Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

See also: United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories
  Active agreements
  Renegotiating active agreements
  Agreement in principle
  Negotiations ongoing
  Discussions ongoing

Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, make use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.[1] Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements: these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to expand the deal since Brexit.[2]

As of December 2024, the United Kingdom has 39 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs, covering 102 countries and territories.[3][1] Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand.[4] The UK is also a member of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has a customs union with its three Crown Dependencies.[5] The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14 British Overseas Territories.[6]

The United Kingdom has only suspended negotiations for a trade deal on one occasion; it suspended negotiations for a post-Brexit Canada Free Trade Agreement on 25 January 2024.[7]

Competence and ratification

According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.[8]

The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations.[9]

Ratification

The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.[10]

The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

  • must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
  • will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
  • will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
  • will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
  • will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
  • is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
  • will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation[10]

Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.[10]

Active agreements

The following bilateral and plurilateral agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Nation(s) No. of
nations
represented 		Signed Effective Coverage Treaty Mechanism[1] Trade value
(2023)[1][11] 		Ref.
Albania 1 5 February 2021 3 May 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Full ratification £362m [12][13]
Andean Countries
Colombia[a]
Ecuador
Peru 		3 15 May 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Full ratification £4,051m [15][16]
Australia 1 16 December 2021 31 May 2023 Goods & Services New Full ratification £20,036m [17][18]
Cameroon 1 28 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £1,029m [19][20]
Canada 1 22 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services[b] Continuity Full ratification £26,287m [22][23]
CARIFORUM
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname[c]
Trinidad and Tobago 		14 22 March 2019[d] 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Provisional application £5,537m [26][27]
Central America
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama 		6 18 July 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Full ratification £2,478m [28][29]
Chile 1 30 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Full ratification £1,804m [30][31]
Eastern and Southern Africa
Madagascar[e]
Mauritius
Seychelles
Zimbabwe 		4 31 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £2,027m[f] [33][34]
Egypt 1 5 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £4,659m [35][36]
European Union
31[k] 30 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New Full ratification £805,000m [37][38]
Faroe Islands 1 31 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £1,108m [39][40]
Georgia 1 21 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Full ratification £500m [41][42]
Ghana 1 2 March 2021 5 March 2021 Goods Continuity Provisional application £1,188m [43][44]
Iceland
Liechtenstein[l]
Norway 		3 8 July 2021 1 December 2021 Goods & Services New Provisional application £41,537m[m] [45][46]
Israel 1 18 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £6,137m [47][48]
Ivory Coast 1 15 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £841m [49][50]
Japan 1 23 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New Full ratification £27,575m [51][52]
Jordan 1 5 November 2019 1 May 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £1,313m [53][54]
Kenya 1 8 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £1,427m [55][56]
Kosovo 1 3 December 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £12m [57][40]
Lebanon 1 19 September 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £1,131m [58][59]
Liechtenstein[n]
Switzerland 		2 11 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £50,817m[o] [61][62]
Mexico 1 15 December 2020 1 June 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Full ratification £6,599m [63][64]
Moldova 1 24 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Full ratification £1,478m [65][66]
Morocco 1 26 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Provisional application £3,524m [67][68]
New Zealand 1 28 February 2022 31 May 2023 Goods & Services New Full ratification £3,100m [69][70]
North Macedonia 1 3 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Provisional application £2,507m [71][72]
Pacific States
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
Samoa[p]
Solomon Islands[q] 		4 14 March 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Provisional application £390m [75][76]
Palestinian Authority 1 18 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £38m [77][78]
Serbia 1 16 April 2021 20 May 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Full ratification £1,018m [79][80]
Singapore 1 10 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity[r] Full ratification £22,327m [83][84]
South Korea 1 22 August 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Full ratification £16,331m [85][86]
Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique
Botswana
Eswatini
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa 		6 9 October 2019[s] 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £11,420m [88][89]
Tunisia 1 4 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Full ratification £693m [90][91]
Turkey 1 29 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity Provisional application £25,817m [92][93]
Ukraine 1 8 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity[t] Full ratification £1,523m [96][97]
Vietnam 1 29 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Provisional application £5,859m [98][99]

Trade bloc membership

Main article: Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP
  CPTPP Signatories
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories


The United Kingdom is currently a member of one trade bloc, which covers multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Trade bloc No. of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Coverage Trade value[1] Ref.
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Australia
Brunei
Canada[u]
Chile
Japan
Malaysia
Mexico[u]
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Vietnam 		11 16 July 2023 15 December 2024[v] Goods & Services £120,730m[w] [100][101]

