1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections
House elections for the 22nd U.S. Congress
1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 5, 1830, and October 3, 1831. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 22nd United States Congress convened on December 5, 1831. Elections were held for all 213 seats, representing 24 states.
The supporters of President Andrew Jackson lost ten seats during his first term, but managed to maintain control of the chamber amidst the growth of two new opposition movements.
The brash style of Congress during the administration of Jackson caused a number of Americans to become dissatisfied with the government and both of the major parties. Anger over the Tariff of 1828 also provided a major issue, particularly in the agricultural South. The Jacksonians remained firmly in control of the House, but lost several seats, as did the minority National Republicans. The Anti-Masonic Party, an aspiring third party which was based on a single issue (distrust of Freemasonry ), was actually able to gain a dozen seats, and four South Carolina Congressman who called themselves Nullifiers (based on the principle of states' rights) were also elected. Thus, this was the first election in the House where both major parties lost seats at the same time; this would not occur again until the 1854 elections.
Election summaries
Not including special elections.
↓
66
17
4
126
National Republican
AM
N
Jacksonian
State
Type
Date
Total seats
National Republican
Anti-Masonic
Jacksonian
Nullifier
Seats
Change
Seats
Change
Seats
Change
Seats
Change
Louisiana
Districts
July 5–7, 1830
3
2
0
1
0
Mississippi
At-large
August 2–3, 1830
1
0
0
1
0
Vermont
Districts
September 6, 1830[b]
5
3
1
2
1
0
0
Maine
Districts
September 13, 1830
7
1
2
0
6
2
0
Georgia
At-large
October 4, 1830
7
0
0
7
0
Ohio
Districts
October 12, 1830
14
8
2
0
6
2
0
Pennsylvania
Districts
26
2
1
7
6
17
7
0
South Carolina
Districts
October 11–12, 1830
9
0
0
5
4
4
4
Massachusetts
Districts
November 1, 1830
13
13
0
0
0
New York
Districts
November 1–3, 1830
34
3
8
8
5
23
3
0
New Jersey
At-large
November 6, 1830
6
6
0
0
0
Delaware
At-large
November 13, 1830
1
1
0
0
0
Late elections (after the March 4, 1831 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire
At-large
March 8, 1831
6
0
0
6
0
Connecticut
At-large
April 14, 1831
6
6
0
0
0
Virginia
Districts
April 1831
22
5
1
0
17
1
0
Alabama
Districts
August 1, 1831
3
0
0
3
0
Illinois
At-large
1
0
0
1
0
Kentucky
Districts
12
4
2
0
8
2
0
Missouri
At-large
August 2, 1831
1
0
0
1
0
Indiana
Districts
August 5, 1831
3
0
2
0
3
2
0
Tennessee
Districts
August 4–5, 1831
9
1
0
8
0
North Carolina
Districts
August 11, 1831
13
2
1
0
11
1
0
Rhode Island
At-large
August 23, 1831
2
2
0
0
0
Maryland
Districts
October 3, 1831
9
5
2
0
4
2
0
Total
213
6631.0%
6
178.0%
12
12659.2%
10
41.9%
4
House seats
Jacksonian
59.15%
Nat. Republican
30.99%
Anti-Masonic
7.98%
Nullifier
1.88%
Special elections
21st Congress
District
Incumbent
This race
Member
Party
First elected
Results
Candidates
Maine 5
James W. Ripley
Jacksonian
1826 (special)
Incumbent resigned March 12, 1830. New member elected September 13, 1830 . Jacksonian hold. Successor seated December 6, 1830.
Ohio 11
John M. Goodenow
Jacksonian
1828
Incumbent resigned April 9, 1830, after being appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio . New member elected October 11, 1830 . Winner was elected the next day to the next term, see below . Successor seated December 6, 1830.
Virginia 22
Alexander Smyth
Jacksonian
1817 1828 (retired) 1827
Incumbent died April 17, 1830. New member elected November 1830 . Jacksonian hold. Successor seated December 6, 1830. Winner was later elected to the next term, see below .
