^A: Although beginning as a centre-right alternative to the CDU/CSU, the AfD has been considered to be part of the radical right, a subset of the far right that does not oppose democracy, since 2015.[3]
Several state associations and other factions of AfD have been linked to or accused of harboring connections with far-right nationalist and proscribed movements, such as PEGIDA, the Neue Rechte, and the Identitarian movement,[37] and of employing historical revisionism,[38] as well as xenophobic rhetoric.[39][40][41] They have been observed by various state offices for the protection of the constitution since 2018.[42] AfD's leadership has denied that the party is racist and has been internally divided on whether to endorse such groups.[43] In January 2022, after a lost power struggle, party leader Jörg Meuthen resigned his party chairmanship with immediate effect and left the AfD, as he claimed he came to acknowledge that the party had developed very far to the right with totalitarian traits and in large parts was no longer based on the liberal democratic basic order.[44][45] Former party chairman and co-founder of the AfD, Bernd Lucke, had left the party in 2015 with the same remark.[46]
The party is the strongest in the areas of the former communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany), especially the states of Saxony and Thuringia, largely due to economic and integration issues that still continue to persist post-reunification,[47][48][49] in addition to the East German voters' perceived propensity for strongman rule.[50] In the 2021 federal elections, AfD fell from third to fifth place overall but made gains in the eastern states (the former East Germany).[11] In the former East Berlin it came in second after SPD with 20.5% of the vote, while in the west it came in fifth with 8.4% of the vote.
History
Background
In September 2012, Alexander Gauland, Bernd Lucke, and journalist Konrad Adam founded the political group Electoral Alternative 2013 (German: Wahlalternative 2013) in Bad Nauheim, to oppose German federal policies concerning the eurozone crisis, and to confront German-supported bailouts for poorer southern European countries.[51] Their manifesto was endorsed by several economists, journalists, and business leaders, and stated that the eurozone had proven to be "unsuitable" as a currency area and that southern European states were "sinking into poverty under the competitive pressure of the euro".[52]
Some candidates of what would become AfD sought election in Lower Saxony as part of the Electoral Alternative 2013 in alliance with the Free Voters, an association participating in local elections without specific federal or foreign policies, and received 1% of the vote.[52][53] In February 2013, the group decided to found a new party to compete in the 2013 federal election; according to a leaked email from Lucke, the Free Voters leadership declined to join forces.[54]
Founding
Konrad Adam (left), Frauke Petry, and Bernd Lucke during the first AfD convention on 14 April 2013 in Berlin
The party was founded on 6 February 2013. On 14 April 2013, the AfD announced its presence to the wider public when it held its first convention in Berlin, elected the party leadership, and adopted a party platform. Bernd Lucke,[55] entrepreneur Frauke Petry and Konrad Adam were elected as speakers.[56] AfD's federal board also chose Alexander Gauland, Roland Klaus, and Patricia Casale as its three deputy speakers. The party elected treasurer Norbert Stenzel and the three assessors Irina Smirnova, Beatrix Diefenbach, and Wolf-Joachim Schünemann. Economist Joachim Starbatty, along with Jörn Kruse, Helga Luckenbach, Dirk Meyer, and Roland Vaubel, were elected to the party's scientific advisory board. Between 31 March and 12 May 2013, AfD founded affiliates in all 16 states of Germany in order to participate in the federal elections. On 15 June 2013, the Young Alternative for Germany was founded in Darmstadt as the AfD's youth organisation.[57] During the British prime minister David Cameron's visit to Germany in April 2013, the Conservative Party was reported to have contacted both AfD and the Free Voters to discuss possible cooperation, supported by the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group of the European Parliament.[58] In June 2013, Bernd Lucke gave a question and answer session organized by the Conservative Party-allied Bruges Groupthink tank in Portcullis House, London.[59] In a detailed report in the conservative Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in April 2013, the paper's Berlin-based political correspondent Majid Sattar revealed that the SPD and CDU had conducted opposition research to blunt the growth and attraction of AfD.[60]
Advocating the abolition of the euro, AfD took a more radical stance than the Free Voters.[61] The Pirate Party Germany opposed any coalition with AfD at their 2013 spring convention.[62] The AfD's initial supporters were the same prominent economists, business leaders, and journalists who had supported the Electoral Alternative 2013, including former members of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), who had previously challenged the constitutionality of the German government's eurozone policies at the Federal Constitutional Court.[63][64][65] AfD did not regard itself as a splinter party from the CDU, as its early membership also contained a former state leader from the Free Democratic Party and members of the Federation of Independent Voters, a pressure group of independents and small business owners.[7]
Second vote share percentage for AfD in the 2013 federal election in Germany, final results
On 22 September 2013, AfD won 4.7% of the votes in the 2013 federal election, just missing the 5% barrier to enter the Bundestag. The party won about 2 million party list votes and 810,000 constituency votes, which was 1.9% of the total of these votes cast across Germany.[66]
AfD did not participate in the 2013 Bavaria state election held on 15 September. The party gained parliamentary representation for the first time in the state parliament of Hesse, with the defection of Jochen Paulus from the Free Democratic Party to AfD in early May 2013;[67] he was not re-elected and left office in January 2014.[68] In the 2013 Hesse state election held on 22 September, the same day as the 2013 federal election, AfD failed to gain representation with just 4% of the vote.[citation needed]
Former "Courage [to stand up] for the truth! The euro is dividing Europe!" tagline on election placard 2013
In early 2014, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled the proposed 3% vote hurdle for representation in the European elections unconstitutional, and the 2014 European Parliament election became the first run in Germany without a barrier for representation.[69]
AfD held a party conference on 25 January 2014 at Frankenstolz Arena, Aschaffenburg, northwest Bavaria. The conference chose the slogan Mut zu Deutschland ("Courage [to stand up] for Germany") to replace the former slogan Mut zur Wahrheit (lit. "Courage [to speak] the truth", or more succinctly, "Telling it as it is"),[70] which prompted disagreement among the federal board that the party could be seen as too anti-European. A compromise was reached by using the slogan "MUT ZU D*EU*TSCHLAND", with the "EU" in "DEUTSCHLAND" encircled by the 12 stars of the European flag.[71] The conference elected the top six candidates for the European elections on 26 January 2014 and met again the following weekend to choose the remaining euro candidates.[70][71][72] Candidates from 7th–28th place on the party list were selected in Berlin on 1 February.[73] Party chairman Bernd Lucke was elected as lead candidate.