Dependencies

The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

Nation(s) No. of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Coverage Treaty Trade value
(2023)[102] 		Comment Ref.
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 31 30 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New £823,100m Trade with the UK is governed within the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, due to Akrotiri and Dhekelia remaining a part of the European Union customs union. [103][104]
Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey 		3 26 November 2018 9 December 2020 Goods & Services New £13,153m The United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies established a customs union which created a free trade area between the territories, and creates a common external tariff with other countries. [105][5]
Gibraltar 1 24 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £7,236m Trade with Gibraltar is governed under the 'Financial Services and Markets Act 2000', Gibraltar and the UK amended this act in order to continue the agreement they had in the European Economic Area. [106]
Overseas Territories
Anguilla
Bermuda
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands
Montserrat
Pitcairn Islands
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands 		12 9 November 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £10,591m This arrangement acts as a continuity free trade agreement between 12 Overseas Territories and the UK. [6][107]

Negotiations

The United Kingdom is currently negotiating free trade agreements with the following countries and trade blocs:[4]

Nation (s) No of nations
represented 		Coverage Treaty Trade value (2023)[1][102] Status Progress Ref.
Algeria 1 Goods Continuity £2,303m Negotiations stagnated A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Algeria; neither party has signed the agreement. [108]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Goods & Services Continuity £255m Negotiations stagnated A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Bosnia and Herzegovina; neither party has signed the agreement. [109][108]
Canada 1 Goods & Services New £26,287m Negotiations suspended Negotiations suspended on 25 January 2024 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed eight rounds of talks since 2022. [110][111]
Greenland 1 Goods New £12m Negotiations stagnated Negotiations opened on 27 January 2022. [112][113]
Gulf Cooperation Council
Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates 		6 Goods & Services New £57,433m Negotiations ongoing Sixth round of negotiations concluded on 9 February 2024. [114][115]
India 1 Goods & Services New £38,978m Negotiations ongoing Fourteenth round of negotiations concluded on 15 March 2024. [116][117]
Israel 1 Goods & Services New £6,137m Negotiations ongoing Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 17 April 2024. [118][119]
Maldives 1 Goods New £492m Discussions ongoing Trade consultation closed on 2 August 2023. [120][121]
Mexico 1 Goods & Services New £6,599m Negotiations ongoing Third round of negotiations concluded on 19 May 2023. [122][123]
Montenegro 1 Goods & Services Continuity £156m Negotiations stagnated A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Montenegro; neither party has signed the agreement. [109][108]
South Korea 1 Goods & Services New £18,349m Negotiations ongoing Second round of negotiations concluded on 22 March 2024. [124][125]
Switzerland 1 Goods & Services New £50,817m Negotiations ongoing Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 18 October 2024. [126][127]
Thailand 1 Goods & Services New £6,026m Discussions ongoing Enhanced Trade Partnership signed on 18 September 2024; exploratory FTA talks ongoing. [128][129]
Turkey 1 Goods & Services New £25,817m Negotiations ongoing Negotiations opened on 14 March 2024. [130][131]
United States 1 Goods & Services New £310,840m Negotiations stagnated Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 30 October 2020. [132][133]

Trade bloc applicants

The following countries have applied to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade bloc of which the United Kingdom is a member of.

Country Application Negotiations opened Status Bilateral trade value (2023)[1][102] Existing FTA Ref.
 China 16 September 2021 N/A Formal application submitted £90,243 N/A [134][135]
 Costa Rica 11 August 2022 29 November 2024 Invitation to join received £1,143 Central America–UK Association Agreement [136][137]
 Ecuador 29 December 2021 N/A Formal application submitted £475 Andean Countries–UK Trade Continuity Agreement [138][139]
 Indonesia 19 September 2024 N/A Formal application submitted £2,999 N/A [140][141]
 Taiwan 22 September 2021 N/A Formal application submitted
under the name of "The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (TPKM)." 		£7,433 N/A [142][143]
 Ukraine 5 May 2023 N/A Formal application submitted £1,523m Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement [144][145]
 Uruguay 1 December 2022 N/A Formal application submitted £409 N/A [146][147]

Potential enlargement

The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateral Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.

