The 1824–25 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 7, 1824, and August 30, 1825. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 19th United States Congress convened on December 5, 1825. Elections were held for all 213 seats, representing 24 states.
Though Andrew Jackson lost the contingent election, public attitudes toward the charismatic, famous Jackson mainly determined the new alignment. Partisans of Jackson often were called Jacksonians, by 1828 adopting the Democratic Party label. Opponents of Jackson often were called Anti-Jacksonians, coalescing under the leadership of newly elected President John Quincy Adams and soon forming the National Republican Party.[2]
Though both parties were new, and were not continuations of old parties, Jacksonians were more similar to the former Democratic-Republicans, while National Republicans were more similar to the former Federalists and also were political ancestors to the future Whig Party. Leadership of the National Republicans in opposition to Jackson later would transition to Henry Clay, whose support of Adams determined the contingent election.
Election summaries
Representatives regrouped into Jackson supporters and Adams supporters (comprising the Adams-Clay faction in the contingent election), while supporters of William Crawford, whose ill health and retirement had indirectly helped trigger the realignment, divided between the two factions with 33 going to the Adams-Clay faction and 22 going to the Jackson faction.
Incumbent died September 8, 1824. New member elected in 1824 and seated December 23, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner not elected to the next term; see below.
Incumbent died October 15, 1824, having already either retired or lost re-election. New member elected in 1824 and seated December 13, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate to the next term; see below.
Incumbent died February 29, 1824. New member elected in 1824 and seated April 8, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected to the next term; see below.
Incumbent resigned April 20, 1824. New member elected October 12, 1824 and seated December 23, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to the next term; see below.
Incumbent resigned sometime in 1824. New member elected October 12, 1824 and seated December 6, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to the next term; see below.
John Bailey (D-R) declared not entitled to seat in previous election. Bailey was re-elected November 29, 1824 and seated December 13, 1824.[3] Democratic-Republican gain. Winner later elected to the next term; see below.
Incumbent resigned December 6, 1824, when elected U.S. Senator. New member elected in 1824 and seated February 7, 1825.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate for the next term; see below.
Incumbent resigned March 23, 1824, when elected Governor of North Carolina. New member elected January 6, 1825 and seated January 19, 1825.[3] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later elected to the next term; see below.
Representative-elect James Miller declined to serve. New member elected March 8, 1825 and seated December 5, 1825 with the rest of the Congress. Anti-Jacksonian gain.
Incumbent resigned March 7, 1825, when appointed U.S. Minister to Mexico. New member elected May 17, 1825 and seated December 5, 1825.[4] Jacksonian hold.
Incumbent resigned March 6, 1825, when appointed U.S. Secretary of State. New member elected August 1, 1825 and seated December 5, 1825.[4] Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Georgia elected its members October 4, 1824. There were only 7 candidates who ran statewide in 1824. There were several other candidates who received votes in a small number of states, but vote totals were only available for the seven winning candidates. The minor candidates only received a few hundred votes each.
In 1824 a proposal was made to hold a convention to make Illinois a slave state. The Pro-Slavery Party was led by former Governor Bond and others, while the Anti-Slavery Party was led by Governor Coles and others. The election took place on August 2, resulting in Illinois voting against the convention and electing the anti-slavery candidate, Daniel P. Cook. Despite the failure of the plan to officially make Illinois a slave state, the state effectively continued the practice through laws that classified Black individuals as "indentured servants," which in practice made them slaves.[7]
Maine elected its members September 13, 1824. Maine law required a majority vote for election, n Maine law required a majority vote for electionecessitating additional ballots in the 3rd and 4th districts on January 3, 1825, April 4, 1825, and September 12, 1825.
Massachusetts elected its members November 1, 1824. Massachusetts had a majority requirement for election, which necessitated additional elections held January 3, 1825, April 1, 1825, and August 1, 1825.
New Hampshire elected its members between November 1, 1824, and March 8, 1825. New Hampshire law required candidates to receive votes from a majority of voters for election. As only five candidates received votes from a majority of voters, a run-off election had to be held for the sixth seat on March 8, 1825.
During this time in New York politics, two factions of the Democratic-Republicans existed: the Bucktails, opponents of Governor DeWitt Clinton, and the Clintonians, supporters of Clinton. The Bucktails were led by Martin Van Buren, who supported Crawford in the 1824 presidential election, though many members were not united in this support, especially after Crawford's debilitating stroke. In the contingency election, Van Buren was outmaneuvered by Clay and Adams, and the political machine he had worked to build broke down. Less than a year after this defeat, Van Buren restored unity within the Bucktail faction and shifted his support to Jackson.[25]
Data source only states each candidate's political faction. For party affiliation the US House history, arts, and archive is used.[26]
North Carolina elected its members August 11, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
This election saw the brief rise of two regional factions within the Democratic-Republican Party: the Caucus and Anti-Caucus factions. The Anti-Caucus faction was opposed the existing nomination process, which included closed meetings, conventions, and caucuses, and ran candidates against incumbents who had been nominated by such systems.[28]
Data source only states each candidate's political faction. For party affiliation the US House history, arts, and archive is used.[26]
Rhode Island elected its members August 30, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Rhode Island law required a candidate receive votes from a majority of voters for election, as only one candidate received a majority in this election, a Rhode Island law required a candidate receive votes from a majority of voters for election, as only one candidate received a majority in this electionsecond election was held for the remaining seat.
Vermont elected its members September 7, 1824. Congressional districts were re-established in Vermont for the 1824 election. Vermont had used an at-large district 1812-1818 and 1822. A majority was required for election, which was not met in the 1st district, necessitating a second election December 6, 1824.
^ In the case of the Anti-Jacksonians (aka. Adams Men), there were 72 "Adams-Clay" Democratic-Republicans and 15 "Adams-Clay" Federalists, for a total of 87 Anti-Jacksonians, in the U.S. House before the 1824 election.
^ ab The Jacksonians and Anti-Jacksonians were two factions of the Democratic-Republican Party (mostly) that parted ways in 1824. Each member of Congress chose an allegiance before the 1824 election was held, so changes only indicate seats gained by each faction during the election.
^ In the case of the Jacksonians, there were 64 "Jackson" Democrat-Republicans and 7 "Jackson" Federalists, for a total of 71 Jacksonians, in the U.S. House before the 1824 election.
^n Vermont required a majority for electionecessitating an additional election held December 6, 1824.
^n Maine had a majority requirement for electionecessitating additional elections held January 3, April 4, and September 12, 1825.
^ Massachusetts had a majority requirement for election, which necessitated additional elections held January 3, April 1, and August 1, 1825.
^ Run-off election for 6th seat held March 8, 1825.
^ Run-off election for second seat held November 25, 1825.
^Although a majority was reached in the second ballot, a third ballot was ordered because elections had not been held in Holland and South Brimfield.[citation needed]
^ abcde In New York's 20th district, Egbert Ten Eyck (Jacksonian) was initially declared the winner of the second seat. However, Daniel Hugunin Jr. (Anti-Jacksonian) successfully contested the election on the basis that 275 votes had been certified for "Daniel Hugunin, Junior" and another 195 for "Daniel Hugunin," and that those votes were intended for him. The House Committee on Elections concurred and the seat was awarded to Hugunin, who was seated December 15, 1825.
^ Source does not give complete data, but partial returns available in source suggest a very large margin.
Mapping Early American Elections project team (2019). "Mapping Early American Elections". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
External links
Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