In February 2014, AfD officials said they had discussed alliances with Britain's anti-EU UK Independence Party (UKIP), which Lucke and the federal board of AfD opposed, and also with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group, to which Britain's Conservative Party belongs.[74] In April 2014, Hans-Olaf Henkel, AfD's second candidate on the European election list, ruled out forming a group with the UKIP.[75] stating that he saw the Conservatives as the preferred partner in the European Parliament.[75] On 10 May 2014, Lucke had been in talks with the Czech and Polish member parties of the ECR group.[76]
AfD election poster from 2014. The slogan translates as "Washington spies. Brussels dictates. Berlin obeys."
In the 2014 European Parliament election on 25 May, AfD came in fifth place in Germany, with 7.1% of the national vote (2,065,162 votes), and seven Members of the European parliament (MEPs).[77] On 12 June 2014, it was announced that AfD had been accepted into the ECR group in the European Parliament.[78] The official vote result was not released to the public, but figures of 29 votes for and 26 against were reported by the membership.[78] The inclusion of AfD in the ECR group was said to have caused mild tensions between the German chancellor Angela Merkel and the British prime minister David Cameron.[7]
On 15 February 2015, AfD won 6.1% of the vote in the Hamburg state election, gaining the mandate for eight seats in the Hamburg Parliament,[82] winning their first seats in a western German state. On 10 May 2015, AfD secured in the 5.5% of the vote in the 2015 Bremen state election gaining representation in their fifth state parliament on a 50% turnout.[83]
Petry's leadership (2015–2017)
After months of factional infighting and a cancelled party gathering in June 2015, Frauke Petry was elected on 4 July 2015 as the de facto principal speaker of the party with 60% of the member votes ahead of Bernd Lucke at a party congress in Essen.[84] Petry was a member of the national-conservative faction of AfD.[85] Her leadership was widely seen as heralding a shift of the party to the right to focus more on issues such as immigration, Islam, and strengthening ties to Russia, a shift which was claimed by Lucke as turning the party into a "Pegida party".[86] In the following week, five MEPs exited the party on 7 July, the only remaining MEPs being Beatrix von Storch and Marcus Pretzell,[87] and Lucke announced on 8 July 2015 that he was resigning from AfD, citing the rise of xenophobic and pro-Russian sentiments in the party.[88] At a meeting of members of the Wake-up call (Weckruf 2015) group on 19 July 2015, AfD founder Bernd Lucke and former AfD members announced they would form a new party, the Alliance for Progress and Renewal, under the founding principles of AfD.[89] The split off party was eventually renamed the Liberal Conservative Reformers, but had little electoral success.[90]
In February 2016, AfD announced a cooperation pact with the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ).[91] On 8 March 2016, the bureau of the ECR group began motions to exclude AfD from their group due to its links with the far-right FPÖ,[92] inviting the two remaining AfD MEPs to leave the group by 31 March, with a motion of exclusion to be tabled on 12 April if they refuse to leave voluntarily.[93] While MEP Beatrix von Storch left the ECR group on 8 April to join the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group,[94][95] Marcus Pretzell let himself be expelled on 12 April 2016.[96]
At the party congress held on 30 April to 1 May 2016, AfD adopted a policy platform based upon opposition to Islam, calling for the ban of Islamic symbols including burqas, minarets, and adhan (call to prayer), using the slogan "Islam is not a part of Germany".[101][102][103][104]
Second vote share percentage for AfD in the 2017 federal election in Germany, final resultsNational party convention in Cologne in April 2017
At the party conference in April 2017, Frauke Petry announced that she would not run as the party's main candidate for the 2017 federal election. This announcement grew out of internal power struggle as the party's support had fallen in polls from 15% in the summer of 2016 to 7% just before the conference. Björn Höcke from the far-right wing of the party and Petry were attempting to push each other out of the party. Petry's decision was partly seen as a step to avoid a vote at the conference on the issue of her standing.[105] The party chose Alexander Gauland, a stark conservative who worked as an editor and was a former member of the CDU,[106] to lead the party in the elections. Gauland supported the retention of Höcke's party membership. Alice Weidel, who is perceived as more moderate and neoliberal, was elected as his running mate.[107] The party approved a platform that, according to The Wall Street Journal, "urges Germany to close its borders to asylum applicants, end sanctions on Russia and to leave the EU if Berlin fails to retrieve national sovereignty from Brussels, as well as to amend the country's constitution to allow people born to non-German parents to have their German citizenship revoked if they commit serious crimes."[107]
In the 2017 federal election, AfD won 12.6% of the vote and received 94 seats; this was the first time it had won seats in the Bundestag.[108][109] It won three constituency seats, which would have been enough to qualify for proportionally-elected seats in any event. Under a long-standing law intended to benefit regional parties, any party that wins at least three constituency seats qualifies for its share of proportionally-elected seats, regardless of vote share.[110]
At a press conference held by AfD the day after the 2017 federal election, Frauke Petry said that she would participate in the Bundestag as an independent; she said she did this because extremist statements by some members made it impossible for AfD to function as a constructive opposition, and to make clear to voters that there is internal dissent in the AfD. She also said that she would be leaving the party at some future date.[111][112] Petry formed the Blue Party in September 2017. Four members of AfD in the Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania legislature, including Bernhard Wild, also left the party to form Citizens for Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,[111] which folded in December 2018. On 6 November 2019, Petry announced that the Blue Party would dissolve by the end of the year [113]
In 2018, André Poggenburg, AfD's regional leader of the eastern Saxony-Anhalt state, resigned his post after making racist remarks concerning Turks and immigrants with dual citizenship.[114][115] In 2019, Poggenburg started a new far-right party, Aufbruch deutscher Patrioten – Mitteldeutschland (ADPM), which he left in August 2019 after his internal call to dissolve ADPM and to support AfD in the upcoming state elections of fall 2019 was denied.[116]
Ahead of the 2021 federal election, AfD campaigned with the slogan "Germany. But Normal" and took a position of opposing further lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Having moved further right on economic issues and remaining strongly right on socio-cultural issues, despite attempts to normalize, AfD's manifesto for the federal election was deemed to be still too radical for the party to take part in government.[117]
In the federal election, AfD saw a dip in national vote share by getting 10.3% of the vote, compared to 12.6% in 2017; however, the party emerged as the largest in the states of Saxony and Thuringia, and saw a strong performance in eastern Germany.[118] The party's results drew a mixed analysis from AfD members and political commentators, the latter of whom attributed the slight decline to visible infighting, whereas AfD candidates such as Alice Weidel blamed media bias against the party. Political scientist Kai Arzheimer commented that the result "wasn't any appreciable increase, but it wasn't a disaster for them." Arzheimer also posited that the result demonstrated that AfD had firmly established itself in German national politics but had not reached beyond its core support. AfD's top candidates Tino Chrupalla and Weidel praised the result as "solid", while party spokesman Jörg Meuthen stated that the party should reevaluate the result and aim on "sending strong signals towards the center" to win back new voters.[11] Meuthen left the party in January 2022.[119][120]
On 8 October state elections, AfD significantly increased its share in Hesse where it became the second biggest party (+9 seats) and in Bavaria, where it became the third (+10 seats).