Nation(s) Trade agreement
being joined 		Status Ref.
Haiti CARIFORUM Haiti will be covered by the CARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement if they sign it and bring it into effect. [148]
Comoros
Zambia 		Eastern and Southern Africa Out of the remaining COMESA members, Comoros, and Zambia have agreements in place allowing them to join the ESA–UK Economic Partnership Agreement:
  • Comoros signed the agreement on 12 April 2022 and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect.
  • Zambia will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.
 [149][32]
East African Community
Burundi
DR Congo
Rwanda
Somalia
South Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda 		Kenya Article 143 of the UK–Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement enables any other East African Community member to make an accession request to the UK–Kenya EPA Council. [150][151]
Cook Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
Niue
Palau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu 		Pacific States The Pacific States–UK Economic Partnership Agreement states that 10 other Pacific nations are currently eligible to apply for accession.
  • Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the EPA.
 [152]

Obsolete agreements

The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated. Signature, entry into force and obsolete dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Nation(s) No of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage Note Superseded by Ref.
 Ireland 1 19 December 1965 1 July 1966 1 January 1973 Goods The Ireland–United Kingdom Free Trade Area was agreed to after both nations' bids to join the European Economic Community were rejected. This agreement was superseded upon both parties' accession to the EEC. European Economic Community [153][154]
 Colombia 1 18 October 2019 1 January 2021 28 June 2022 Goods & Services The Colombia–UK Trade Continuity Agreement was provisionally applied until Colombia could ratify the Andean–UK Trade Continuity Agreement, which superseded this agreement. Andean Countries
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru 		[155]
 Iceland
 Norway 		2 8 December 2020 1 January 2021 1 September 2022 Goods Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Continuity Agreement was superseded by an updated FTA with Liechtenstein, which expanded the coverage to include services.  Iceland
 Liechtenstein
 Norway 		[156][157][158]

Former trade bloc memberships

The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs, which covered multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Nation(s) No. of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage Note Superseded by Ref.
European Free Trade Association
 Austria
 Denmark
 Iceland[x]
 Norway
 Portugal
 Sweden
  Switzerland 		7 4 January 1960 3 May 1960 31 December 1972 Goods & Services The UK was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but left the organisation to join the European Economic Community, along with Denmark. European Economic Community [159][160]
European Economic Community
 Belgium
 Denmark
 France
 Greece[y]
 Ireland
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Portugal[z]
 Spain[aa]
West Germany/Germany[ab] 		11 22 January 1972 1 January 1973 1 November 1993 Goods & Services The UK joined the European Economic Community, along with Denmark and Ireland. The EEC was incorporated into the European Union. European Union [161][162][163]
European Union
 27 7 February 1992 1 November 1993 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Following the result of the Brexit referendum, the UK invoked Article 50 in March 2017. The UK officially withdrew from the EU on the 1 January 2021. Trade and Cooperation Agreement [164][165]

Obsolete EU agreements

The following agreements are European Union free trade agreements, of which the United Kingdom was a party until Brexit; however continuity agreements were not reached to replace them.

Nation (s) No of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage Note Ref.
 Algeria 1 22 April 2002 1 September 2005 1 January 2021 Goods The UK has no free trade agreement with Algeria. [166]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 16 June 2008 1 June 2015 1 January 2021 Goods & Services The UK has no free trade agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina. [167][109]
EU Overseas Countries and Territories
Aruba
Bonaire
Curaçao
French Polynesia
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Greenland
New Caledonia
Saba
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Wallis and Futuna 		13 27 November 2001 2 December 2001 1 January 2021 Goods The UK has no free trade agreement with any of the EU Overseas Countries and Territories.
  • Greenland and the UK have opened negotiations for a free trade agreement.
 [168][169]
 Montenegro 1 15 October 2007 1 May 2010 1 January 2021 Goods & Services The UK has no free trade agreement with Montenegro. [170][109]

Largest trading partners

Export and import markets for goods and services in 2023, seasonally adjusted
Figures in £billions sterling
Exports Imports
Rank Trade Partner £billions % of Total Rank Trade Partner £billions % of Total
European Union 356.3 41.4% European Union 450.9 51.5%
1. United States[as] 186.7 21.7% 1. United States 115.4 13.2%
2. Germany (EU member) 63.0 7.3% 2. Germany (EU member) 87.6 10.0%
3. Ireland (EU member) 57.7 6.7% 3. Netherlands (EU member) 64.3 7.3%
4. Netherlands (EU member) 52.5 6.1% 4. France (EU member) 60.2 6.9%
5. France (EU member) 44.6 5.2% 5. China 59.4 6.8%
6. China 33.3 3.9% 6. Spain (EU member) 41.2 4.7%
7. Switzerland (EFTA) 30.2 3.5% 7. Belgium (EU member) 31.7 3.6%
8. Italy (EU member) 31.6 3.6% 8. Italy (EU member) 31.6 3.6%
9. Spain (EU member) 19.7 2.3% 9. Ireland (EU member) 30.3 3.5%
10. Italy (EU member) 18.9 2.2% 10. Norway (EFTA) 30.2 3.4%
EU 356.3 41.4% EU 450.9 51.5%
Non EU 505.0 58.6% Non EU 425.4 48.5%
World 861.2 100% World 876.3 100%

Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.

