lundai, Mardai, Erdai, Jovdai, Vendai, Samdai, Diodai = un septin
Li mens (months):
Januar, Februar, Mars, April, Mai, Juni, Juli, August, September, October, November, December = un jar

Examples of texts in Universalglot

Leter de grat (thankyou letter)

Men senior,
I grate vos pro el servnes ke vos habe donated ad me. Kred, men senior, ke in un simli fal vos pote konten up me.
Adcept el adsekurantnes de men kordli amiknes.

Konversatsion[5]

Ben dai, Meni senior, i ese inkanted reinkontra evos; i habe videt evos in London, e ditdai nos finde enos in Skotland. dikt me ex ke land vos ese.
I habe perkursed el Holland, i habe visited seni principal citad, li Hollander ese molt amatli gent, ili ese mild e vorkli, lor konmerk ese molt extended, on finde Hollander in toti land e pertot ili ese amated e prised.
Un ex enos ese ruser e du ese italier e el quatli ese deutsch; ma nos pote toti parlen insamel, den nos parle el universal glot.
Si nos vile venten in nor hostel, vos etrai (va mangear) kon enos, vos findrai da un ben tabel e ben knmer, fir e ben bet.

Excerpt from Mamud e sen minister

„Ke Dio adkorde un lang viv ad el sultan Mamud; so lang ke il governe enos, nos manku nonk (nequende) ruined dorf.
Ili kontinuated, dikted el visir in terment (in fine), goderant se per el desolatsion, ke, kom ili pretende, propagate se mer e mer jed dai. Ma, kom tu varted, i viled non resten mer lang, den i denked tu poted esen anpatant (impatient) e tu vise (tu save) kom i trepide anplesen (desplacer) te.
El stori dikted, ke el sultan esed exmoved per dit fabel, ke il rekonstrukted li citad e dorf; redukted el tribut, ex ke el land esed uperladed (supercargut); e, ex dit temp, il konsulted ei ben de sen popel."

References

  1. ^ Bray, Mary Connell. "Introduction" in Alexander Gode et al. Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language. Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. (read online)
  2. ^ Jespersen, Otto, PhD., Litt.D., LL.D. An International Language 1928
  3. ^ "Cosmoglotta A, 1931, 86-89". Al glorie de Zamenhof sta erectet monumentes, li nómine de Schleyer ha esset gravet in marmor. Lor precursor e mastro, Pirro, ha esset honorat - per oblivie.
  4. ^ Essai d'une langue universelle, par MM. Pirro et L. A. 1868.
  5. ^ "Cosmoglotta A, 1931, p. 87-88".

Read other articles:

Cofradía de la Exaltación de la Santa Cruz LocalizaciónPaís  EspañaLocalidad Zaragoza Aragón AragónSede canónica Parroquia de Santa GemaProcesionesDía y hora Procesión de Traslado (Lunes SantoDía y hora Jueves SantoDía y hora Procesión General del Santo Entierro (Viernes Santo, 18:00-23:30)Sitio web oficial[editar datos en Wikidata] La Cofradía de la Exaltación de la Santa Cruz fundada en 1987 como cofradía penitencial, es una de las 25 cofradías part...

 

Gebäude der Zeichenakademie Die Staatliche Zeichenakademie Hanau ist eine Berufs-, Berufsfach- und Fachschule für edelmetallgestaltende Berufe in der hessischen Stadt Hanau. Sie ist eine der ältesten Goldschmiedeschulen Europas. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geschichte 1.1 1772 „Academie der Zeichenkunst“ 1.2 1866 „Königlich Preußische Zeichenakademie“ 1.3 1901 „Fachschule für die Edelmetallindustrie“ 1.4 Zeit während des Nationalsozialismus 1.5 1945 bis heute 2 Direktoren 3 Lehrer ...

 

Esta biografia de uma pessoa viva cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir fontes confiáveis e independentes. Material controverso que esteja sem fontes deve ser imediatamente removido, especialmente se for de natureza difamatória.—Encontre fontes: ABW  • CAPES  • Google (N • L • A) (Setembro de 2022) Miller Informações pessoais Nome completo Alex Miller Data de nasc. 4 de julho de 1949 (74 ...

Yékini. Yékini (en rojo y amarillo) en el estadio Demba Diop de Dakar, Senegal, 10 de junio de 2007. Yakhya Diop (1974, Bassoul, Senegal), conocido como Yékini, es un campeón de lucha senegalesa, el deporte nacional de Senegal. Yékini es considerado, junto con Tyson y Bombardier, como uno de los mejores luchadores de la historia de Senegal.[1]​ Posee un récord de 19 victorias (Kadd-Gui, Pouye n°2, Mor Nguer, Pape Cissé, Baye Fall, Mohamed Ali, Mor Fadam, Bombardier (en tres ocas...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يونيو 2023) هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر مغاير للذي أنشأها؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تق

 

Maximilien de RobespierreNama dalam bahasa asli(fr) Maximilien de Robespierre (Español) BiografiKelahiran6 Mei 1758 Arras Kematian28 Juli 1794 (36 tahun)Paris Penyebab kematianPemancungan Tempat pemakamanErrancis Cemetery (en) Katakomba Paris  45è President of the National Convention (en)  4 Juni 1794 – 19 Juni 1794 ← Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois (en) – Élie Lacoste (en)  →  26è President of the National Convention (en) ...

Renfrewshire Fortress Royal Engineers102 Regiment Royal EngineersActive1888–1967Country United KingdomBranch Territorial ArmyRoleCoast DefenceField EngineeringElectrical engineeringGarrison/HQFort Matilda, GreenockEngagementsWorld War I Somme Arras Passchedaele German spring offensive Hundred Days Offensive World War II Italian Campaign Military unit The Renfrewshire Fortress Royal Engineers was a Scottish volunteer unit of the British Army under various titles from 1888. Its main role...

