In the previous election, held on 23–26 May 2019, in terms of the political Groups in the Parliament, they resulted in the EPP Group and S&D suffering significant losses, while the liberal/centrist (Renew), the Greens/EFA and ID made substantial gains, with ECR and The Left had small reduction. The European People's Party, led by Manfred Weber, won the most seats in the European Parliament, but was then unable to secure support from other parties for Weber as candidate for President of the Commission. After initial deadlock, the European Council decided to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as a compromise candidate to be the new Commission President, and the European Parliament elected von der Leyen with 383 votes (374 votes needed). The commission as a whole was then approved by the European Parliament on 27 November 2019, receiving 461 votes.
The 2019 election saw an increase in the turnout, when 50.7% of eligible voters had cast a vote compared with 42.5% of the 2014 election. This was the first time that turnout had increased since the first European Parliament election in 1979.[9] In 2024, the Eurobarometer data shows that 71% of Europeans say they are likely to vote in June, 10% higher than those who said they would in 2019.[10]
Since the last European-wide election, the right has continued to rise across Europe, remaining however split, mainly by the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Russian relations issue.[11] In 2024, before the European elections, right-wing populist parties hold or share political power in Hungary (Fidesz), Italy (Brothers of Italy), Sweden (Sweden Democrats), Finland (Finns Party), Slovakia (Slovak National Party) and Croatia (Homeland Movement).[11] The centre-right EPP has "raised eyebrows" among some commentators for its efforts to charm parties in the ECR to create a broad conservative block,[12] which could upset the long-standing status-quo that has seen the EPP share power with the centre-left S&D and the centrist Renew Group.[13]
The Qatargate corruption scandal, which began in December 2022, had destabilized the European Parliament following the arrest of several MEPs including Marc Tarabella; Andrea Cozzolino and Eva Kaili who was stripped of her vice presidency. Other suspects in the case include Francesco Giorgi, the parliamentary assistant of MEP Andrea Cozzolino, Pier Antonio Panzeri, founder of the Fight Impunity NGO; Niccolo Figa-Talamanca, head of the No Peace Without Justice NGO; and Luca Visentini, head of the International Trade Union Confederation.[14][15] Following the scandal, the European Parliament revised its rules of procedure and its code of conduct in September 2023[16]
The dates chosen for the elections conflicted with a long weekend in Portugal, where Portugal Day, a national holiday, was celebrated on 10 June, which was expected to suppress turnout.[20] Despite an attempt by Portuguese leaders to find a compromise, no change was made to the default date of 6–9 June,[21] which required unanimity to be changed.
Electoral system
Elections to the European Parliament are regulated by the Treaty on European Union, Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and the Act concerning the election of the members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage (the Electoral Act). The Electoral Act states that the electoral procedure is governed by the national provisions in each member state, subject to the provisions of the act.[22] Elections are conducted by direct universal suffrage by proportional representation using either a list system or single transferable vote.[22] The national electoral threshold may not exceed 5% of votes cast.[22]
Attempts at electoral reform
In June 2018, the Council agreed to change the EU electoral law and to reform old laws from the 1976 Electoral Act as amended in 2002.[23] New provisions included a mandatory 2% threshold for countries with more than 35 seats and rules to prevent voters from voting in multiple countries.[24] After the Act was adopted by the Council following consent given by the European Parliament in July 2018, not all member states ratified the Act prior to the 2019 elections, which took place under the old rules. As of 2023, the reform has yet to be ratified by Cyprus and Spain;[25]Germany only ratified in summer 2023.[26]
On 3 May 2022, the European Parliament voted to propose a new electoral law, which would contain provisions for electing 28 seats on transnational lists.[27] As of 2024, this reform has not been approved by the Council, which must approve it unanimously,[28] meaning the election will be conducted under the 1976 Electoral Act as amended in 2002.