The figures above are for 2023[171]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Joined 28 June 2022.[14]
  2. ^ The agreement only covered goods until 1 April 2021 when it expanded to cover services.[21]
  3. ^ Joined 5 March 2021.[24]
  4. ^ Trinidad and Tobago signed on 1 April 2019.
    Dominican Republic signed on 4 April 2019.
    Antigua and Barbuda signed on 6 June 2019.
    The Bahamas signed on 27 November 2019.
    Suriname signed on 4 March 2021.[25]
  5. ^ Joined 1 August 2024.[32]
  6. ^ This figure was published prior to Madagascar's accession to the Economic Partnership Agreement; thus excludes trade with Madagascar.
  7. ^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Akrotiri and Dhekelia-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  8. ^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that Andorra be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, Andorra-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  9. ^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Monaco-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  10. ^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that San Marino be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, San Marino-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  11. ^ This agreement covers the 27 EU members, additionally it governs UK trade with Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.[1]
  12. ^ Due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union, goods from Liechtenstein are governed in the Switzerland-UK FTA.
  13. ^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and the cumulative value of Iceland and Norway. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  14. ^ This treaty only governs Liechtenstein's goods due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union. Liechtenstein-UK trade is governed by the Iceland-Liechtenstein-Norway-UK FTA.[60]
  15. ^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and Switzerland. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  16. ^ Joined 11 January 2021[73]
  17. ^ Joined 5 January 2021[74]
  18. ^ Expanded upon by the Singapore–UK Digital Economy Agreement to cover digital trade, after entering into force on 14 June 2022.[81][82]
  19. ^ South Africa signed the agreement on 16 October 2019.[87]
  20. ^ Expanded upon by the Ukraine–UK Digital Trade Agreement to cover digital trade, after entering into force on 1 September 2024.[94][95]
  21. ^ a b Has not yet ratified the UK’s accession to CPTPP.
  22. ^ Trade with Australia entered into force on 24 December 2024.
  23. ^ This figure only accounts for UK trade with the 7 CPTPP member states currently covered by the treaty, thus excludes Canada and Mexico.
  24. ^ Joined 1 January 1970
  25. ^ Joined 1 January 1981
  26. ^ Joined 1 January 1986
  27. ^ Joined 1 January 1986
  28. ^ German reunification took place in 1990
  29. ^ Joined 1 January 1995
  30. ^ Joined 1 January 2007
  31. ^ Joined 1 July 2013
  32. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  33. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  34. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  35. ^ Joined 1 January 1995
  36. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  37. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  38. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  39. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  40. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  41. ^ Joined 1 January 2007
  42. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  43. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  44. ^ Joined 1 January 1995
  45. ^ including Puerto Rico

