The 1822–23 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 1, 1822, and August 14, 1823. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 18th United States Congress convened on December 1, 1823. They occurred during President James Monroe's second term.
This election heralded key change not apparent until the end of the 18th Congress. The four-way 1824 presidential election, in which all candidates ran as Democratic-Republicans, would result in no candidate winning an Electoral College majority. Representatives elected to the 18th Congress are often classified by how they voted in the 1825 contingent election, which after a controversial, unanticipated political deal chose John Quincy Adams President, triggering a new, rancorous, abruptly realigned period of partisanship.
This election marked the second time in American history where the incumbent president's party gained House seats in a midterm election while still losing seats in the Senate, this happened before in 1814 and again in 1902.
Election summaries
↓
189
24
Democratic-Republican
Federalist
Following the 1820 census, 26 new seats were apportioned, with 4 States losing 1 seat each, 9 States gaining between 1 and 8 seats, and the remaining 11 States having no change in apportionment.
Incumbent resigned January 14, 1822. New member elected February 25–27, 1822 and seated March 12, 1822.[2] Federalist hold. Winner later elected to the next term in the 10th district; see below.
Incumbent resigned January 24, 1822, when elected U.S. Senator. New member elected October 1, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Federalist gain. Winner retired when the seat was eliminated.
Incumbent resigned May 8, 1822. New member elected October 1, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Federalist hold. Winner later lost re-election in the 3rd district; see below.
Incumbent resigned May 20, 1822. New member elected October 1, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected in the 8th district; see below.
Incumbent resigned May 8, 1822, because of his declining health and failing finances. New member elected October 1, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected in the 16th district; see below.
Incumbent died August 19, 1822. New member elected October 28, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Federalist hold. Winner later re-elected in the 18th district; see below.
Incumbent resigned June 1, 1822. New member elected between June and December 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican gain. Winner was not a candidate to the next term; see below.
Incumbent resigned July 25, 1822, to run for Governor of Indiana. New member elected between July and December 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to the next term in the 2nd district; see below.
Incumbent died May 24, 1822. Successor also elected to the next term. New member elected in October 1822 and seated December 4, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected; see below.
Incumbent died October 17, 1822. New member elected December 10, 1822 and seated December 23, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican gain. Winner had already been elected to the next term; see below.
Incumbent resigned May 8, 1822. New member elected December 11, 1822 and seated December 11, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected in the 8th district; see below.
Incumbent died October 27, 1822. New member elected December 13, 1822 and seated January 6, 1823.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected; see below.
Incumbent re-elected (see below) but resigned December 22, 1822.[2] New member elected January 1, 1823 and seated January 8, 1823.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to the next term; see below.
Incumbent re-elected (see below) but resigned December 22, 1822.[2] New member elected January 1, 1823 and seated with the rest of the House on December 1, 1823.[5] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above.
Incumbent re-elected (see below) but declined the election. New member elected September 8, 1823. Democratic-Republican hold. Election was challenged and successor was not seated, leading to a new election.[5]
Incumbent resigned April 21, 1823, to become Judge of the New York's Eighth Circuit Court. New member elected in November 1823 and seated with the rest of the House on December 1, 1823.[5] Democratic-Republican hold.
Alabama increased from one to three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. The state then changed from a single at-large district to three geographic districts. Alabama elected its members August 3, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
Connecticut lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Connecticut elected its members April 7, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
Delaware was reduced once more from two back to one seat after the fourth census, which number has remained constant to the present day. At the time of the October 1, 1822, election, the second seat in Delaware's at-large district was vacant, so there was only one incumbent going into the election.
Incumbent resigned January 24, 1822, when elected U.S. Senator. Successor was only elected to finish the term (see above) as the seat was eliminated. Democratic-Republican loss.
Indiana gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census, and elected its members August 5, 1822.
Indiana's single at-large seat in the 17th Congress was empty at the time of the election, previous incumbent William Hendricks (Democratic-Republican) having resigned to run for Governor of Indiana. Jonathan Jennings (Jackson D-R), elected to the new 2nd district, was elected in the ensuing special election to fill the at-large district for the remainder of the 17th Congress.
Although Maine neither gained nor lost seats after the 1820 United States census, redistricting placed two incumbents into the 3rd district. Maine elected its members April 7, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Maine law required a majority for election, with additional ballots taken if a majority were not achieved. This proved necessary in 1822 in the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 6th districts, but all members were still chosen before the new Congress convened.
Massachusetts elected its members November 4, 1822. Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in 3 districts, necessitating additional elections on March 3, 1823, and May 12, 1823; nevertheless, all elections were complete before the new Congress convened.
District numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.
New Hampshire elected its members August 26, 1822. New Hampshire law required a candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters for election, that is 1/12 of votes. Only five candidates received the requisite majority, and so a May 11, 1823, run-off election was held for the sixth seat.
New York's representation increased after the 1820 United States census from 27 to 34 seats, elected from 30 districts, two with two members each, and one with three members. New York elected its members November 4–6, 1822.
As in the previous election, the Democratic-Republican Party in New York was divided into two factions, the "Bucktails" and the Clintonians, which distinction is not marked here. The Clintonians and the Federalists ran on a joint ticket in 1822 as in 1821, in some cases, it's unclear which party a candidate belonged to, those are marked Crawford Federalist.
North Carolina's delegation remained unchanged after the census, at thirteen seats. North Carolina elected its members August 14, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican gain. Incumbent then died October 17, 1822, and winner was also elected December 10, 1822, to begin term early.
Tennessee gained three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Tennessee elected its members August 7–8, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
Vermont lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. For the 1822 election, Vermont switched back to using a single at-large district. This would be the last year that Vermont would use an at-large district until 1932, when its representation was reduced to a single seat. Vermont elected its members September 3, 1822.
Virginia lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Nineteen incumbents ran for re-election leaving three open seats. Virginia elected its members in April 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
Territory was organized March 30, 1822, and granted the right to send a delegate. New member elected September 30, 1822. Successor seated January 23, 1823[2] as the first Hispanic American in Congress.[6] Was not re-elected to the next term.
^ Corresponds to the sum of Adams-Clay Republicans (72), Jackson Republicans (64), and Crawford Republicans (53), if the 1824 votes for President are used to categorize.[1]
^ Corresponds to the sum of Adams-Clay Federalists (15), Jackson Federalists (7), and Crawford Federalists (2), if the 1824 votes for President are used to categorize.[1]
^ Run-off election held for one seat on May 11, 1823.
^ Majority required for election, which was not met in 3 districts, necessitating additional elections on March 3 and May 12, 1823.
^ Majority required for election which was not met in 4 districts necessitating additional elections held on June 30, September 9, and November 3.
Mapping Early American Elections project team (2019). "Mapping Early American Elections". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
External links
Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