Apportionment
As a result of Brexit, 27 seats from the British delegation were distributed to other countries in January 2020 (those elected in 2019, but not yet seated took their seats).[29] The other 46 seats were abolished with the total number of MEPs decreasing from 751 to 705.[30]
A report in the European Parliament proposed in February 2023 to modify the apportionment in the European Parliament and increase the number of MEPs from 705 to 716 in order to adapt to the development of the population and preserve degressive proportionality.[31][32] It was passed in the plenary in June 2023.[32] On 26 July 2023, the Council reached a preliminary agreement, which would increase the size of the European Parliament to 720 seats.[33] On 13 September 2023, the European Parliament consented to this decision,[34] which was adopted by the European Council on 22 September 2023.[35]
In the run-up to the 2014 European Parliament elections a new informal system was unveiled for the selection of the European Commission President (known colloquially as the Spitzenkandidat system) dictating that whichever party group gained the most seats (or the one able to secure the support of a majority coalition) would see their candidate become President of the Commission.[74] In 2014, the candidate of the largest group, Jean-Claude Juncker, was eventually nominated and elected as Commission President.[75]European party leaders aimed to reintroduce the system in 2019, with them selecting lead candidates and organizing a televised debate between those candidates.[76] In the aftermath of the election German Defense MinisterUrsula von der Leyen was chosen as Commission President, even though she had not been a candidate prior to the election, while Manfred Weber, lead candidate for the EPP, which had gained the most seats, was not nominated as he was unable to secure support from any other party.[77] Following this appointment of a Commission President who had not been a Spitzenkandidat, some called for the system to be abandoned, while others called for it to be revived in the 2024 elections.[78][79][80]
In 2023, multiple political parties at the European level announced their intentions to nominate a main candidate.[81][82][83][84]ECR[85][86] and ID have rejected doing so.[87]
Overview of party candidates for Commission President in 2024
The centre-right EPP held its congress in Bucharest on 6–7 March 2024 to elect its presidential candidate and adopt its election programme.[90] Nominees required the backing of their own member party and not more than two other EPP member parties from EU countries, with nominations closing on February 21.[91]
On 19 February 2024, Ursula von der Leyen announced her intention to run, supported by the CDU.[92] On 7 March von der Leyen was elected presidential candidate with 400 votes in favour, 89 against and 10 blank, out of the 737 EPP delegates at the EPP congress.[93] Among others, it is believed that the French and Slovenian delegations voted against.[94][95]
Party of European Socialists
The centre-left PES held its congress in Rome on 2 March. Nominees required the backing of nine PES full member parties or organisations, with nominations closing on 17 January.[96]
On 18 January, the PES announced that the Luxembourgish European Commissioner for Jobs and Social RightsNicolas Schmit was the sole nominee to meet the nominating requirements.[97] He was then nominated on 2 March during the party congress, along with the adoption of the election programme.[98]
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
The ALDE party held its extraordinary congress in Brussels on 20–21 March 2024.[99] On 7 March 2024, following months of speculation, Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas announced that she had rejected the offer from ALDE to be the party's Spitzenkandidat.[100] Luxembourg's former Prime Minister Xavier Bettel announced that he is not interested in the post either.[101]
On 11 March, the German FDP nominated Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann to become presidential candidate.[102] She was then elected on March 20 during the party congress, along with the adoption of the election programme.[103][104]
In October 2023, the congress of the European Free Alliance elected Maylis Roßberg and Raül Romeva as its presidential candidates, and adopted its election programme.[111][112]
Party of the European Left
During the 24–25 February 2024 congress in Ljubljana,[113] the PEL elected Walter Baier as its presidential candidate and adopted its election programme.[114]
On 27 November 2023, Volt Europa adopted its European election programme at its General Assembly in Paris.[117] During the 6–7 April 2024 campaign launch event in Brussels the party elected German MEP Damian Boeselager and Dutch MEP Sophie in 't Veld as its lead candidates.[118] Regarding which European Parliament group to join after the elections, Boeselager said he was “open to discussions” between remaining in Greens/EFA or joining Renew Europe in due course.[119] To emphasise its demand for transnational lists, Volt Europa also presented a symbolic transnational list for the election alongside its leading candidates.[120]
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Immigration
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2024)
Immigration was cited by Politico as a key issue in elections in several countries, including Austria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland and Sweden.[121]
Various sources wrote that an increased influence of right-wing and far-right parties in the European Parliament could derail Ukrainian accession, as polling showed low support for EU enlargement in countries where such parties have power.[122][123] Exceptions were Poland's Law and Justice supporting Ukrainian accession, and Hungary's Fidesz – a party highly sceptical of Ukraine – being in favour of bids from Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, two countries with governments favourable to Russia.[123]
Campaign
The future of Ursula von der Leyen
Ursula von der Leyen, the current European Commission President, did not formally announce her intention to stand for a second term until February 2024. This led to speculation about other potential EPP candidates, such as President of the European ParliamentRoberta Metsola. However, on 19 February 2024, von der Leyen announced her intention to seek a second term.[92] and on 7 March she was elected European People's Party presidential candidate with 400 votes in favour, 89 against and 10 blank, out of the 737 EPP congressional delegates.[93]