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Department for International Trade (3 November 2022). "UK trade agreements in effect". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  2. ^ Eiser, David; McEwen, Nicola; Roy, Graeme (7 April 2021). "The Trade Policies of Brexit Britain: the Influence of and Impacts on the Devolved Nations" (PDF). Brill Publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Regional Agreements Database (United Kingdom)". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 25 August 2024.
  4. ^ a b Webb, Dominic (16 December 2024). Progress on UK free trade agreement negotiations (PDF). UK Parliament (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey sign deal with UK over post-Brexit trade". BBC News. 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b Loft, Philip; Fella, Stefano; Jozepa, Ilze; Mills, Claire; Ward, Matthew (1 August 2022). "Brexit and the UK's Overseas Territories" (PDF). UK Parliament. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  7. ^ Foster, Peter; Uddin, Rafe; Campbell, Peter (26 January 2024). "UK halts talks with Canada on post-Brexit trade deal". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  8. ^ "Election 2019: A short guide to devolution in the UK". BBC News. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  9. ^ Fox, Liam; Hollingbery, Sir George (6 June 2019). "First meeting of government trade advisory group". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  10. ^ a b c "UK Treaties". GOV.UK. 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2020. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
  11. ^ GOV.UK (20 December 2024). "UK trade in numbers (web version)". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 December 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  12. ^ Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office; Department for International Trade; Morton, Wendy; Jayawardena, Ranil (5 February 2021). "UK and Albania sign Agreement to deepen economic relationship and political efforts to tackle serious organised crime". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Grzegorczyk, Marek (5 February 2021). "UK and Albania agree trade deal". Emerging Europe. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  14. ^ "United Kingdom - Colombia, Ecuador and Peru". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  15. ^ Department for International Trade; Hollingbery, George (15 May 2019). "UK signs trade continuity agreement with Colombia, Ecuador and Peru". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  16. ^ Taj, Mitra (15 May 2019). "Peru, Ecuador and Colombia sign trade deal with UK ahead of Brexit". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  17. ^ Trevelyan, Anne-Marie (16 December 2021). "UK and Australia sign world-class trade deal". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  18. ^ Nelson, Eshe (15 June 2021). "Britain Signs Its First Major Post-Brexit Trade Deal With Australia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  19. ^ Jayawardena, Ranil (30 December 2020). "United Kingdom and Cameroon secure Economic Partnership Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  20. ^ Cotton, Barney (4 January 2021). "UK and Cameroon secure Economic Partnership Agreement". Business Leader. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  21. ^ "United Kingdom - Canada". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  22. ^ Johnson, Boris; Truss, Liz (22 November 2020). "UK secures vital rollover trade deal with Canada and agrees to start negotiating more advanced deal next year". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  23. ^ Cameron-Chileshe, Jasmine (21 November 2020). "UK and Canada seal rollover trade deal". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  24. ^ Department for International Trade; Jayawardena, Ranil (5 March 2021). "Suriname signs CARIFORUM-UK EPA". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  25. ^ "United Kingdom - CARIFORUM States". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  26. ^ Department for International Trade; Hollingbery, George (22 March 2019). "UK signs trade continuity agreement with Caribbean countries". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  27. ^ Partington, Richard (22 March 2019). "UK secures post-Brexit trade deal with group of Caribbean countries". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  28. ^ "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  29. ^ Cotton, Barney (19 July 2019). "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". Business Leader. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  30. ^ Fox, Liam (30 January 2019). "UK and Chile sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  31. ^ Mander, Benedict (1 February 2019). "Is Chile a Brexit seer?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  32. ^ a b Department for International Trade (6 February 2019). "ESA-UK economic partnership agreement (EPA)". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  33. ^ Department for International Trade; Hollingbery, George (31 January 2019). "UK signs Eastern and Southern Africa trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  34. ^ AfBC News (5 November 2020). "UK Trade with Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) from 1 Jan 2021". African Business Chamber. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  35. ^ Raab, Dominic; Truss, Liz (5 December 2020). "UK and Egypt sign Association Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  36. ^ Muzoriwa, Kudakwashie (5 December 2020). "UK and Egypt sign Association Agreement'". Forbes Middle East. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  37. ^ Cabinet Office; Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (11 August 2021). "Trade and Cooperation Agreement Governance". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  38. ^ BBC News (29 December 2020). "Brexit: Landmark UK-EU trade deal to be signed". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  39. ^ Hollinbery, Sir George; Eustace, George (1 February 2019). "UK and Faroe Islands sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  40. ^ a b Chaplain, Chloe (27 January 2020). "Brexit trade deals: the agreements in place already, from Chile to the Faroe Islands – and what the UK could trade with them". i. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  41. ^ Raab, Dominic; Truss, Liz (21 October 2019). "UK and Georgia sign trade continuity and strategic cooperation agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  42. ^ Mammadova, Tamilla (10 February 2020). "Georgia ratifies free trade agreement with UK". Trend News Agency. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  43. ^ Department for International Trade; Duddridge, James; Jayawarden, Jaya; Truss, Liz (2 March 2021). "UK signs Trade Partnership Agreement with Ghana". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  44. ^ Ghanaian Times (2 March 2021). "Ghana, UK to sign new trade agreement today". Ghanaian Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  45. ^ Jayawardena, Ranil (8 July 2021). "United Kingdom signs free trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  46. ^ Morris, Chris (4 June 2021). "Brexit: UK announces trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  47. ^ Fox, Liam (18 February 2019). "UK and Israel sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  48. ^ Odenheimer, Alisa (18 February 2019). "U.K to Sign Post-Brexit Trade Continuity Accord with Israel". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  49. ^ Jayawardena, Ranil (15 October 2020). "The United Kingdom and Côte d'Ivoire sign Economic Partnership Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  50. ^ Ballard, Oli (20 October 2020). "The UK and Ivory Coast sign Economic Partnership Agreement". Business Leader. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  51. ^ British Embassy Tokyo (23 October 2023). "UK and Japan sign free trade agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  52. ^ Harding, Robin (23 October 2020). "UK seals first big post-Brexit trade deal with Japan". Financial Times. Tokyo. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  53. ^ Duddridge, James; Jayawardena, Ranil (1 May 2021). "UK and Jordan Trade Agreement comes into effect". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  54. ^ "Jordan-UK trade deal welcomed as countries strengthen relations". Arabian Business. 3 May 2021. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  55. ^ Duddridge, James; Jayawardena, Ranil (3 November 2020). "UK and Kenya secure a trade agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  56. ^ Miriri, Duncan (3 November 2020). "Kenya agrees new trade deal with Britain to safeguard investments". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  57. ^ "UK-Kosovo partnership, trade and cooperation agreement". GOV.UK. 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  58. ^ Burns, Conor (19 September 2019). "UK and Lebanon sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  59. ^ Cotton, Barney (19 September 2019). "UK and Lebanon sign trade continuity agreement". Business Leader. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  60. ^ "UK-Switzerland-Liechtenstein Trade Agreement". GOV.UK. 28 February 2019.
  61. ^ Fox, Liam (11 February 2019). "UK and Switzerland sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  62. ^ Pickard, Jim (11 February 2019). "UK signs biggest trade deal since Brexit vote with Switzerland". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  63. ^ Department for International Trade; Jayawardena, Ranil; Truss, Liz (15 December 2020). "UK and Mexico sign trade deal'". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  64. ^ James, William (15 December 2020). "Britain and Mexico agree deal on post-Brexit trade". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  65. ^ Morton, Wendy; Jayawardena, Ranil (24 December 2020). "UK and Moldova sign Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  66. ^ "Moldova, United Kingdom to sign agreement on strategic partnership". Moldpres. 19 August 2021. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  67. ^ Burns, Conor; Murrison, Andrew (26 October 2019). "UK and Morocco sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  68. ^ "UK, Morocco sign continuity agreement". The Arab Weekly. 29 October 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  69. ^ Trevelyan, Anne-Marie (28 February 2022). "UK and New Zealand sign comprehensive trade deal". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  70. ^ Robinson, James (31 May 2023). "UK to send signed Beano copies to Australia and New Zealand to mark start of post-Brexit trade deals". Sky News. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  71. ^ Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office; Department for International Trade; Morton, Wendy (3 December 2020). "North Macedonia and UK sign Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  72. ^ LexisNexis (3 December 2020). "Beyond Brexit—UK-North Macedonia Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement signed". LexisNexis. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  73. ^ Rheeney, Alexander (11 January 2022). "Samoa signs trade agreement with U.K." Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  74. ^ Web Admin (5 January 2021). "Solomon Islands Accession onto the UK-Pacific interim Economic Partnership Agreement". Solomon Islands Government Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  75. ^ Department for International Trade (14 March 2019). "UK and Pacific Islands sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  76. ^ Partington, Richard (14 March 2019). "UK signs post-Brexit trade deal with Fiji and Papua New Guinea". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  77. ^ "UK and Palestinian Authority sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  78. ^ "UK and Palestinian Authority Sign Trade Continuity Agreement". Qatar News Agency. 6 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  79. ^ Morton, Wendy; Stuart, Graham (19 April 2021). "Serbia: UK and Serbia sign Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  80. ^ Đorđević, Nikola (20 April 2021). "Serbia-UK trade deal is more than good business". Emerging Europe. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  81. ^ Trevelyan, Anne-Marie (25 February 2022). "UK and Singapore sign new innovative digital trade deal". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  82. ^ Ong, Justin (15 June 2022). "UK-Singapore digital economy deal enters into force". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  83. ^ Truss, Liz (10 December 2020). "Joint statement by the UK and Singapore". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  84. ^ Palma, Stefania (10 December 2020). "UK and Singapore sign post-Brexit free trade agreement". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  85. ^ Truss, Elizabeth (21 August 2019). "UK and Korea to sign trade continuity deal to ensure businesses are ready to trade post-Brexit". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  86. ^ Jung-a, Song; Rovnick, Naomi; Giles, Chris (10 June 2019). "South Korea agrees deal with UK for post-Brexit trade". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  87. ^ "United Kingdom - SACU and Mozambique". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  88. ^ Department for International Trade; Department for International Development; Truss, Elizabeth (11 September 2019). "UK agreed trade continuity with 6 African nations". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  89. ^ Bavier, Joe (11 September 2019). "Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa". Reuters. Johannesburg. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  90. ^ Murrison, Andrew; Burns, Conor (4 October 2019). "UK and Tunisia sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  91. ^ "UK and Tunisia Sign Continuity Agreement". The Dispatch. 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  92. ^ Department for International Trade; Truss, Elizabeth (29 December 2020). "UK and Turkey sign trade deal". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  93. ^ Pitel, Laura; Payne, Sebastian (27 December 2020). "UK and Turkey to sign free trade deal this week". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  94. ^ Department for International Trade (30 November 2022). "UK-Ukraine Digital Trade Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  95. ^ BBC News (30 November 2022). "UK strikes digital trade deal with Ukraine". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  96. ^ Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office; Department for International Trade; Johnson, Boris; Truss, Elizabeth (8 October 2020). "UK and Ukraine sign Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  97. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (8 October 2020). "Britain, Ukraine Sign 'Strategic Partnership Agreement'". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  98. ^ "UK strikes Singapore and Vietnam trade deals, start of new era of trade with Asia '". GOV.UK. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  99. ^ Nguyen, Quynh (11 December 2020). "U.K., Vietnam Reach Free-Trade Deal as Brexit Deadline Looms". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  100. ^ Department for International Trade (31 March 2023). "The UK and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  101. ^ Colchester, Max (30 March 2023). "U.K. Joins Trans-Pacific Partnership as It Seeks to Diversify International Commerce". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  102. ^ a b c "UK total trade: all countries, non-seasonally adjusted | October to December 2023 edition of this dataset". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  103. ^ "Cyprus: Brexit and UK Sovereign Base Areas (update)". UK Parliament. 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  104. ^ "Territorial status". European Commission. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  105. ^ "UK agrees new customs arrangements with the Crown Dependencies". GOV.UK. 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  106. ^ "Technical Notice (7) Getting ready for the end of the Transition Period" (PDF). HM Government of Gibraltar. 27 October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  107. ^ "Reference Document for The Customs (Tariff-free access for Goods from British Overseas Territories) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020". GOV.UK. 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  108. ^ a b c Progress with trade negotiations (PDF). National Audit Office (Report). 8 December 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2023. Agreements with Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro had not been signed. DIT remains open to pursuing these agreements and is waiting for further engagement from the other parties.
  109. ^ a b c d "Trade Agreements: Bosnia and Herzegovina". UK Parliament. 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  110. ^ Goshko, Susannah [@SusannahGoshko] (25 January 2024). "A statement from the UK Government on our decision to pause Free Trade Negotiations with Canada" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 January 2024 – via Twitter.
  111. ^ Tasker, John Paul; McGregor, Janyce (25 January 2024). "U.K. walks away from trade talks with Canada". CBC News. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  112. ^ Trevelyan, Anne-Marie; Jayawardena, Ranil (27 January 2022). "Seafood sector set to benefit as UK starts Greenland trade talks". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  113. ^ Gezelius, Hanna (3 July 2023). "'Trade deal is not important enough to offer a quota': As Greenland, UK trade talks run aground, coldwater shrimp is caught in the middle". Intrafish. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  114. ^ "Trade Update: UK-Gulf Cooperation Council FTA". GOV.UK. 19 February 2024. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  115. ^ Dudley, Dominic (14 October 2022). "UK Starts Free Trade Talks With Gulf States, But Human Rights Seem Off The Menu". Forbes. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  116. ^ "Joint outcome statement: UK-India round thirteen of FTA negotiations". GOV.UK. 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  117. ^ White, Lucy (18 March 2024). "UK, India Defer Trade Deal Talks Until After India Election". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  118. ^ Hands, Gregg (1 May 2024). "Israel Trade Negotiations Update". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  119. ^ Harpin, Lee (1 May 2024). "Downing Street says no link between Israel trade negotiations and Gaza military action". Jewish News. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  120. ^ "UK launches process to negotiate trade deal with the Republic of Maldives". GOV.UK. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  121. ^ Mereghetti, Matilde (15 July 2023). "Maldives tuna firms optimistic FTA deals with UK, EU will boost exports". Undercurrent News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  122. ^ Huddleston, Nigel (8 June 2023). "Trade Negotiations with Israel, Mexico and Switzerland". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  123. ^ Smout, Alistair (20 May 2022). "Britain launches free trade deal talks with Mexico". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  124. ^ "Korea and UK to hold 2nd official negotiating round on upgrading bilateral FTA". Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  125. ^ Smith, Josh (20 March 2024). "S.Korea's Yoon vows more cooperation with Britain as trade talks resume". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  126. ^ GOV.UK (30 October 2024). "Update following round 5 of negotiations on an enhanced Free Trade Agreement with Switzerland". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 November 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  127. ^ Milligan, Ellen; Benrath, Bastian (14 May 2023). "UK Kicks Off Trade Talks With Switzerland to Boost Services". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  128. ^ Regalado, Francesca (21 March 2024). "U.K. signs trade partnership with Thailand, first in Southeast Asia". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  129. ^ The Nation (8 December 2024). "Pichai discusses economic cooperation, FTA with UK ambassador". The Nation. Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  130. ^ Badenoch, Kemi (14 March 2024). "British businesses to benefit as UK launches new trade talks with Turkey". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  131. ^ Partington, Richard (14 March 2024). "UK embarks on post-Brexit trade talks with Turkey". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  132. ^ Truss, Elizabeth (2 November 2020). "Negotiations on the UK's Future Trading Relationship with the US: Update". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  133. ^ Giordano, Chiara (21 January 2021). "We'll fix US economy before signing trade deals, says Biden's Treasury pick Janet Yellen". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  134. ^ BBC News (17 September 2021). "China applies to join key Asia-Pacific trade pact". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  135. ^ MacSwann, Angus; Richardson, Alex; Porter, Mark (16 September 2021). "China officially applies to join CPTPP trade pact". Reuters. Beijing. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  136. ^ Murillo, Alavaro (11 August 2022). "Costa Rica seeks entry to trans-Pacific trade bloc". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  137. ^ Martinez, Juan (29 November 2024). "Costa Rica Invited to Join Pacific Trade Powerhouse CPTPP". The Rio Times. San Jose. Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  138. ^ "Ecuador applies to join CPTPP trade pact". NHK World-Japan. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  139. ^ Miyamoto, Hidetake (29 December 2021). "Ecuador applies for CPTPP membership to diversify trade". Nikkei Asia. São Paulo. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  140. ^ The Strait Times. "Indonesia formally requests to join Trans-Pacific trade pact". The Strait Times. Jakarta. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  141. ^ Strangio, Sebastian. "Indonesia Officially Lodges Application to Join Trans-Pacific Trade Pact". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  142. ^ Central News Agency (22 September 2021). "台灣已申請加入CPTPP 王美花23日對外說明". Central News Agency (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  143. ^ Young, Audrey (23 September 2021). "Taiwan follows China and applies to join CPTPP trade pact". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2024. New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has confirmed it has received a formal request from the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu
  144. ^ Komiya, Kantaro; Craymer, Lucy (7 July 2023). "Ukraine asks to join CPTPP trade pact". Reuters. Tokyo. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  145. ^ The Yomiuri Shimbun (7 July 2023). "Ukraine Submits Request to Join CPTPP Trade Pact". The Japan News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  146. ^ El País (1 December 2022). "Uruguay presentó formalmente la solicitud de ingreso al Acuerdo Transpacífico". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  147. ^ Miyamoto, Hidetake (1 December 2022). "Uruguay applies to join CPTPP in bid for Asian export boost". Nikkei Asia. São Paulo. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  148. ^ "Trade with the CARIFORUM States from 1 January 2021". GOV.UK. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  149. ^ Department for International Trade (2 March 2020). "The UK's trade agreements". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  150. ^ "Scrutiny of international agreements: Economic Partnership Agreement with Kenya, Trade in Goods Agreement with Norway and Iceland, and Free Trade Agreement with Vietnam". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  151. ^ Willems, Michiel (1 March 2021). "New UK-Kenya trade deal to be extended to all of East Africa after threats not to ratify". City A.M. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  152. ^ Continuing the United Kingdom's trade relationship with the Republic of Fiji and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ("the Pacific States") (PDF). GOV.UK (Report). March 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  153. ^ Mulhall, Daniel. "A productive triangle: Ireland, the UK and the EU". Embassy of Ireland, Great Britain. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  154. ^ "Ireland - United Kingdom Free Trade Area". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  155. ^ "United Kingdom - Colombia". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  156. ^ Jayawardena, Rahil (8 December 2020). "United Kingdom, Norway and Iceland sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  157. ^ Young, Sarah (8 December 2020). "UK, Norway and Iceland sign trade continuity deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  158. ^ "United Kingdom - Norway and Iceland". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  159. ^ "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". EUR-Lex. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  160. ^ "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  161. ^ Miles, Lee (19 September 1996). The European Union and the Nordic Countries. Psychology Press. p. 39. ISBN 0415124220.
  162. ^ Giles, Chris (31 March 2017). "What has the EU done for the UK?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  163. ^ "EC (9) Enlargement". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  164. ^ Parker, Jessica (1 January 2021). "Brexit: New era for UK as it completes separation from European Union". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  165. ^ Landler, Mark; Castle, Stephen; Mueller, Benjamin (31 January 2020). "At the Stroke of Brexit, Britain Steps, Guardedly, Into a New Dawn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  166. ^ "Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, of the other part". Council of the European Union. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  167. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part". Council of the European Union. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  168. ^ "Council Decision 2013/755/EU of 25 November 2013 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Union". EUR-Lex. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  169. ^ Trevelyan, Anne-Marie (27 January 2022). "UK-Greenland Free Trade Agreement Negotiations". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  170. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part". Council of the European Union. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  171. ^ "Official Statistics: Trade and investment core statistics book". GOV.UK. 22 November 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2024.

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!