Membrane steroid receptor

Membrane steroid receptors (mSRs), also called extranuclear steroid receptors, are a class of cell surface receptors activated by endogenous steroids that mediate rapid, non-genomic signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades.^[1][2][3][4] mSRs are another means besides classical nuclear steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) for steroids to mediate their biological effects.^[1][2][3][4] SHRs can produce slow genomic responses or rapid, non-genomic responses in the case of mSRs.^[5]

List of membrane steroid receptors

Known groups of mSRs, by ligand, include:^[a]

• Membrane sex steroid receptors
  • Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) – GPER, ER-X, ERx, G_q-mER; Nav1.2;^[6] palmitoylated nuclear receptors^[6]
  • Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) – PAQRs (mPRα, mPRβ, mPRγ, mPRδ, mPRϵ); PGRMC1, PGRMC2;^[6]
  • Membrane androgen receptors (mARs) – GPRC6A, OXER1, ZIP9; TRPM8;^[6] Cav1.2^[6]
• Membrane corticosteroid receptors
  • Membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs) – caveolin-associated nuclear receptors; possible unidentified receptors^[6]
  • Membrane mineralocorticoid receptors (mMRs) – caveolin-associated NRs; diverse putative receptors^[6]

In addition, PDIA3 is a membrane receptor for the secosteroid calcitriol, the activated form of Vitamin D.^[7]

References

1. Semicolons roughly denote structural groups, e.g. G-protein receptors from ion channels.

1. Levin ER (2014). "Translating extranuclear steroid receptor signaling to clinical medicine". Horm Cancer. 5 (3): 140–5. doi:10.1007/s12672-014-0179-9. PMC 4040225. PMID 24752388.
2. Hammes SR, Levin ER (2011). "Minireview: Recent advances in extranuclear steroid receptor actions". Endocrinology. 152 (12): 4489–95. doi:10.1210/en.2011-1470. PMC 3858720. PMID 22028449.
3. Sen A, Prizant H, Hammes SR (2011). "Understanding extranuclear (nongenomic) androgen signaling: what a frog oocyte can tell us about human biology". Steroids. 76 (9): 822–8. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.016. PMC 4972037. PMID 21354434.
4. Watson, C. S. (1999). "Signaling Themes Shared Between Peptide and Steroid Hormones at the Plasma Membrane". Science Signaling. 1999 (12): pe1. doi:10.1126/stke.1999.12.pe1. ISSN 1945-0877. PMC 1317563. PMID 11865187.
5. W.Norman, A.; Mizwicki, M. T.; Norman, D. G. (January 2004). "Steroid-hormone rapid actions, membrane receptors and a conformational ensemble model". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 3 (1): 27–41. doi:10.1038/nrd1283. PMID 14708019. S2CID 17487277.
6. Treviño, LS; Gorelick, DA (1 August 2021). "The Interface of Nuclear and Membrane Steroid Signaling". Endocrinology. 162 (8): bqab107. doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab107. PMC 8214340. PMID 34038515.
7. Gaucci E, Raimondo D, Grillo C, Cervoni L, Altieri F, Nittari G, et al. (November 2016). "Analysis of the interaction of calcitriol with the disulfide isomerase ERp57". Scientific Reports. 6: 37957. Bibcode:2016NatSR...637957G. doi:10.1038/srep37957. PMC 5126700. PMID 27897272.