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Norway–European Union relations

Norway–European Union relations
Map indicating locations of European Union and Norway

European Union

Norway
The Norwegian mission to the EU is located in Norway House in Rue Archimède 17, Brussels.

Norway is not a member state of the European Union (EU). However, it is associated with the Union through its membership of the European Economic Area (EEA), signed in 1992 and established in 1994. Norway was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960, which was originally set up as an alternative to the European Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the EU. Norway had considered joining both the EEC and the European Union, but opted to decline following referendums in 1972 and 1994. According to the European Social Survey conducted in 2018, 73.6% of Norwegians would vote 'No' in a referendum to join the European Union.[1] Norway shares land borders with two EU member states, namely Finland and Sweden, and maritime borders with a third, Denmark.

Comparison

 European Union  Norway
Population 447,206,135[2] 5,367,580
Area 4,324,782 km2 (1,669,808 sq mi)[3] 385,207 km2 (148,729 sq mi)
Population Density 115/km2 (300/sq mi) 13.9/km2 (36.0/sq mi)
Capital Brussels (de facto) Oslo
Government Supranational parliamentary democracy based on the European treaties[4] Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Current Leader Council President Charles Michel
Commission President Ursula von der Leyen
Monarch Harald V
Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre
Official languages 24 official languages, of which 3 considered "procedural" (English, French and German)[5] Norwegian, Sámi languages
Main Religions 72% Christianity (48% Catholicism, 12% Protestantism,
8% Eastern Orthodoxy, 4% Other Christianity),
23% non-Religious, 3% Other, 2% Islam
82% Christian,
13% Non-Religious,
5% Other
Ethnic groups Germans (ca. 83 million),[6] French (ca. 67 million),
Italians (ca. 60 million), Spanish (ca. 47 million), Poles (ca. 46 million),
Romanians (ca. 16 million), Dutch (ca. 13 million), Greeks (ca. 11 million),
Portuguese (ca. 11 million), and others
86.2% Norwegian, 13.8% non-Norwegian
GDP (nominal) $16.477 trillion, $31,801 per capita $443 billion, $82,711 per capita

Trade

Norway's trade is dominated by the EU, with the EU being Norway's most important import and export partner. On the other hand, Norway is the EU's fourth most important import partner and seventh most important export partner. In 2008, Norway's exports to the EU amounted to €91.85 billion, with most of this value coming from energy supplies and other primary products (only 14.1% were manufactured products). Meanwhile, Norwegian imports from the EU amounted to €43.58 billion, with most of this value coming from manufactured products.[7]

European Economic Area (EEA)

The EEA agreement grants Norway access to the EU's single market. From the 23,000 EU laws currently in force,[8] the EEA has incorporated around 5,000 (in force)[9] meaning that Norway is subject to roughly 21% of EU laws. According to Norway's Foreign Affairs (NOU 2012:2 p. 790, 795), from the legislative acts implemented from 1994 to 2010, 70% of EU directives and 17% of EU regulations in force in the EU in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010.[10][need quotation to verify] Overall, this means that about 28% of EU legislation in force of these two types in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010. While the Norwegian parliament has to approve all new legislation which has "significant new obligations", this has been widely supported and usually uncontested; between 1992 and 2011, 92% of EU laws were approved unanimously, and most of the rest by a broad majority.[11]

This arrangement facilitates free movement of goods, capital, services and people between the EU and EFTA members including Norway.[11] Free movement of goods means freedom from customs fees, where however food and beverage is excluded (because those are subsidised by the EU). Fishing and agriculture incur over €100 million of tariffs annually due to customs fees. Joining the European Union as a full member would eliminate these fees and lead to lower food prices in Norway. This is opposed by farmers and the fishing industry as it would create additional competition for domestic producers.[12] Free movement of people means freedom of movement for workers between Norway and EU, and that Norway is a part of the Schengen Area.[11]

Norway has been granted participation rights (save voting rights) in several of the Union's programmes, bodies and initiatives.[13] These include security and defence areas like the European Defence Agency, the Nordic Battle Group, Frontex, Europol and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Whether or not the country should apply for full membership has been one of the most dominant and divisive issues in modern Norwegian political debate.[citation needed]

Norway's total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects, and part made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants).[13][14] EEA EFTA states fund their participation in programmes and agencies by an amount corresponding to the relative size of their gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the GDP of the whole EEA. The EEA EFTA participation is hence on an equal footing with EU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment amounts to 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget. In 2008, Norway's contribution was €188 million. Throughout the programme period 2007–2013, the Norwegian contribution will increase substantially in parallel with the development of the EU programme budget, from €130 million in 2007 to €290 million in 2013. For the EEA and Norway Grants from 2004 to 2009, Norway provided almost €1.3 billion.[15][16]

History

In 1962, Norway applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) with fellow EFTA members Ireland, Denmark, and the United Kingdom having applied to join the previous year. When France rebuffed the United Kingdom's application the following year, accession negotiations with Norway and the other countries were also suspended because of the strong economic ties between them. This happened again in 1967.[17]

Norway completed its negotiations for the terms to govern a Norwegian membership in the EEC on 22 January 1972. Following an overwhelming parliamentary majority in favour of joining the EEC in early 1972, the government decided to put the question to a popular referendum, scheduled for 24 and 25 September.[18] The result was that 53.5% voted against membership and 46.5% for it.[17] The Norwegian Labour Party government led by Trygve Bratteli resigned over the outcome of the referendum, and a coalition government led by Lars Korvald took over.[19]

Norway entered into a trade agreement with the Community following the outcome of the referendum. That trade agreement remained in force until Norway joined the European Economic Area on 1 January 1994.[20]

On 28 November 1994, a second referendum was held, narrowing the margin but yielding the same result: 52.2% opposed membership and 47.8% in favour, with a turn-out of 88.6%.[21] There are currently no plans to resume their current application, which is currently frozen.