In Germany, the coalition government had also agreed to support the spitzenkandidat system,[124] implicitly accepting the prospect of von der Leyen, who within Germany hails from the opposition CDU party, becoming Commission President again, depending on the election results. Otherwise, the German government coalition agreement grants the right to nominate the next German EU Commissioner to the Greens, provided the Commission President is not from Germany.[125]
The future of Charles Michel
In January 2024, Charles Michel announced he would step down early as president of the European Council to run for the European Parliament instead.[126] This would have meant that European Union leaders would potentially discuss his successor in the summer[127] as, if elected to the European Parliament, he would have had to step down because of prohibition of the dual mandate.[128] His mandate had been to set to expire in November 2024.[129] For this unanticipated decision Michel was criticised by EU officials and diplomats.[130] He was criticised by his political ally Sophie in 't Veld who questioned his "credibility".[131] This timing was further criticised for potential disruptions it could cause, as Article 2(4) of the European Council's Rules of Procedure provide that, if its President leaves office early, he "shall be replaced, where necessary until the election of his or her successor, by the member of the European Council representing the Member State holding the six-monthly Presidency of the Council".[132] This would have been the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, whose country would be scheduled to take over the rotating presidency of the European Council on 1 July.[133] On 26 January 2024, Michel withdrew his candidacy and thus delayed his departure.[134]
On 27 March, the Czech Republic sanctioned the news site Voice of Europe, claiming that the site is part of a network for pro-Russian influence.[135] The following day, Belgian Prime Minister De Croo, referring to the sanctions during a debate in the Belgian parliament, said that Russia had targeted MEPs, but also paid them.[136] On 2 April, the Czech news portal Denik N reported, citing several ministers, that there are audio recordings of the German far-right politician Petr Bystron (MP, AfD) that incriminate him of having accepted money.[137] On 12 April, it became known that the Belgian public prosecutor's office is investigating whether European politicians were paid to spread Russian propaganda. In addition to Bystron, the investigation is also targeting Dutch MEP Marcel de Graaff (FvD) and German MEP Maximilian Krah (AfD). Ukrainian politician and businessman Viktor Medvedchuk, who is close to Russian President Vladimir Putin, is believed to be the man behind Voice of Europe.[138]
Future European Parliament groups
Ahead of the 2024 European Parliament election, National Rally spokespeople Jordan Bardella and Caroline Parmentier announced they would part ways with Alternative for Germany after the election and not include the AfD in the ID group due to controversial statements on Nazi Germany made by AfD lead candidate Maximilian Krah in an interview and allegations of Chinese espionage influence on the party.[139][140] Italy's Lega and the Czech SPD backed the position taken by the National Rally,[141][142] but Vlaams Belang declined to support expulsion of the AfD from the ID group or rule out further cooperation with the AfD, while criticising Krah's remarks.[143] The Danish People's Party conditioned future cooperation with the AfD on Krah's exclusion from the ID group.[144] The AfD was expelled from the group on 23 May.[145]
After the European elections, there are often changes or creation of new political groups by the national parties in the European Parliament.[146] This concerns both the new parties that have not yet announced which group they will be part of, and the parties already present in the European Parliament who choose to change group at the beginning of a new legislature.[146] According to the Parliament's rules of procedure, a political group requires at least 23 MEPs from at least one-quarter of the Member States (7 out of 27), and a political declaration, setting out the purpose of the group.[147]
Lead Candidates participating in the Maastricht Debate 2024
The first debate was held on Monday, 29 April 2024 from 19:00 to 20:30 CET at the Theater aan het Vrijthof in Maastricht, Netherlands.[155] It was hosted by Studio Europa Maastricht and Politico Europe and was EBU’s Eurovision News Exchange distributed the feed to its public service media network of members.[155] An initiative of Maastricht University, it was the third edition of the so-called "Maastrich Debate" [155][159] All ten registered European Political parties were invited to the debate.[155]
The debate questions focused on three main themes: climate change, foreign and security policy, and EU democracy.[155] During the debate, Ursula von der Leyen indicated she would be open to a deal with the European Conservatives and Reformists group after the election saying that the collaboration “depends very much on how the composition of the Parliament is, and who is in what group”.[160]
21 May (Brussels, Belgium)
Financial Times and Bruegel debate in 2024
The second debate was held on Tuesday, 21 May 2024 from 17:00 to 18:15 in Brussels, Belgium.[156] It was hosted by the think tank Bruegel and the Financial Times. The debate questions focused on economic policy in the EU.[161][162]
23 May (Brussels, Belgium)
Eurovision Debate 2024 with Lead Candidates
The third debate was held on Thursday, 23 May 2024 from 15:00 to 17:00 CET at the European Parliament in Brussels, Belgium.[163][164] It was hosted by the European Broadcasting Union together with the European Parliament and it was broadcast on public service media channels and online platforms members.[163] The debate took place in English, with interpretation into all 24 official EU languages and International Sign Language. It was the third edition of the so-called "Eurovision Debate".