New York 6
Hector Craig
Jacksonian
1822 1824 (lost) 1828
Incumbent resigned July 12, 1830. New member elected November 3, 1830 .National Republican gain . Successor seated December 6, 1830.
Virginia 11
Philip P. Barbour
Jacksonian
1815 1824 (retired) 1827
Incumbent resigned October 15, 1830, after being appointed judge of US Circuit Court of the Eastern District of Virginia . New member elected November 25, 1830 . Jacksonian hold. Successor seated December 6, 1830.
22nd Congress
District
Incumbent
This race
Member
Party
First elected
Results
Candidates
North Carolina 2
Vacant
Vacancy in term. New member elected in 1831 Jacksonian gain . Successor seated May 12, 1831.
Missouri at-large
Spencer D. Pettis
National Republican
1824
Incumbent died August 28, 1831. New member elected October 31, 1831 . National Republican hold. Successor seated October 31, 1831.
Vermont 2
Rollin C. Mallary
National Republican
1820 (Contested)
Incumbent died April 15, 1831. New member elected November 1, 1831 on the third ballot.Anti-Masonic gain . Successor seated December 5, 1831.
First ballot (July 5, 1831) :Second ballot (September 6, 1831) :Third ballot (November 1, 1831) :
Pennsylvania 11
William Ramsey
Jacksonian
1826
Incumbent died September 29, 1831, before the new Congress convened. New member elected November 22, 1831 . Jacksonian hold. Successor seated December 5, 1831.[10]
Georgia at-large
Wilson Lumpkin
Jacksonian
1814 1816 (lost) 1826
Incumbent resgined in 1831 before the convening of Congress. New member elected December 12, 1831 . Jacksonian hold. Successor seated January 21, 1832.
New York 20
George Fisher
National Republican
1828
Incumbent lost contested election February 5, 1830 to Silas Wright , who in turn failed to qualify. New member elected November 3, 1830 .Jacksonian gain . Winner was not a candidate the same day to the next term, see below . Successor seated December 6, 1830.
North Carolina 6
Robert Potter
Jacksonian
1829
Incumbent resigned in November 1831. New member elected December 15, 1831 . Jacksonian hold. Successor seated January 6, 1832.
Alabama
Connecticut
Connecticut elected its six at-large members on a general ticket on April 14, 1831, after the term began but before the Congress convened.
Delaware
Georgia
Georgia elected its 7 at-large members on October 4, 1830.
Illinois
Illinois elected its sole member late on August 1, 1831.
Indiana
Indiana elected its three members late on August 5, 1831.
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Maryland elected its nine members on October 3, 1831. In the fifth district, two members were elected on a general ticket. There was a net gain of 2 National Republicans thereby increasing their ratio from 3-to-6 to 5-to-4.
Massachusetts
Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams was elected in Massachusetts's 11th district , becoming the first former president to re-enter public life after leaving the presidency.
Elections were held November 1, 1830, but at least one district went to so many ballots it failed to achieve a majority election until 1832, just before the next cycle began.
(District numbers differ between sources. District numbers below reflect Martis's references. Where noted, Congressional Quarterly's "Guide to U.S. Elections" and OurCampaigns.com have different district numbers.)
District
Incumbent
This race
Member
Party
First elected
Results
Candidates
Massachusetts 1
Benjamin Gorham
National Republican
1820 (special) 1822 (retired) 1827 (special)
Incumbent retired. New member elected. National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 2
Benjamin W. Crowninshield
National Republican
1822
Incumbent lost re-election from a different party. New member elected. National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 3
John Varnum
National Republican
1824
Incumbent retired. New member elected late on the thirteenth ballot. National Republican hold.