Observers considered the increase of support for the AfD as not being limited to the local level. Opinion polling for the next German federal election conducted in early July 2023 showed that the AfD polled more than the SPD, achieving second place behind the CDU/CSU alliance.[12] The SPD co-leader said a ban should be considered if the AfD is categorized as a group of "proven Right-wing extremists" by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Friedrich Merz, the CDU leader, warned that "banning parties has never actually solved political problems". Germans are evenly split on a ban, with 47 per cent in favour and 47 per cent against; the ban is more popular in the west and among liberal Greens.[136]
In December 2023, Tim Lochner of AfD was elected mayor of Pirna (Saxony), he became the first mayor of a city with more than 20,000 inhabitants to be a member of the party.[137]
In 2023, the AfD saw over 86 violent attacks on AfD party representatives. This was more than on any other German party.[138][139]
In January 2024, Correctiv reported that members of the AfD had secretly met with figures from the German and Austrian far-right in November 2023, in which they allegedly discussed a "remigration" plan for deporting immigrants, which could include naturalised German citizens. The figures present included Identitarian activist Martin Sellner.[140][141][142]
The AfD distanced itself from the meeting, saying it was not responsible for what was discussed and that its members had attended only in a personal capacity. Alice Weidel parted ways with Roland Hartwig, an advisor who was present at the meeting.[142][143]
The plan was condemned by German politicians, including chancellor Olaf Scholz.[144][145] The report sparked protests against the AfD across Germany, with protestors calling for a ban of the AfD.[145][143][146][147] Subsequently, the AfD was expelled from the ID group, with EKRE supporting expulsion of Krah, but opposing the removal of the entire AfD delegation, and the FPÖ opposing the expulsion of the AfD.[148][149]
On 9 June 2024, the AfD won 16% of the vote in the European Parliament elections, second only to the CDU/CSU and almost five percentage points more than in the 2019 election.[150][151] The AfD prevailed in all five former East German states.[152][153]
One of the party's leaders, Tino Chrupalla, hailed the results as "historic."[151] In an attempt to rejoin the ID group, the AfD replaced its controversial candidate Maximilian Krah with René Aust as head of the AfD delegation in the European Parliament.[154] However, the AfD failed to join ID, or now named Patriots for Europe. Instead, the AfD formed the new ESN group which was composed predominantly of AfD members, as well as some other ethnonationalist parties across Europe.[155]
In 2015, more moderate members, including founder and former chairman Bernd Lucke, left AfD after Frauke Petry was elected chairperson to found a new party, the Alliance for Progress and Renewal, which was renamed the Liberal Conservative Reformers in November 2016.[174] When party founder Bernd Lucke had left the AfD in 2015, he cited, among other reasons an "anti-western, decidedly pro-Russian foreign and security policy orientation" as well as increasing calls to "pose the 'system question' with regard to our parliamentary democracy" as reasons for his departure from the party.[46] At that time, AfD was performing poorly in opinion polls, polling at around 3%, and was suffering infighting; however, an influx of refugees and migrants boosted their support later in 2015, with the party turning from matters related to the Eurozone to focus on opposing migration, in particular Muslims and Muslim immigration.[175][176][170]
AfD underwent a further shift to the right after Petry left the party in 2017 and formed The Blue Party, following AfD's adoption of more hardline Islamophobic, anti-immigration positions, and historical revisionist remarks by leading AfD figures.[177][178][179] The party now resembles other populist radical right parties in Europe but is somewhat unusual because it maintains visible ties to even more extreme groups.[180] The party has been described by political scientists as more radical than many other European right-wing populist parties, including the Sweden Democrats, the Danish People's Party, and the Freedom Party of Austria.[181] AfD has been described as, and accused of, containing members sympathetic to the Identitarian movement[182] and Pegida. The AfD leadership has been split on whether to embrace these movements within the party.[183]
In March 2020, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (German: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz) classified AfD's far-right nationalistic faction known as Der Flügel as "a right-wing extremist endeavor against the free democratic basic order" and as "not compatible with the Basic Law", placing it under government surveillance.[184][185][186] In early March 2021, most of Germany's major media outlets reported that the Bundesverfassungsschutz had placed the whole AfD under surveillance as a "suspected extremist group".[187][188] In response to claims from AfD members that the move was intended to damage the party's chances in the 2021 German federal election, the agency stated it would not make public announcements regarding investigations into the AfD or its candidates for the foreseeable future.[187][188] After the revelations, the surveillance was blocked by the courts to give equal opportunities among political parties in a key election year.[189][190][191] In 2022, it was ruled that the BfV may classify and monitor the entire party as a suspected right-wing extremist group. A corresponding lawsuit by the AfD was dismissed because "there were sufficient factual indications of anti-constitutional efforts within the AfD".[42] The dismissal was upheld in May 2024.[192] On 26 April 2023, the BfV, after four years of investigations into the Young Alternative for Germany, categorized that group as a confirmed extremist organisation. This allowed the chief of the BfV Thomas Haldenwang to place the youth wing under even more intensive surveillance than the tapping of phone and the use of undercover agents that had been the case until then.[193][194]
Ideological factions
Political commentators and analysts have described the party as containing two prominent factions: subscribers to the more dovish and moderate national-conservative Alternative Mitte (Alternative Center) wing, such as parliamentarians Jörg Meuthen, Alice Weidel, and Beatrix von Storch, who oppose collaboration with movements or figures like Pegida founder Lutz Bachmann;[195][196] and the more hardline identitarian Der Flügel (The Wing) faction, comprising figures at state level such as Thuringia state leader Björn Höcke.[197][198] Political author Jeffrey Gedmin has described the present incarnation of AfD as somewhat lacking in a consistent ideological vision and containing a broad church of members who are conservatives, social conservatives, radical-rightists, and others who do not present clear ideological narrative. He also described some of its core voter support as ranging from far-right nationalists to moderate but traditionalist and disaffected conservatives.[165]