Norway was an associate member of the Western European Union until the organisation terminated in 2011.

Membership debate

Countries that could join the European Union
  Current members
  Candidate countries
  Applicant / potential candidate countries
  Membership possible

Norway's application for EU membership has been frozen, but not withdrawn. It could be resumed at any time following renewed domestic political will, as happened in the case of Malta.

A major issue for Norway is its fishing resources, which are a significant part of the national economy and which would come under the Common Fisheries Policy if Norway were to accede to the EU. Norway has high GNP per capita, and would have to pay a high membership fee. The country has a limited amount of agriculture, and few underdeveloped areas, which means that Norway would receive little economic support from the EU. However, as of 2009, Norway has chosen to opt in to many EU projects and since its total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects, and a part made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants),[13][22] its participation is on an equal footing with that of EU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment amounts to 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget.

Because these positions to a great extent cut across ideological boundaries, various political parties have dealt with the issue in different ways. The Centre Party has maintained the most principled stand against membership, and though parties such as the Norwegian Conservative Party and the Norwegian Labour Party support membership in their platform, they allow for a minority to oppose it. Most dramatically, the Norwegian Liberal Party split over the issue in 1972 at the famed party conference in Røros and did not reunite until 1989.

The EU membership issue crosses the traditional left–right axis in Norwegian politics. Since the Labour Party lost its dominance in Norwegian politics, all governments have been a coalition of several political parties. Because the issue almost certainly would break up any conceivable government coalition (except maybe a grand coalition of Labour and the Conservatives), no government has raised the subject and no opposition party has stated any desire to do so either.

Disagreements on this issue have been known to create divisiveness within families and local communities. Although there is a general pattern that urban communities favour membership and rural communities do not, there have been vocal minorities in every area of Norway.

Complicating the matter has been that a great variety of political and emotional factors have been raised in the debate. Radical socialists oppose membership because of an opposition to conservative economic and political forces that concern them within Europe; opponents on the right are concerned about an infringement on Norwegian culture; and others are opposed in principle to compromising Norwegian sovereignty. On 9 April 2022, Governing Mayor of Oslo, Raymond Johansen, has hoped that it is the time for EU membership debate, stating, "the EU is not only our best guarantor of peace and democracy. It is also the best answer we have to many of the challenges facing Norwegian society."[23]

Norwegian political parties' positions

Currently, parties supporting or opposing EU membership are to be found in both right-wing and left-wing coalitions: as a result, most governments contain pro- and anti-EU elements. To avoid further debates concerning EU membership, anti-EU parties usually require "suicide paragraphs" in government-coalition agreements, meaning that if any party in the coalition officially begins a new debate on EU membership, the coalition government will be dissolved. This has been true for both the previous centre-right Bondevik government and the centre-left Stoltenberg government.

Norwegian parliamentary political parties' position[24]
Party Position on EU membership Position on EEA membership
Labour Support Support
Conservative Support Support
Progress Opposed Support
Centre Opposed Opposed
Socialist Left Opposed Opposed
Liberal Support Support
Christian Democratic Opposed Support
Green Support Support
Red Opposed Opposed
Patient Focus (Norway) Un­known Un­known

Opinion polling

On average, Norwegian voters are opposed to Norwegian membership in the European Union. Polling averaged over a 10-year period shows around 70% of Norwegians voters are opposed to EU membership, though staunch opposition has fallen in recent years.

According to the most recent polling data, the majority of the Norwegian voters remain opposed to EU membership. However, many Norwegians are changing their position on future membership due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[25]