First ballot (November 1, 1830):Second ballot (January 3, 1831):Third ballot (April 4, 1831):Fourth ballot (June 27, 1831):Fifth ballot (September 5, 1831):Sixth ballot (November 14, 1831):Seventh ballot (January 16, 1832):Eighth ballot (February 13, 1832):Ninth ballot (March 12, 1832):Tenth ballot (April 9, 1832):Eleventh ballot (May 14, 1832):Twelfth ballot (September 3, 1832):Thirteenth ballot (November 12, 1832):
Massachusetts 4
Edward Everett
National Republican
1824
Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 5 CQGuide: 13th OurCampaigns: 8th[43]
John Davis
National Republican
1824
Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 6 CQGuide: 5th OurCampaigns: 9th[44]
Joseph G. Kendall
National Republican
1828
Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 7 CQGuide: 6th OurCampaigns: 6th[45]
George Grennell Jr.
National Republican
1828
Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 8 OurCampaigns: 5th[46]
Isaac C. Bates
National Republican
1826
Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 9 CQGuide: 7th OurCampaigns: 7th[47]
Henry W. Dwight
National Republican
1820
Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 10 CQGuide: 9th
John Bailey
National Republican
1823 (special) 1824 (disqualified) 1824 (special)
Incumbent retired. New member elected. National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 11 CQGuide: 12th OurCampaigns: 11th[49]
Joseph Richardson
National Republican
1826
Incumbent retired. New member elected. National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 12 CQGuide: 10th
James L. Hodges
National Republican
1827
Incumbent re-elected late on the seventh ballot
First ballot (November 1, 1830):
Second ballot (January 3, 1831):
Third ballot (April 4, 1831):
Fourth ballot (June 27, 1831):
Fifth ballot (September 5, 1831):
Sixth ballot (November 14, 1831):
Seventh ballot (January 16, 1832):
Massachusetts 13 CQGuide: 11th
John Reed Jr.
National Republican
1812 1816 (lost) 1820
Incumbent re-elected.
Mississippi
Elections held early, from August 2 to 3, 1830
Missouri
Missouri elected its sole member late on August 2, 1831.
New Hampshire
New Hampshire elected its six members at-large late on March 8, 1831.
New Jersey
New Jersey elected its six members at-large on November 6, 1830.
New York
New York elected its 34 members from November 1 to 3, 1830.
North Carolina
North Carolina elected its members August 11, 1831, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Rhode Island elected its two members at-large late on August 23, 1831.
South Carolina
South Carolina elected its nine members from October 11 to 12, 1830.
Tennessee
Election held late, on August 4, 1831.
Vermont
Vermont elected its five members on September 6, 1830. Vermont required a majority vote for election, so the 3rd district election was settled on the second ballot on December 7, 1830, and the 4th district election was settled on the eleventh ballot on June 4, 1832.
District
Incumbent
This race
Member
Party
First elected
Results
Candidates
Vermont 1
Jonathan Hunt
National Republican
1827
Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 2
Rollin C. Mallary
National Republican
1824
Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 3
Horace Everett
National Republican
1828
Incumbent re-elected.
First ballot (September 6, 1830)
▌ Horace Everett (National Republican) 49.0%
▌ Royal M. Ransom (Anti-Masonic) 34.7%
▌ Alden Partridge (Jacksonian) 13.5%
Scattering 2.8%[116]
Second ballot (December 7, 1830)
▌ Y Horace Everett (National Republican) 52.3%
▌ Royal M. Ransom (Anti-Masonic) 35.7%
▌ Alden Partridge (Jacksonian) 11.9%[117]
Vermont 4
Benjamin Swift
National Republican
1827
Incumbent retired. New member elected. National Republican hold.
First ballot (September 6, 1830) Second ballot (December 7, 1830) Third ballot (February 7, 1831) Fourth ballot (April 4, 1831)
▌ Benjamin Swift (Anti-Masonic) 47.6%
▌ Benjamin F. Bailey (Jacksonian) 46.3%
Scattering 6.1%[121]
Fifth ballot (June 6, 1831) Sixth ballot (August 1, 1831) Seventh ballot (October 1, 1831) Eighth ballot (December 5, 1831) Ninth ballot (February 6, 1832) Tenth ballot (April 2, 1832) Eleventh ballot (June 4, 1832)
Vermont 5
William Cahoon
Anti-Masonic
1829
Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia
Non-voting delegates
Arkansas Territory
Arkansas elected its delegate late on September 4, 1831.