Over time, a focus on German nationalism, on reclaiming Germany's sovereignty and national pride, especially in repudiation of Germany's culture of shame with regard to its Nazi past, became more central in AfD's ideology and a central plank in its populist appeals.[22][23][24] Petry, who led the moderate wing of the party, said that Germany should reclaim völkisch from its Nazi connotations,[199] while the more right-wing Björn Höcke regularly speaks of the Vaterland ("fatherland") and Volk ("nation" or "people", but with a strong ethnic or racial connotation).[22]
In January 2017, Höcke in a speech stated, in reference to the Berlin Holocaust Memorial, that "Germans are the only people in the world who plant a monument of shame in the heart of the capital" and criticized this "laughable policy of coming to terms with the past".[200][201] Höcke continued that Germany should make a "180 degree" turn with regard to its sense of national pride.[22]
Antisemitism
According to a study conducted by the Forsa Institute in 2019, while 2% of the German population agreed with the statement that "the Holocaust is propaganda of the Allied Powers," that proportion was 15% among AfD supporters.[202] In 2001, 12 years before the founding of the AfD, former AfD Bundestag member Wilhelm von Gottberg expressed his views on the remembrance of the Holocaust by quoting Italian neofascist Mario Consoli in saying "Any pretext, no matter how flimsy [...], is good enough to remind people of the Holocaust. The propaganda steamroller is getting stronger rather than weaker over the years, and in more and more countries the Jewish 'truth' about the Holocaust is being given legal protection. The Holocaust must remain a myth, a dogma that is beyond the reach of any free historical research."[203] In 2017, ten AfD Bundestag members were found to have participated in a closed Facebook group named "the Patriots" in which, among other things, antisemitic, racist, pro-Nazi and conspiratorial posts were widespread. One meme posted therein, which showed Holocaust victimAnne Frank's face edited on a pizza box labelled "The Oven-fresh", gained particular media attention. While some AfD officials stated that they had been unknowingly added to the Facebook group without consent and that they had now left it, Bundestag member Stephan Protschka remained, saying "I am a member of this group because I also see myself as a patriot."[204][205][206]
Josef Schuster, President of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, stated in 2024 that he is "concerned that the AfD would deliberately act against Jewish life, if it fits into their concept", and that the party offers antisemites a home.[209][210] A study commissioned by the American Jewish Committee in 2021 came to the conclusion that antisemitism belongs to the "programmatic core" of the AfD. According to the study, the party conducts "targeted campaigns" against Jewish celebrities. The study's author, Professor Lars Renmann, stated that "despite some lip service to the contrary, hostility towards Israel, Holocaust relativization, antisemitic conspiracy thinking and anti-Jewish images occupy a prominent place" in the AfD.[211]
AfD describes German national identity as under threat both from European integration and from the presence and accommodation of immigrants and refugees within Germany.[23][24] Former leader Petry said in March 2016: "I'm not against immigration, but... the economic and social consequences of migration on both home and host countries are equally momentous.... The immigration of so many Muslims will change our culture. If this change is desired, it must be the product of a democratic decision supported by a broad majority. But Ms. Merkel simply opened the borders and invited everybody in, without consulting the parliament or the people."[24]
In its program, AfD wants to end what it describes as mass immigration and focus on taking in small numbers of skilled immigrants who are expected to integrate into society and speak German. It encourages German nationals to have more children, as opposed to trying to boost the German population through foreign migration. The party wants to review EU freedom of movement rules and states that immigrants must be employed and contribute to social security through paying taxes for at least four years before being allowed to receive state benefits. AfD calls for mass deportations of foreign born criminals with multiple citizenship or permanent residency. The party describes the Geneva Convention on Refugees as "outdated", calls for stricter vetting of refugees, and believes the German government should invest in special economic and safe zones in third world nations as opposed to taking in large numbers of asylum seekers without background checks.[213]
AfD is critical of multiculturalism in Germany, stating that "the concept of a multi-cultural society has failed." The party favours banning the burqa, the Islamic call to prayer in public areas and the construction of new minarets, ending foreign funding of mosques and putting imams through a state vetting procedure.[197]
The AfD began to employ anti-Muslim rhetoric during the leadership of Frauke Petry, who responded positively to comparisons between the party and Pegida.[214] In 2016 the party adopted several anti-Muslim positions and stated in its manifesto that "Islam does not belong to Germany. Its expansion and the ever-increasing number of Muslims in the country are viewed by the AfD as a danger to our state, our society, and our values."[214] The party has run a billboard campaign that explicitly referenced the far-right Eurabia conspiracy theory,[215] and the party has been seen to have been strongly influenced by,[216] and to be a part of the counter-jihad movement.[217][218]
The left-leaning newspaper Die Tageszeitung described the party as advocating "old gender roles".[227] Wolfgang Gedeon, an elected AfD representative, has included feminism, along with "sexualism" and "migrationism", in an ideology he calls "green communism" that he opposes, and argues for family values as part of German identity.[228] As AfD has campaigned for traditional roles for women, it has aligned itself with groups opposed to modern feminism.[229] The youth wing of the party has used social media to campaign against aspects of modern feminism, with the support of party leadership.[230]
AfD has a platform of climate change denial.[219][235][236] The AfD accepts that the climate is changing, however, it denies that this change is attributable to human influences.[236] Instead, the party argues that climate change is entirely caused by natural factors. The AfD argues that the rising carbon dioxide concentrations have been beneficial (contributed to a "greening" of our planet).[237] Next to its climate change denial, the AfD opposes far-reaching climate policies: The party opposes energy transformation policies (Energiewende), wants to scrap the German Renewable Energy Act, the German Energy Saving Regulations, and the German Renewable Energy Heat Act. They also want to end bioenergy subsidies and restrict "uncontrolled expansion of wind energy".[219]
