Anglosphere

This article is about group of English-speaking nations with close political and military ties and their sphere of influence. For usage of English worldwide, see English-speaking world.

The Anglosphere, according to James Bennett (The Anglosphere Challenge)^[1]

  Core Anglosphere

  Middle Anglosphere (states where English is one of several official languages, but not necessarily widely spoken by the native population)

  Outer sphere (English-using states of other civilisations)

  Periphery (states where English is widely used but is not an official governmental language)

The Anglosphere, also known as the Anglo-American world,^[2] is the Anglo-American sphere of influence, with a core group of nations that today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with the sphere of anglophones, though commonly included nations are those that were formerly part of the British Empire and retained the English language and English common law.

The five core countries of the Anglosphere are usually taken to be Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries enjoy close cultural and diplomatic links with one another and are aligned under military and security programmes such as Five Eyes.

Definitions and variable geometry

The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American sphere of influence.^[a] The term was first coined by the science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his book The Diamond Age, published in 1995. John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the British West Indies.^[4] James C. Bennett defines anglosphere as "the English-speaking Common Law-based nations of the world",^[5] arguing that former British colonies that retained English common law and the English language have done significantly better than counterparts colonised by other European powers.^[6] The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".^[7][b] However the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone.^{[8][better source needed]}

Core Anglosphere

The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States^[9] in a grouping of developed countries called the core Anglosphere. The term Anglosphere can also more widely encompass Ireland, Malta and the Commonwealth Caribbean countries.^{[10][11][12][13][14][4][excessive citations]}

The five core countries in the Anglosphere are developed countries that maintain close cultural and diplomatic links with one another. They are aligned under such military and security programmes as:^{[15][4][16][17]}

• ABCANZ Armies
• Air and Space Interoperability Council (air forces)
• AUSCANNZUKUS (navies)
• Border Five
• Combined Communications Electronics Board (communications electronics)
• Five Eyes (intelligence)
• Five Nations Passport Group
• Migration 5
• The Technical Cooperation Program (technology and science)
• The UKUSA Agreement (signals intelligence).

Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the United States and Canada and the United States and the United Kingdom (the Special Relationship) constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.^[18][19][20]

In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have Charles III as head of state, form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and use the Westminster parliamentary system of government. Most of the core countries have first-past-the-post electoral systems, though Australia and New Zealand have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some elections in the UK. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics dominated by two major parties.

Below is a table comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data for 2022/2023):

Country	Population	Land area (km^2)[21]	GDP Nominal (USD bn)[22]	GDP PPP (USD bn)[22]	GDP PPP per capita (USD)[23]	National wealth PPP (USD bn)[24][23][25]	Military spending PPP (USD bn)[26]
Australia	26,009,249[27]	7,692,020	1,707	1,718	65,366	7,661	22.0
Canada	38,708,793[28]	9,984,670	2,089	2,385	60,177	9,971	23.3
New Zealand	5,130,623[29]	262,443	251	278	54,046	1,229	3.1
United Kingdom	67,081,234[30]	241,930	3,158	3,846	56,471	16,208	70.2
United States	332,718,707[31]	9,833,520	26,854	26,854	80,035	114,932	734.3
Core Anglosphere	469,648,606	27,329,350	34,059	28,115	65,700	150,001	852.9
... as % of World	5.9%	18.4%	32.3%	20%	3.3×	24.9%	32.9%

Culture and economics

Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the rule of law through common law rather than civil law, and favour democracy with legislative chambers above other political systems.^[32] Private property is protected by law or constitution.^{[33][better source needed]}

Market freedom is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the Anglo-Saxon economic model – a capitalist model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom.^[34] The shared sense of globalisation led cities such as New York, London, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Toronto to have considerable impacts on the international markets and the global economy.^[35] Global popular culture has been highly influenced by the United States and the United Kingdom.^{[33][better source needed]}

Proponents and critics

Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the political right (such as Andrew Roberts of the UK Conservative Party), and critics from the centre-left (for example Michael Ignatieff of the Liberal Party of Canada).

Proponents

As early as 1897, Albert Venn Dicey proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of All Souls at Oxford.^[36]

Further information: 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism

The American businessman James C. Bennett,^[37] a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book The Anglosphere Challenge:

The Anglosphere, as a network civilization without a corresponding political form, has necessarily imprecise boundaries. Geographically, the densest nodes of the Anglosphere are found in the United States and the United Kingdom. English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and English-speaking South Africa (who constitute a very small minority in that country) are also significant populations. The English-speaking Caribbean, English-speaking Oceania and the English-speaking educated populations in Africa and India constitute other important nodes.^[15]

Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.^[38]

British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.^[39]

According to a 2003 profile in The Guardian, historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere'".^[40][41]

CANZUK

Main article: CANZUK

Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),^{[according to whom?]} whose members form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) as a result of a referendum held in 2016, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.^[42][43][44]

Criticisms

In 2000, Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the New York Review of Books, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".^[45]

In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for The Spectator's Coffee House blog: "'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'."^[46][47] He repeated this criticism in another article for The Guardian in 2018.^[48] Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.^[49][50]

In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics (ISBN 978-1509516612). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:^[51]

The tragedy of the different national orientations that have emerged in British politics after empire—whether pro-European, Anglo-American, Anglospheric or some combination of these—is that none of them has yet been the compelling, coherent and popular answer to the country's most important question: How should Britain find its way in the wider, modern world?

They stated in another article:^[52]

Meanwhile, the other core English-speaking countries to which the Anglosphere refers, show no serious inclination to join the UK in forging new political and economic alliances. They will, most likely, continue to work within existing regional and international institutions and remain indifferent to – or simply perplexed by – calls for some kind of formalised Anglosphere alliance.