Florida Territory
Florida elected its delegate on September 1, 1830.
Michigan Territory
Arkansas elected its delegate late on August 8, 1831.
District
Incumbent
This race
Delegate
Party
First elected
Results
Candidates
Michigan Territory at-large
Vacant
Del. John Biddle (J) resigned February 21, 1831. New member elected.National Republican gain .
See also
Notes
^ Not including special elections and some regular elections that went to multiple ballots.
^ In 4th district , the election wasn't completed until 1832.
^ Full name unknown in source
^ Incumbent first elected in special election on September 13, 1830.
^ Incumbent first elected in special election and first seated in the 22nd United States Congress on May 12, 1831.
^ Data incomplete.
^ Redistricted from the 5th district in 1822.
^ Initially elected to fill a vacant seat prior to the general election.
^ For plural districts, percent is based on assumption that each voter cast as many votes as there are seats.
^ Ran on joint Jacksonian/National Republican ticket.
^ Source did not give full name
References
^ "Our Campaigns - ME District 5 - Special Election Race - Sep 13, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - OH District 11 - Special Election Race - Oct 11, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - VA District 22 Special Election Race - Nov 00, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 6 - Special Election Race - Nov 01, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - VA District 11 Special Election Race - Nov 25, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MO At-Large - Special Election Race - Oct 31, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - VT - District 02 - Special Election - First Trial Race - Jul 05, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - VT - District 02 - Special Election - Second Trial Race - Sep 06, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - VT - District 02 - Special Election - Third Trial Race - Nov 01, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Twenty-second Congress March 4, 1831, to March 3, 1833" . Historian of the United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 25, 2019 .
^ Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006" (PDF) . The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project . Wilkes University . (erroneously dating Ramsey's death and the election)
^ "Our Campaigns - GA At-Large - Special Election Race - Dec 12, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 20 - Special Election Race - Nov 01, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - NC - District 06 - Special Election Race - Dec 15, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - CT At-Large Race - Apr 14, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved May 21, 2020 .
^ "Our Campaigns - GA At Large Race - Oct 04, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "IL At Large Race - Aug 01, 1831" . Our Campaigns . July 19, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "IN - District 01 Race - Aug 05, 1831" . Our Campaigns . November 3, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "IN - District 02 Race - Aug 05, 1831" . Our Campaigns . November 4, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "IN - District 03 Race - Aug 05, 1831" . Our Campaigns . November 4, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses . McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830 .
^ "Our Campaigns - MD District 5 Race - Oct 03, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MD District 8 Race - Oct 03, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 1 (Suffolk) Race - Nov 01, 1830" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 2 (Essex South) Race - Nov 01, 1830" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 1st Trial Race - Nov 01, 1830" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 2nd Trial Race - Jan 03, 1831" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 3rd Trial Race - Apr 04, 1831" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 4th Trial Race - Jun 27, 1831" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 5th Trial Race - Sep 05, 1831" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 6th Trial Race - Nov 14, 1831" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 7th Trial Race - Jan 16, 1832" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 8th Trial Race - Feb 13, 1832" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 9th Trial Race - Mar 12, 1832" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 10th Trial Race - Apr 09, 1832" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 11th Trial Race - May 14, 1832" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 12th Trial Race - Sep 03, 1832" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 3 (Essex North) - 13th Trial Race - Nov 12, 1832" . OurCampaigns.com .
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 (Middlesex) Race - Nov 01, 1830" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 8 (Worcester South) Race - Nov 01, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved October 24, 2020 .
^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 (Worcester North) Race - Nov 01, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved October 24, 2020 .
^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 6 (Franklin) Race - Nov 01, 1830" . www.ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved October 24, 2020 .
^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 5 (Hampden) Race - Nov 01, 1830" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 . (places this race in the 5th district)
^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 (Berkshire) Race - Nov 01, 1830" . OurCampaigns.com . (places this race in the 7th district)
^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 10 (Norfolk) Race - Nov 01, 1830" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA District 11 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 18, 2020 .