Energy
The party argues that the energy transition threatens energy security, possibly leading to energy blackouts. It, therefore, views lignite as the only native energy source that can guarantee German energy security and energy self-sufficiency.[236] Furthermore, the AfD wants to reinstate Germany's nuclear plants, arguing that closures between 2002 and 2011 were "economically damaging and not objectively justified". The party argues that the government should "allow a lifetime extension of still operating nuclear power plants on a transitional basis".[219] The party opposes the criminalization of ecocide in the European Union, with Gunnar Beck, a MEP for AfD, stating that "recognizing crimes against the environment as a violation of human rights and even war crimes is yet another grotesque inflation of the human rights doctrine."[238]
AfD is historically pro-NATO and pro-United States;[needs update] it has been sharply critical of the Biden administration.[240] It was significantly divided on whether to support Russia,[241] but has since moved to a more pro-Russian direction, opposing sanctions on Russia supported by NATO and the United States and calling for an end to military aid to Ukraine.[36] It is also divided on free-trade agreements.[241] In March 2019, party leader Alexander Gauland said in an interview with the Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda that they consider the war in Donbas to be a Ukrainian internal matter, and that Germany should not get involved in the internal affairs of Ukraine or Russia. He also said the AfD is against international sanctions on Russia.[242] AfD members have called for a more independent stance from the United States.[243][244] The party has also endorsed accusations that the United States was involved in the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage.[245] The AfD has also called NATO's anti-Russian stance overly ideological and detrimental to Germany's interests.[246] A large number of AfD delegates boycotted Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in June 2024 when he gave a speech to the Bundestag.[36]
The AfD is considered a key ally for the International Agency for Current Policy in an OCCRP investigation from February 2023. The report accuses Manuel Ochsenreiter [de] of having received payments for publishing pro-Russian propaganda in his Zuerst! magazine.[247]
In August 2023 a journalist investigation was published by The Insider, describing how money was funnelled from Moscow to AfD politicians who initiated a constitutional complaint in Germany against the supplies of weapons for Ukraine.[248]
European Union
AfD initially held a position of soft Euroscepticism by opposing the euro currency and Eurozone bailouts, which the party saw as undermining European integration, but it was otherwise supportive of German membership of the European Union (EU).[167] Since 2015, the party has shifted to a more purely Eurosceptic and nationalist position against the EU, calling for the withdrawal from the common European asylum and security policy, significant reform of the EU and a repatriation of powers back from Brussels with some party members endorsing a complete exit from the European Union if these aims are not achievable.[249][250][251][252] During the 2021 party conference in Dresden, a majority of AfD members voted to include more hardline policies against the European Union including German withdrawal from the bloc in the party's manifesto ahead of the 2021 German federal election.[253][254][255]
Middle East
The party has previously been pro-Israel.[18][256][257] AfD supported the decision of US president Donald Trump to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, as stated by AfD's Petr Bystron. Despite AfD's pro-Israel stance, the State of Israel has boycotted the party and refuses to hold ties with AfD.[256] The party was divided over the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, with party leader Chrupalla condemning the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel but calling for diplomacy between the two sides and mourning deaths on both sides, while other MPs, such as Norbert Kleinwächter and Rüdiger Lucassen were critical of Chrupalla's position and openly defended Israeli actions during the conflict.[258] Following the Hamas attack, the party supported cuts in German aid to Palestine via the UNRWA.[259]
In 2024, the AfD reversed its previously pro-Israel position, with leader Tino Chrupalla calling for an end to Germany's current relationship with Israel, which Chrupalla described as "one-sided", as well as an end to arms exports.[260] This decision drew criticism from some other members of the AfD parliamentary group, suggesting a continued divide on the issue.[261]
Asia
AfD has historically been more skeptical of China, demanding the government to strip the "developing country" status for China, voicing opposition to "Chinese economic espionage" and opposing Chinese state-owned company COSCO Shipping buying of a stake in the Port of Hamburg.[262] However, it started changing its position in 2023, with AfD's Bundestag caucus accusing foreign minister Annalena Baerbock and economic affairs minister Robert Habeck of launching an "economic war" against China.[262] AfD has also criticized restrictions on the use of 5G material from Chinese companies Huawei and ZTE. AfD leader Tino Chrupalla has also voiced opposition to restrictions on Chinese technology and backed Chinese foreign minister Qin Gang on his peace-brokering efforts for Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[262]
Because the 2013 federal election was the first attempt to join by the party, AfD had not received any federal funds in the run-up to it;[267] by receiving 2 million votes, it crossed the threshold for party funding and was expected to receive an estimated 1.3 to 1.5 million euros per year of state subsidies.[268] After joining the parliament with more than 90 representatives in the 2017 federal election, the party received more than 70 million euros per year; this probably rose to more than 100 million euros per year from 2019 onward. The party has also established and acknowledged a foundation for political education, and other purposes, close to the party but organized separately, which may be able to claim up to 80 million euro per year.[269] This foundation would need to be acknowledged by the federal parliament in Germany first, but it has a legal claim to these subsidies.
In 2018, the Alternative for Germany donation scandal became public, as federal and European Parliament politicians Alice Weidel, Jörg Meuthen, Marcus Pretzell, and Guido Reil had profited from illegal and unnamed donations from non-EU countries. The acceptance of donations from non-EU countries is prohibited for German parties and politicians.