Invitations to the debate were sent by the EBU to the ten recognised European Political parties, with only one lead candidate allowed to be nominated from each of the seven Political groups of the European Parliament.[163] On 7 May, EBU announced the candidates for the debate. Two parties, the ECR and ID, were considered by EBU not eligible to take part in the debate, since they have not nominated lead candidates for the Presidency of the European Commission and.[165][166]
The debate questions focused on six main topics: Economy and Jobs, Defence and Security, Climate and Environment, Democracy and Leadership, Migration and Borders, Innovation and Technology.[167]
Voting advice applications
Several voting advice applications at the European level have been developed to help voters choose their candidates. Some of these applications could collect user data for research or commercial purpose.
EUROMAT allows users to compare their positions on 20 statements with the answers given by the European political parties.[168] The result is presented as a percentage of agreement with each party. At the end, users can see the stances of each group. The EUROMAT was created as a joint project of the NGOs Pulse of Europe and Polis 180 and the blog Der (europäische) Föderalist and is available in eight languages.[169][170]
VoteMatch.eu is a comprehensive collection of VAAs, with a unique application tailored for each member state.[171] This application first matches users with political parties within their own country. While answering the questions, users can see the stances of the national parties (but not all, it depends on the country), and, in some countries, their arguments. This is because votematch.eu aggregate VVA proposed by external actors at the national level. After this initial matching and because each VAA share at least 15 questions, users can compare their results with those in other member states. The overall platform was developed by German bpb and Dutch ProDemos.
VoteTracker.eu allows users to visualise the votes of the outgoing MEPs on 18 selected votes, and to find the MEPs who best match their convictions.[172] The website allows MEP to submit explanations of their stances.
EuroMPmatch is a collaborative project between EUmatrix and the European University Institute aimed at enhancing citizen engagement in EU policy-making. By analyzing MEPs' actual voting records on 20 key topics, the project offers citizens a quiz to determine alignment with MEPs, parties, and political xgroups.[173][174] It has been translated in 25 languages.
EU&I, developed by the European University Institute in Florence, offers 30 questions to which the user can answer from ‘completely agree’ to ‘completely disagree’.[175] They can then give more weight to certain questions. The result is presented as a percentage of agreement with each national party. The site has been translated into 20 languages.[176] They had more than 150 000 users.[177]
Adeno is an application that allows users to discover the European group that best matches their convictions through 100 questions (20 in the express mode) covering 10 themes. The application also offers a multiplayer mode. It is available on Android[178] and iPhone.[179]
Palumba is an application, developed by an association of young professionals, offers 27 questions to be answered ‘for’, ‘against’ or ‘neutral’.[180] Explanations are provided for each question. The application provides the result in the form of a percentage of agreement for each European group and displays the closest national parties. The application is available on Android and iPhone and is available in over 30 languages (including regional dialects)[181]
The Bloom association, whose goal is to fight the destruction of the ocean, the climate, and livelihoods, ranked the European groups both globally and at the national scale on 4 issues: ocean, climate, biodiversity and environmental justice.[182] The page is available in 5 languages.
Europe Elects, Der Föderalist and Politico Europe have been presenting seat projections throughout the legislative period. Other institutes started presenting data during the election campaign. All projections make their national-level data transparent, except Politico Europe, which only presents aggregate EU-level data.