^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 1st Trial" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 2nd Trial" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 3rd Trial" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 4th Trial" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 5th Trial" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 6th Trial" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ "MA District 12 (Bristol) - 7th Trial" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ "MA District 13 (Barnstable)" . OurCampaigns.com . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .
^ "MS - At Large" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved March 6, 2021 .
^ "MO At-Large Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 26, 2007. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NH At-Large Race - Mar 08, 1831" . Our Campaigns . January 5, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NJ At-Large Race - Nov 05, 1830" . Our Campaigns . February 13, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 1 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . June 30, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 2 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . June 30, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 3 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 4 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 5 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . June 30, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 6 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . June 23, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 7 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 8 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 9 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 10 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . March 31, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 11 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 12 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 13 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . June 30, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 14 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 15 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 16 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . May 10, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 17 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . April 4, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 18 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . April 2, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 19 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . June 17, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 20 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 21 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 22 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 23 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 24 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 25 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 26 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 27 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 28 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 29 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "NY District 30 Race - Nov 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . March 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2022 .
^ "Our Campaigns - NC District 11 Race - Aug 11, 1831" . www.ourcampaigns.com .
^ "Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project" (PDF) .
^ "Twenty-second Congress (membership roster) – see footnotes 28 and 29" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013 .
^ "RI At-Large Race - Aug 23, 1831" . Our Campaigns . January 2, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "SC District 01 Race - Oct 11, 1830" . Our Campaigns . December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "SC District 02 Race - Oct 11, 1830" . Our Campaigns . December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "SC District 03 Race - Oct 11, 1830" . Our Campaigns . December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "SC District 04 Race - Oct 11, 1830" . Our Campaigns . December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "SC District 05 Race - Oct 11, 1830" . Our Campaigns . December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "SC District 06 Race - Oct 11, 1830" . Our Campaigns . December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "SC District 07 Race - Oct 11, 1830" . Our Campaigns . December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "SC District 08 Race - Oct 11, 1830" . Our Campaigns . December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "SC District 09 Race - Oct 11, 1830" . Our Campaigns . December 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "TN - District 01" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
^ "TN - District 02" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
^ "TN - District 03" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
^ "TN - District 04" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
^ "TN - District 05" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
^ "TN - District 06" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
^ "TN - District 07" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
^ "TN - District 08" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
^ "TN - District 09" . Our Campaigns . Retrieved February 7, 2021 .
^ "VT - District 01 - Sep 06, 1830" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 02 - Sep 06, 1830" . Our Campaigns . September 18, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 03 - First Trial - Sep 06, 1830" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 03 - Second Trial - Dec 07, 1830" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - First Trial - Sep 06, 1830" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Second Trial - Dec 07, 1830" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Third Trial - Feb 07, 1831" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Fourth Trial - Apr 04, 1831" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Fifth Trial - Jun 06, 1831" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Sixth Trial - Aug 01, 1831" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Seventh Trial - Oct 01, 1831" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Eighth Trial - Dec 05, 1831" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Ninth Trial - Feb 06, 1832" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Tenth Trial - Apr 02, 1832" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 04 - Eleventh Trial - Jun 04, 1832" . Our Campaigns . September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VT - District 05 - Sep 06, 1830" . Our Campaigns . September 2, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "VA District 01 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . September 19, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 02 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 03 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 04 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 05 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 06 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 07 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 08 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . January 25, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 09 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 10 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 11 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 12 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 13 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 14 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 15 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 16 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 17 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 18 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 19 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 20 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 21 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "VA District 22 Race - Aug 02, 1831" . Our Campaigns . October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2022 .
^ "AR Territorial Delegate Race - Sep 04, 1831" . Our Campaigns . July 16, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "FL Territory - Delegate Race - Sep 01, 1830" . Our Campaigns . May 16, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
^ "MI Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 08, 1831" . Our Campaigns . July 16, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022 .
Bibliography
Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses . McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830 .
Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989 . Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701 .
Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967 .
"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present" . Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015 .
External links
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