Young Alternative for Germany (German: Junge Alternative für Deutschland, JA) was founded in 2013 as the youth organisation of AfD, while remaining legally independent from its mother party.[57] In view of JA's independence, it has been regarded by some in AfD's hierarchy as being somewhat wayward,[270] with JA repeatedly accused of being "too far-right",[271] politically regressive and antifeminist by the German mainstream media.[270][272][273]
The AfD initially maintained close cooperation with the French National Rally and Marine Le Pen. In February 2024, it was reported that the relations between the two parties had become strained after AfD spokesmen attended the 2023 Potsdam far-right meeting. In response, the AfD's leadership held a meeting with Le Pen and denied endorsing the words of some of the people at the meeting.[280][281]
In May 2024, it was reported that the National Rally and other members of the Identity and Democracy group had announced they would no longer sit with the AfD following the 2024 European Parliament election after AfD's lead candidate for the election Maximilian Krah made remarks in an interview on Nazi Germany and allegedly suggested that not all members of the Waffen-SS should be seen as criminals.[282][283] Italy's Lega and the Czech Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) backed the National Rally's decision and announced they would also formally cease cooperation with the AfD while the Danish People's Party issued an ultimatum that they would only continue working with AfD on the condition of Krah's removal. The Flemish Vlaams Belang criticized Krah's words as "increasingly problematic" but declined to immediately expel the AfD faction, stating they preferred to review the situation after the election. The Estonian EKRE and the FPÖ supported expelling Krah but opposed the expulsion of the AfD. After an internal meeting and vote, the Identity and Democracy board subsequently agreed to expel AfD, with group leader Marco Zanni citing Krah's interview, as well as allegations of Chinese and Russian espionage influence on the AfD. The party consequently moved to non-inscrits.[284][285][286] Following the decision, the AfD said they would negotiate to rejoin the group and announced Krah would not sit with the AfD faction in the European Parliament after the election.[154]
At the outset, AfD presented itself as conservative and middle-class, catering to a well-educated demographic; around two-thirds of supporters listed on its website in the early days held doctorates, leading to AfD being nicknamed the "professors' party" in its early days.[308][309][310] The party was described[who?] as professors and academics who dislike the compromises inflicted on their purist theories by German party politics.[311] 86% of the party's initial supporters were male.[67]
Outside the Berlin hotel where the party held its inaugural meeting, it has been alleged that copies of Junge Freiheit, a weekly that is also popular with the far right, were being handed out.[312] The Rheinische Post pointed out that some AfD members and supporters write for the conservative paper.[60][313] There was also a protest outside the venue of the party's inaugural meeting by Andreas Storr, a National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) representative in the Landtag of Saxony, as the NPD sees AfD as a rival for Eurosceptic votes.[314]
In 2013, AfD party organisers sent out the message that they are not trying to attract right-wing radicals and toned down rhetoric on their Facebook page following media allegations that it too closely evoked the language of the far right.[308][315] At that time, AfD checked applicants for membership to exclude far-right and former NPD members who support the anti-euro policy.[308][309][316] The former party chairman Bernd Lucke stated that "[t]he applause is coming from the wrong side", regarding praise his party gained from the NPD.[308]
Members of Alliance 90/Green Party have accused AfD of pandering to xenophobic and nationalistic sentiments.[317] There have been altercations between AfD members and Green Youth members.[317] Following the 2013 federal election, the anti-Islam German Freedom Party unilaterally pledged to support AfD in the 2014 elections and concentrate its efforts on local elections only.[318] Bernd Lucke responded by saying that the German Freedom Party's support was unwanted and sent a letter to AfD party associations recommending a hiring freeze.[319]
Stern reported that among 396 AfD candidates for the 2017 Bundestag, 47 candidates did not distance themselves from right-wing extremism. Although a large proportion of the candidates are not openly racist, some relativize Germany's role in World War II or call for the recognition of a "Cult of Guilt". 30 candidates claimed to tolerate right-wing friends in their profile or were themselves members of groups associated with such people; others said that they mourned the German Reich or used their symbols.[320]
In 2018, Tino Chrupalla, the current co-leader of the AfD, gave an interview to holocaust denier, antisemite and right-wing extremistNikolai Nerling, which was uploaded to Youtube. It was staged as having occurred by chance, but an earlier shot in the video reveals Chrupalla waiting in the background. As such, the interview was cited in the 2019 Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution report on the AfD as evidence of the party's "Connections to the framework of a so-called new right or right-wing populist 'resistance milieu'".[321][322]
On 24 June 2024, it was announced that two parliamentary groups consisting of members of the AfD and Die Heimat formerly the NPD, had been formed in the Brandenburg town of Lauchhammer and the district of Oberspreewald-Lausitz. In Lauchhammer, the joint parliamentary group will be represented in the town council under the name "AfDplus", while the "Heimat & Zukunft" parliamentary group has been formed in the district council of Oberspreewald-Lausitz. Thomas Gürtler from Die Heimat will play a leading role in both bodies. This development is seen as the first official coalition between the AfD and the far-right party Die Heimat. The formation of the parliamentary groups was supported by statements made by AfD chairman Tino Chrupalla, who emphasised that there would be no "firewalls" to other parties at local level.[323]
Refugees
In 2016, AfD MEP Marcus Pretzell was expelled from the party after he said that German borders should be defended from incursion by refugees "with armed force as a measure of last resort".[96] Later that same year, former AfD party chair and MEP Frauke Petry told a reporter from the regional newspaper Mannheimer Morgen that the German Border police must do their jobs by "hindering illegal entry of refugees" and that they may "use firearms if necessary" to "prevent illegal border crossings".[324][325] Petry later stated that no policeman "wants to fire on a refugee and I don't want that either" but that border police must follow the law to maintain the integrity of European borders. Afterwards, Petry made several attempts to justify these statements.[325]
In response to the Pegida movement and demonstrations, members of AfD have expressed different opinions of it, with Lucke describing the movement as "a sign that these people do not feel their concerns are understood by politicians".[326] In response to the CDU Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière alleging an "overlap" between Pegida rallies and AfD, Alexander Gauland stated that AfD are "natural allies of this movement".[327] Hans-Olaf Henkel asked members of the party not to join the demonstrations, telling Der Tagesspiegel that he believed it could not be ruled out that they had "xenophobic or even racist connotations".[326] A straw poll by The Economist found that nine out of ten Pegida protesters would back the AfD.[328]
Neo-Nazi controversies
Björn Höcke at a rally for the 2019 state election
In January 2017, Björn Höcke, one of the founders of the AfD,[329][330][331][332] gave a speech in Dresden in which, referring to the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, he stated that "we Germans are the only people in the world who have planted a memorial of shame in the heart of their capital",[333] and suggested that Germans "need to make a 180 degree change in their politics of commemoration".[334] The speech was widely criticized as antisemitic or neo-Nazi, among others by Jewish leaders in Germany.[333][335] Within AfD, he was described by his party chairwoman, Frauke Petry, as a "burden to the party", while other members of the party, such as Alexander Gauland, said that they found no antisemitism in the speech.[333]
In February 2017, AfD leaders asked for Höcke to be expelled from the party due to his speech. The arbitration committee of AfD in Thuringia was set to rule on the leaders' request.[336] In May 2018, an AfD tribunal ruled that Höcke was allowed to stay in the party.[337]
In January 2024, it was revealed that senior members of the party, including Roland Hartwig, then advisor to party co-leader Alice Weidel, attended a meeting alongside neo-Nazi influencers, where plans for the deportation of millions of "asylum seekers", "non-assimilated people", and those with "non-German backgrounds" were discussed, including those with German citizenship and residency rights.[338] The event triggered the 2024 German anti-extremism protests.