See also

• Anglophile
• Anglo-Americans
• AUKUS
• British diaspora
• Canadian Red Ensign
• CANZUK
• Commonwealth realm
  • Commonwealth diaspora
• Dominion
• English-speaking world
• Eurosphere; Francosphere (French), Hispanosphere (Spanish), Lusosphere (Portuguese)
• History of the English-Speaking Peoples (Winston Churchill)
• JUSCANZ
• List of countries and territories where English is an official language
• List of countries by English-speaking population
• White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP)

Notes

1. "The Anglosphere – shorthand for the Anglo-American sphere of influence – established the concept and structure of the modern transnational community.... The Anglosphere (in the narrow sense of the former British Empire, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and the US) has been the architect and a staunch proponent of international norms."^[3]
2. "The group of countries where English is the main native language." (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2 ).

References

Citations

1. Browning, Christopher S. and Tonra, Ben (2010) "Beyond the West and towards the Anglosphere?" In: Browning, Christopher S. and Lehti, Marko, (eds.) The struggle for the West: a divided and contested legacy. Abingdon, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge, pp. 161–181. ISBN 9780415476836: https://www.academia.edu/341929/Beyond_the_West_and_Towards_the_Anglosphere Archived 3 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
2. Baylis, John; Smith, Steve; Owens, Patricia (2014). The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. OUP Oxford. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-965617-2.
3. Davies et al. 2013.
4. Lloyd 2000.
5. Bennett, 2004b, pp. 3, 67.
6. Bennett 2007, pp. 42–43.
7. Merriam-Webster Staff (2010). "Anglosphere". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
8. "The Anglosphere and its Others: The 'English-speaking Peoples' in a Changing World Order – British Academy". British Academy. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
9. "The Anglosphere: Past, present and future". The British Academy.
10. Burn-Murdoch, John (17 March 2023). "The Anglosphere needs to learn to love apartment living". Financial Times. Forty years ago, the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland had roughly 400 homes per 1,000 residents, level with developed continental European countries. Since then the two groups have diverged, the Anglosphere standing still while western Europe has pulled clear to 560 per 1,000.
11. Burn-Murdoch, John (25 April 2024). "The Anglosphere has an advantage on immigration". Financial Times. But a striking pattern emerges when you look at where these different impacts are clustered: almost everything looks better in Anglophone countries. Immigrants and their offspring in the UK, US and so on tend to be more skilled, have better jobs and often out-earn the native-born, while those in continental Europe fare worse. In terms of the fiscal impact, immigrants pay more in than they get out in the US, UK, Australia and Ireland, but are net recipients in Belgium, France, Sweden and the Netherlands.
12. Shashi Parulekar and Joel Kotkin (2012). "The State of the Anglosphere". City Journal. Particularly citizens of what some call the Anglosphere: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.
13. Reed, Betsy (3 November 2017). "The Guardian view on languages and the British: Brexit and an Anglosphere prison". The Guardian. an Anglosphere of Britain, Ireland (sometimes), the British Commonwealth and above all the United States.
14. Kuper, Simon (21 November 2014). "Which way is Ireland going?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
15. Bennett, 2004b, p. 80.
16. Legrand 2015.
17. Legrand 2016.
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25. Credit Suisse figures adjusted using IMF WEO Oct 2021 GDP-PPP exchange rates.
26. Robertson 2022.
27. "Population clock". www.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
28. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (11 July 2018). "Canada's population clock (real-time model)". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
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31. "Population Clock". www.census.gov. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
32. "The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
33. Michael Chertoff; et al. (2008). Building an Americanization Movement for the Twenty-first Century: A Report to the President of the United States from the Task Force on New Americans (PDF). Washington D.C. ISBN 978-0-16-082095-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
34. Kidd, John B.; Richter, Frank-Jürgen (2006). Development models, globalization and economies : a search for the Holy Grail?. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230523555. OCLC 71339998.
35. "Global Cities Index 2019". A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
36. L. Dyer, "Anglo-Saxon Citizenship", The Barrister 3 (1897):107. Cited in Dimitry Kochenov (2019) Citizenship ISBN 9780262537797, page 139.
37. Reynolds 2004.
38. Bennett, 2004b^{[page needed]}
39. Roberts 2006^{[page needed]}
40. Brown 2003.
41. Wellings & Baxendale 2015.
42. "CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire – iPolitics". 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
43. "UK public strongly backs freedom to live and work in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
44. "Survey Reveals Support For CANZUK Free Movement". CANZUK International. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
45. Conquest & Reply by Ignatieff 2000.
46. Cohen, Nick (12 April 2016). "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit - Coffee House". Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
47. "The Guardian view on the EU debate: it's about much more than migration | Editorial". The Guardian. 1 June 2016. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020 – via www.theguardian.com.
48. Cohen, Nick (14 July 2018). "Brexit Britain is out of options. Our humiliation is painful to watch - Nick Cohen". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
49. Vucetic, Srdjan (24 February 2017). "CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire - iPolitics". Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
50. Vucetic, Srdjan (26 April 2016). "Canada and the Anglo World – where do we stand?". OpenCanada. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
51. Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (13 July 2018). "Opinion – Britain, Time to Let Go of the 'Anglosphere'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
52. Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (11 May 2018). "In the shadows of empire: how the Anglosphere dream lives on – UK in a changing Europe". Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.

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External links

• James C. Bennett (2002) An Anglosphere Primer, presented to the Foreign Policy Research Institute
• BBC Radio 4: Archive on 4 (2017-12-16): Return of the Anglosphere
• From Insularity to Exteriority: How the Anglosphere is Shaping Global Governance – Centre for International Policy Studies