Europe Elects has been presenting popular vote projections throughout the legislative period. Other institutes started presenting data during the election campaign.
About 357 million people were eligible to vote in 27 countries.[3][193] Of those, around 182 million people voted.[194] This represents 51.05 % of the total eligible voters, the highest percentage of voter turnout since 1994.
Results
European parties
Affiliation to the parties at the time of the election on 6–9 June 2024.
However, on 5 July, Spain's Vox announced their intention to leave the ECR, in order to join the new Patriots for Europe alliance;[210][211] as a result, the group's membership dropped to 78 MEPs, just one ahead of Renew.[212]
Greens/EFA
In June 2024, it was reported that five elected MEPs from Volt Europa, two of whom from the Netherlands and three from Germany,[213] had begun negotiations both with Renew Europe and the Greens/EFA to join their respective ranks on a stable basis.[214] On June 20, the Volt MEPs released a joint press statement recommending to join Greens/EFA, which they perceived as closer to their stance against right-wing populism, while expressing concerns over the presence of parties such as Czech Republic's ANO 2011 and the Netherlands' People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) – which had agreed to join a coalition with the right-wing populist Party for Freedom (PVV) to form the Schoof cabinet – in the ranks of Renew.[213][214] On June 24, Volt officially announced that 87% of the party's members had voted in favour of joining the Greens/EFA group.[215]
The agreement included an initial six-month spell of "reciprocal discussion" involving the political views expressed both by The Left and the M5S; Italian fact-checking portal Pagella Politica noted that their respective electoral programs diverged more or less evidently on several prominent topics, including open support of anti-fascist values, the EU's relations with the NATO, immigration and commercial policies, as well as the goals set by the European Green Deal.[225]
Identity and Democracy
Following the announcement of the new Patriots for Europe alliance, Identity and Democracy saw several member parties leave the formation, or express interest in doing so,[226][227] with examples including Portugal's Chega,[228] France's National Rally[226] and Italy's Lega.[229] Following the departure of MEPs from several key member parties, the ID group could no longer form a political group in the EU Parliament, which has a minimum requirement of members from at least seven member nations.[226][227]
According to anonymous ID members, the whole group could eventually get merged into Patriots for Europe, as part of negotiations supervised by the leader of the National Rally, Marine Le Pen.[230][231] On 8 July 2024, the group officially disbanded, following the establishment of the PfE group in the European Parliament.[232]
On 30 June 2024, the Prime Minister of Hungary and leader of the Fidesz party, Viktor Orbán, publicly announced his intention to form a new parliamentary group, named Patriots for Europe, together with Austria's Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and Czech Republic's ANO 2011;[233][234] the alliance needed support from parties from at least four other EU countries in order to be recognized as an official group in the European Parliament.[229][233] As a result, the FPÖ would complete a switch from the Identity and Democracy group;[233][234] on the other hand, ANO 2011 had left Renew Europe a week before the announcement, while MEPs from Fidesz were part of Non-Inscrits since 2021, when the party had left the European People's Party.[233]
Portugal's Chega officially entered the alliance on 2 July,[228][235] while Italy's Lega also publicly expressed interest in joining the new group.[229][236] On 5 July, Spain's Vox announced their intention to enter Patriots for Europe, after leaving the ECR group,[210][211] with Netherlands' Party for Freedom, previously in the ID group, following suit.[237] The following day, both Denmark's Danish People's Party (DF)[238] and Belgium's Vlaams Belang switched from ID to the new group;[236][239] as a result, Patriots for Europe met the EU Parliament's minimum threshold for formal recognition.[236] An MEP from the DF party, Anders Vistisen, stated that they agreed to join the alliance upon the condition that each national member would be allowed to pursue their own foreign policy, including on matters such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[238]
On 7 July, the President of France's National Rally (RN), Jordan Bardella, confirmed the party's intention to switch from ID to Patriots for Europe;[231][240] as a result, the RN became the biggest delegation within the alliance, having elected 30 MEPs.[231] The following day, the group was officially established in the European Parliament: aside of the aforementioned parties, Italy's Lega, Czech Republic's Přísaha, Greece's Voice of Reason and Latvia's Latvia First also joined Patriots of Europe, bringing the group to a total amount of 84 MEPs, and making it the third-largest formation in the hemicycle.[232][241] Bardella was appointed as the president of Patriots for Europe, while Vistisen was nominated as their chief whip.[241]