In May 2024, Höcke was convicted and fined €13,000 by the state court in Halle for deliberately using a banned slogan "Alles für Deutschland", associated with the Nazi party's paramilitary wing, in a May 2021 campaign speech.[339]
Heinze, Anna-Sophie (1 March 2021). "Zum schwierigen Umgang mit der AfD in den Parlamenten: Arbeitsweise, Reaktionen, Effekte". Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft (in German). 31 (1): 133–150. doi:10.1007/s41358-020-00245-0. ISSN2366-2638. Der 2013 gegründeten 'Alternative für Deutschland' (AfD) gelang es – anders als früheren Rechtsaußenparteien wie der NPD, DVU oder den Republikanern ... [English: The 'Alternative for Germany' (AfD) party founded in 2013 succeeded – unlike earlier far-right parties such as the NPD, DVU or the Republicans ...
^* Lux, Thomas (June 2018). "Die AfD und die unteren Statuslagen. Eine Forschungsnotiz zu Holger Lengfelds Studie Die 'Alternative für Deutschland': eine Partei für Modernisierungsverlierer?". KZFSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. 70 (2): 255–273. doi:10.1007/s11577-018-0521-2. S2CID149934029.
Schmitt-Beck, Rüdiger (2 January 2017). "The 'Alternative für Deutschland in the Electorate': Between Single-Issue and Right-Wing Populist Party". German Politics. 26 (1): 124–148. doi:10.1080/09644008.2016.1184650. S2CID156431715.
^Nordsieck, Wolfram (September 2021). "Germany". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
^Arzheimer, Kai; Berning, Carl C. (2019). "How the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and their voters veered to the radical right, 2013–2017". Electoral Studies. 60: 102040. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2019.04.004. S2CID181403226.
D'Ottavio; Saafeld, Thomas (2016). Germany After the 2013 Elections: Breaking the Mould of Post-Unification Politics?. Routledge. ISBN9781317128373. Beyond economic liberalism, the AfD fosters rather more conservative core issues, such as traditional forms of morality and political authority.
Muzergues, Thibault (2019). The Great Class Shift: How New Social Class Structures are Redefining Western Politics. Routledge. ISBN9781000727432. Created in 2013, first and foremost as a libertarian and Eurosceptic party, ... .
Close, Caroline (2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 157. ISBN9781351245494.
Havertz, Ralf (2021). Radical Right Populism in Germany: AfD, Pegida, and the Identitarian Movement. Routledge. ISBN9781000368888. The founders of the AfD party were a group of economic liberal, ... .
^Schmitt-Beck, Rüdiger (2 January 2017). "The 'Alternative für Deutschland in the Electorate': Between Single-Issue and Right-Wing Populist Party". German Politics. 26 (1): 124–148. doi:10.1080/09644008.2016.1184650. S2CID156431715.
^Horn, Heather (27 May 2016). "The Voters Who Want Islam Out of Germany". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. The AfD's founder Bernd Lucke, an economics professor, left the party last summer, condemning rising xenophobia.
^"Why AFD was created". BBC World news. 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ abLachmann, Günther (3 March 2013). "Anti-Euro-Partei geißelt die Politik der Kanzlerin" [Anti-euro party lashes out at politics of Chancellor Merkel]. Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2013. "Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist in der schwersten Krise ihrer Geschichte. Das Euro-Währungsgebiet hat sich als ungeeignet erwiesen. Südeuropäische Staaten verarmen unter dem Wettbewerbsdruck des Euro. Ganze Staaten stehen am Rande der Zahlungsunfähigkeit." [The Federal Republic of Germany is in the gravest crisis of its history. The euro currency area has shown itself to be unfit for purpose. Countries in southern Europe are sinking into poverty under the competitive pressure of the euro. Whole countries are on the brink of bankruptcy.]
^ abWeinthal, Benjamin (3 May 2013). "The Rise of Germany's Tea Party". Foundation for Defense of Democracies. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^Winand von Petersdorff-Campen (4 March 2013). "Die neue Anti-Euro-Partei". Frankfurter Allgemeine (in German). Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^"Nationalists overtake Merkel's party in German state vote". Associated Press. 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2021. The three-year-old Alternative for Germany, or AfD, won 21 to 22 percent of votes in the election for the state legislature in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, according to projections for ARD and ZDF television based on exit polls and partial counting. They put support for Merkel's Christian Democrats between 19 and 20 percent, their worst result yet in the state.