 

بيرلي   الإحداثيات 47°10′40″N 96°48′19″W / 47.177777777778°N 96.805277777778°W / 47.177777777778; -96.805277777778  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[1]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة نورمان  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 0.64215 كيلومتر مربع0.613035 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)[2]  ارتفاع 267 متر&...

 

Pemilihan umum November 1933 di JermanMaret 1933193612 November 1933Seluruh 661 kursi di Reichstag331 kursi untuk meraih status mayoritasKehadiran pemilih95.30%Kandidat   Partai mayoritas   Ketua Adolf Hitler Partai NSDAP Ketua sejak 29 Juli 1921 Pemilu sebelumnya 288 kursi, 43.91% Kursi yang dimenangkan 661(partai sah tunggal) Perubahan kursi 373 Suara rakyat 39,655,224 Persentase 92.11% Swing 48.20% Peta persebaran suara Komposisi Reichstag Kanselir p...

Département de la Loire. La liste des cavités naturelles les plus longues du département de la Loire recense sous la forme d'un tableau, les cavités souterraines naturelles connues, dont le développement est supérieur à cinq mètres. La communauté spéléologique considère qu'une cavité souterraine naturelle n'existe vraiment qu'à partir du moment où elle est « inventée » c'est-à-dire découverte (ou redécouverte), inventoriée, topographiée et publiée. Bien sûr,...

 

2012 video gameCypher: Cyberpunk Text AdventureDeveloper(s)Cabrera BrothersPublisher(s)Cabrera BrothersEngineUnityPlatform(s)Windows, OS XReleaseAugust 31, 2012Genre(s)Interactive fictionMode(s)Single-player Cypher: Cyberpunk Text Adventure is a cyberpunk interactive fiction video game written by the Cabrera Brothers and released on August 31, 2012.[1] It includes music, sound effects and limited graphical elements. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and OS X. Gameplay Gamepl...

 

Cognitive bias This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Conservatism belief revision – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template mes...

Station of the Daegu Metro This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Paldal Market station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Paldal MarketThe platforms in 2015Korean nameHangul팔달시장역Hanja八達市場驛Revised RomanizationPaldal sija...

 

Hurricane Irma Hurricane Irma moving towards the British Virgin Islands on 6 SeptemberMeteorological historyDuration5–7 September 2017Category 5 hurricane1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)Highest winds180 mph (285 km/h)Lowest pressure915 mbar (hPa); 27.02 inHgOverall effectsFatalities4 directDamage$3.6 billion (2017 USD)Areas affectedBritish Virgin IslandsPart of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane seasonHistory Meteorological history Effects Caribbean Islands Antigua and ...

 

American historian C. Vann WoodwardBornComer Vann Woodward(1908-11-13)November 13, 1908Vanndale, Arkansas, U.S.DiedDecember 17, 1999(1999-12-17) (aged 91)Hamden, Connecticut, U.S.Alma materHenderson-Brown CollegeEmory University (BA)Columbia University (MA)University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (PhD)AwardsBancroft Prize (1952)Pulitzer Prize for History (1982)Scientific careerInstitutionsYale UniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityDoctoral advisorHoward K. BealeDoctoral studentsJohn W....

Georgian novelist and human rights activist ჭაბუა ამირეჯიბი Chabua AmirejibiBorn18 November 1921Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union (now Georgia)Died12 December 2013(2013-12-12) (aged 92)Tbilisi, GeorgiaOccupationwriter, novelistNationalityGeorgianGenreLiterary realismNotable worksData TutashkhiaSignature Mzechabuk Chabua Amirejibi, (often written as Amiredjibi, Georgian: მზეჭაბუკ ჭაბუა ამირეჯიბი; 18 November 192...

 

Luis Cubilla Luis Cubilla nel 1966 Nazionalità  Uruguay Altezza 170 cm Peso 70 kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex centrocampista) Termine carriera 1976 - giocatore2007 - allenatore Carriera Giovanili 195?-1957Colón de Paysandu1957 Peñarol Squadre di club1 1958-1962 Peñarol63 (14)1962-1964 Barcellona16 (2)1964-1968 River Plate129 (31)1969-1974 Nacional120 (39)1975 Santiago Morning31 (4)1976 Defensor? (?) Nazionale 1959-1974 Uruguay38 (11) Carriera da all...

 

Place in Plateau-Central Region, Burkina FasoNabasnonghinNabasnonghinLocation in Burkina FasoCoordinates: 12°4′N 0°39′W / 12.067°N 0.650°W / 12.067; -0.650Country Burkina FasoRegionPlateau-Central RegionProvinceGanzourgouDepartmentBoudry DepartmentPopulation (2005 est.) • Total877 Nabasnonghin (or Nabasnoguen) is a village in the Boudry Department of Ganzourgou Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 877.[1 ...

Church in Għaxaq, MaltaParish Church of the Assumption of MaryIl-Knisja Parrokjali tal-Assunzjoni tal-Verġni MarijaThe church in 201035°50′57.5″N 14°31′02.4″E / 35.849306°N 14.517333°E / 35.849306; 14.517333LocationGħaxaqCountryMaltaDenominationRoman CatholicHistoryStatusActiveFounded1511DedicationAssumption of MaryConsecrated2 May 1784ArchitectureFunctional statusParish churchArchitectural typeChurchStylebaroqueDoric (facade)Groundbreaking1723Completed1...

 

Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage site in Mustang, Nepal This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article is written like a research pa...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!