On 10 July, It was reported that the MEPs from a branch of Poland's Confederation, National Movement, had expressed an interest in joining the PfE group, which was neither confirmed nor denied by Patriots. If the party were to join, it would confirm a split within Confederation's other factions in the EU, New Hope and Confederation of the Polish Crown.[242]
On 10 July, it was reported that a new parliamentary group, named Europe of Sovereign Nations (ESN), had officially formed, having met the minimum requirements to get formal recognition within the European Parliament. The group was officially launched later the same day; MEPs from Germany's AfD (the largest party in the group), Poland's Confederation, Bulgaria's Revival, France's Reconquête (excluding the former members who had left the party to join the ECR), Czech Republic's SPD, Hungary's Our Homeland Movement, Slovakia's Republika and Lithuania's People and Justice Union, all joined ESN, bringing the group to a total amount of 25 MEPs.[245][246]René Aust (AfD) and Stanisław Tyszka (NN) were elected co-chairpersons of the parliamentary group.[245]
Members from Spain's SALF and Greece's Niki were initially expected to also join ESN, but withdrew at the last minute.[245] A few members from AfD and Republika did not join the group, as well,[246] while MEPs from a single branch of Poland's Confederation, New Hope, did enter the group, confirming a split within the alliance's other parties in the EU Parliament, National Movement (which was reportedly in talks to join the PfE group) and Confederation of the Polish Crown, whose lone-MEP, Grzegorz Braun, was set to sit with the Non-Inscrits.[242]
Three MEPs, Maximilian Krah (from Germany's AfD), Braun and Milan Mazurek (from Slovakia's Republika) were all reportedly excluded from joining the group, due to the anti-semitic and Holocaust-denying nature of their previous public statements. The co-leader of AfD, Alice Weidel, commented and said that "no anti-semites should have a place in a potential group with [her] party."[246] Despite previous speculations, Romania's S.O.S. Romania was also excluded from ESN, due to some of the involved delegations expressing concerns about the party's declared goal to "redesign Eastern Europe's map" to establish the so-called "Greater Romania", a hypothetical Nation-state roughly resembling the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period.[242][245]
Possible majorities for Commission President election[247][248]
Seats
Total seats
720
Absolute majority (361 or more seats)
EPP Group, S&D, RE
401
EPP Group, S&D, RE, G/EFA
454
EPP Group, S&D, ECR, RE
479
No majority (360 or fewer seats)
EPP Group, S&D
324
EPP Group, ECR, RE
343
To be elected Commission President, a candidate must be proposed by the European Council with a reinforced qualified majority (at least 72% of the states representing at least 65% of the population) and receive a majority of the votes of the members of the European Parliament (at least 361 out of 720).[249][250]
^This is the legal threshold. The share of the vote needed to win a seat may be higher than this in some countries.
^This is the maximum vote share necessary to mathematically guarantee winning a seat. It is here calculated as the Droop quota for each country. Where the legal threshold exceeds this threshold, the legal threshold is shown instead.
^Denmark allows for electoral alliances between separate party lists.
^Online voting in Estonia began on 3 June and ran until 8 June.
^Seats are apportioned to parties nationally. A party can choose to only stand in some of the 16 states and have its national seat count be subapportioned to those states. Only the CDU and the CSU have done this in previous elections.
^Depends on the constituency: 20% in Dublin, ~16.7% in Midlands–North-West and South. As Single transferable vote is a party-blind voting system, this threshold applies for an individual candidate, not for the party as a whole.
^ abSeats are apportioned to parties nationally, then subapportioned to the constituencies.
^As Single transferable vote is a party-blind voting system, this threshold applies for an individual candidate, not for the party as a whole.
^ abFollowing the election Maximilian Krah, who was elected for the AfD, was excluded from the party's delegation in the European Parliament. He subsequently did not join ESN on 10 July and remained a non-inscrit.[200]
^Mackenzie, Lucia; Coi, Giovanna (17 April 2024). "How to win the European election". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
^ abOelbermann, Kai Friederike; Pukelsheim, Friedrich (July 2020). "The European Elections of May 2019"(PDF). europarl.europa.eu. p. 14. Archived(PDF) from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^"Austria - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
^"Belgium - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
^Af /ritzau (5 October 2023). "EU-valg: Her er datoen". ekstrabladet.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
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