^"Berlin 2016". 19 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^Schwichtenberg, Leonie; Zehnter, Lisa (2 August 2021). "Das Wahlprogramm der Alternative für Deutschland zur Bundestagswahl 2021" [The election manifesto of the Alternative for Germany for the 2021 federal election]. Democracy (in German). Manifesto Project. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ abCaiani, Manuela; Císař, Ondřej (2018). Radical Right Movement Parties in Europe. Routledge. ISBN9781351342797.
^ abGedmin, Jeffrey (4 December 2019). "How 'populist' is the AfD?". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^Payerhin, Mayek (2017). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2017-2018. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 254.
^"Germany's far-right AfD: Victim or victor?". BBC. 2 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020. The AfD ran a politically savvy campaign. It tapped into historical grievances in former communist eastern Germany, by co-opting phrases from the dissident movement that brought down the Berlin Wall 30 years ago. The AfD posters demanded a 'Wende 2.0', using the German word for the peaceful revolution that brought down East German communism, and the AfD leaders compared Mrs Merkel's government to the Stasi secret police.
^Knight, Ben (7 March 2016). "What does the AfD stand for?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. It's skeptical of climate change and against Germany's energy transition.
^ abBrandt, Linda (2015). "Populist Parties in Germany, France, and the UK: Growing Support for a Radical Rejection of Globalization?". International ResearchScape Journal. 3: 19. doi:10.25035/irj.03.01.04. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Likewise, the AfD professes its desire to maintain an intimate security relationship with the US, stating NATO is, and remains, the bond of a transatlantic security architecture, whose crucial anchor is the alliance with the USA."38 However, it also expresses a need for a closer relationship with Russia to resolve problems in Eastern Europe. However, a resolution passed that calls for an end to European sanctions imposed on Russia, and to abstain from further measures designed to bind Ukraine and EU or Ukraine and Russia closer together, has led some to charge the party with anti-Americanism.39 The debate about a more pro-American or pro-Russian course appears to divide the AfD deeply, and opinions differ significantly among even the party leadership, as a Die Welt article reports.
^"The delimitation of Sosoacă: Not even the German extremists from AfD want to associate with her and Lazarus". Spotmedia.ro. 28 June 2024. Archived from the original on 2 September 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024. AfD MEP Cristine Andreson confirmed to G4Media that Șoșoacă and Lazarus will not be accepted into the Sovereigntists group. 'I had a discussion with the SOS representatives and we unanimously decided not to accept them into the group. I would prefer not to discuss the reasons for the rejection,' Anderson stated.
^"Polish far-right Confederation MEPs split, join separate far-right EU groups". Euractiv. 11 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024. According to Die Welt, this resulted from the AfD's decision. 'The AfD's condition was that they do not want to cooperate with Poland's Grzegorz Braun' for the reasons of his statements about the Holocaust, among other things, Die Welt reported.
^"Harald Weyel: Conference in Florida – together for liberal politics". Presseportal. 18 April 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2024. Prof. Dr. Harald Weyel, deputy treasurer of the AfD, took part in a panel discussion of the youth organization of the US Republican Party in Tampa on April 13.
Arzheimer, Kai, and Carl C. Berning. "How the alternative for Germany (AfD) and their voters veered to the radical right, 2013–2017." Electoral Studies 60 (2019): 102040.
Berbuir, Nicole; Lewandowsky, Marcel; Siri, Jasmin (3 April 2015). "The AfD and its Sympathisers: Finally a Right-Wing Populist Movement in Germany?". German Politics. 24 (2): 154–178. doi:10.1080/09644008.2014.982546. ISSN0964-4008.
Diermeier, Matthias. "The AfD's Winning Formula – No Need for Economic Strategy Blurring in Germany." Intereconomics 55.1 (2020): 43–52. online
Franz, Christian, Marcel Fratzscher, and Alexander Kritikos. "At opposite poles: How the success of the Green Party and AfD reflects the geographical and social cleavages in Germany." DIW Weekly Report 9.34 (2019): 289–300. online
Hansen, Michael A., and Jonathan Olsen. "Flesh of the same flesh: A study of voters for the alternative for Germany (AfD) in the 2017 federal election." German Politics 28.1 (2019): 1–19. online[permanent dead link]
Havertz, Ralf. "Right-wing populism and neoliberalism in Germany: The AfD's embrace of ordoliberalism." New Political Economy 24.3 (2019): 385–403.
Jesse, Eckhard; Mannewitz, Tom (2024). "Die Alternative für Deutschland" [The Alternative for Germany]. Extremismusforschung: Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis [Research of Extremism: A Handbook for Study and Practice] (in German). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. pp. 601–621. doi:10.5771/9783748934677. ISBN978-3-7489-3467-7.
Küppers, Anne. "'Climate-Soviets,' 'Alarmism,' and 'Eco-Dictatorship': The Framing of Climate Change Scepticism by the Populist Radical Right Alternative for Germany." German Politics (2022) online.
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Dutch footballer (born 2000) Mitchel Bakker Bakker with Paris Saint-Germain in 2019Personal informationFull name Mitchel BakkerDate of birth (2000-06-20) 20 June 2000 (age 23)Place of birth Purmerend, Netherlands[1]Height 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Left-back/left wing-back, left midfielderTeam informationCurrent team AtalantaNumber 20Youth career2010–2017 AjaxSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2017–2019 Jong Ajax 37 (0)2018–2019 Ajax 0 (0)2019–2021 Paris...
Belief that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world Not to be confused with imminence or eminence. Immanent redirects here. Not to be confused with immanant. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Immanence – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how ...
2002 picture book by Harvey Fierstein The Sissy Duckling The Sissy Duckling, book coverAuthorHarvey FiersteinIllustratorHenry ColeCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenrePicture bookPublisherSimon & SchusterPublication date2002Media typePrintPages40 ppISBN0-689-83566-3 The Sissy Duckling is a children's picture book written by actor Harvey Fierstein and illustrated by Henry Cole. It is 40 pages long and intended for children ages 5–8.[1] It follows the story of Elmer, a duc...
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