Polls on Norwegian membership of the European Union
Dates
conducted
Pollster Support Opposed Ref.
Nov 2023 Opinion 31% 52% [26]
Aug 2023 Opinion 35% 54% [27]
Apr 2023 Sentio 33% 56% [28]
Feb 2023 Opinion 31% 53% [29]
Nov 2022 Sentio 27.2% 55.8% [30]
Jun 2022 Sentio 35.3% 48.8% [31]
Mar 2022 Norstat 26% 53% [32]
Nov 2019 Sentio 28% 60% [33]
Jun 2018 Sentio 22% 67% [34]
Aug 2016 Ipsos MMI 16% 66% [35]
Jun 2016 Sentio 19.6% 70.9% [36]
Dec 2015 Sentio 18.1% 72.0% [37]
Aug 2014 Sentio 17.8% 70.5% [38]
Jan 2013 Sentio 18.7% 70.8% [39]
Jul 2012 Sentio 17.2% 74.8% [40]
Oct 2011 Sentio 18.6% 70.8% [41]
Oct 2011 Synovate 12% 72% [42]
Jul 2011 Sentio 20.1% 68.8% [43]
Jul 2011 Sentio 17.1% 73.4% [43]
May 2011 Response 29% 71% [44]
Jan 2011 Sentio 22.5% 65.9% [45]
Sep 2010 Sentio 24.9% 64.9% [46]
Aug 2010 Sentio 26% 62% [47]
Jul 2010 Sentio 25.3% 66.1% [48]
Jul 2010 Norstat 25% 66% [49]
May 2010 Sentio 30.3% 56.9% [50]
May 2010 Response 26% 62% [51]
May 2010 Norstat 32.3% 55% [52]
Apr 2010 Sentio 36.3% 50.1% [53]
Feb 2010 Sentio 33% 53.4% [54]
Nov 2009 Sentio 42% 58% [55]
Oct 2009 Sentio 41.4% 45.6% [56]
Sep 2009 Sentio 35% 52.2% [57]
Jun 2009 Norstat 40.6% 50.3% [58]
May 2009 Response 42% 58% [59]
May 2009 Norstat 38.6% 49% [58]
Apr 2009 Sentio 34.9% 53.3% [60]
Mar 2009 Sentio 33% 54.9% [61]
Feb 2009 Sentio 35.1% 54.7% [62]
Jan 2009 Sentio 32.5% 52.8% [63]
Dec 2008 Sentio 37.5% 50.7% [63]
May 2008 Response 40% 60% [64]
Nov 2007 Response 42% 58% [64]
Apr 2007 Response 45% 55% [64]
Nov 2006 Response 41% 59% [64]
Sep 2006 Response 45% 55% [64]
May 2006 Response 45% 55% [64]
Jun 2005 Sentio 36% 51% [65]
Sep 2003 Sentio 37% 38% [66]

Diplomatic relations between Norway and EU member states

Country Norwegian embassy Reciprocal embassy Notes
 Austria Vienna Oslo Norwegian Permanent Mission to OSCE in Vienna
 Belgium Brussels Oslo Norwegian Mission to the EU and Permanent Delegation to NATO in Brussels
 Bulgaria Bucharest, Romania Oslo
 Croatia Zagreb Oslo
 Czech Republic Prague Oslo
 Denmark Copenhagen Oslo
 Estonia Tallinn Oslo
 Finland Helsinki Oslo
 France Paris Oslo Norwegian Mission to OECD and UNESCO in Paris. and in Council of Europe in Strasbourg
 Germany Berlin
Consulate General: Hamburg
Consulate: Düsseldorf
Oslo
 Greece Athens Oslo
 Hungary Budapest Oslo
 Ireland Dublin Oslo
 Italy Rome Oslo
 Latvia Riga Oslo
 Lithuania Vilnius Oslo
 Netherlands The Hague
Consulate General: Rotterdam
Oslo
 Poland Warsaw Oslo
 Portugal Lisbon Oslo
 Romania Bucharest Oslo
 Slovakia Bratislava Oslo
 Spain Madrid
Consulate General: Barcelona
Consulate: Alicante
Oslo
 Sweden Stockholm Oslo

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

Norwegian government

NGOs related to the question of membership

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Cantón de Rians Cantón Situación del cantón de Rians Coordenadas 43°37′00″N 5°45′00″E / 43.616667, 5.75Capital RiansEntidad Cantón • País  Francia • Región Provenza-Alpes-Costa Azul • Departamento Var • Distrito BrignolesÚltimo consejero general Guy Lombard (1999-2015)Subdivisiones Comunas 6Superficie   • Total 346.23 km²Población (2010)   • Total 13 696 hab. • Densidad 39,56 hab/km…

Pemilihan Umum Presiden Jerman 20172012202212 Februari 2017Kandidat   Calon Frank-Walter Steinmeier Cristoph Butterwegge Albrecht Glaser Partai SPD,CDU/CSU,Partai Hijau,FDP,SSW Die Linke Alternatif fur Deutschland Negara bagian North-Rhine Westphalia North-Rhine Westphalia Rhineland-Palatinate Suara elektoral 931 128 42 Persentase 73.89% 10.16% 3,3%   Berkas:Alexander Hold.jpg Calon Alexander Hold Engelbert Sonneborn Partai FW Independen Negara bagian Bavaria North-Rhine…

براغي   معلومات شخصية عضو في آسر  الزوجة إدون[1]  الأب أودين[1]  إخوة وأخوات بالدر،  وهود،  وهيرمودر،  وثور  الحياة العملية المهنة سكلد  [لغات أخرى]‏  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   براغي إله شعراء اسكندنافيا القدماء والشعر في الأساطير أإسكندنافي

British military officer and colonial administrator For other people named James Craig, see James Craig (disambiguation). SirJames CraigSir James Craig by SchipperBorn1748GibraltarDied12 January 1812 (aged 63)LondonAllegiance United KingdomService/branch British ArmyRankGeneralCommands heldIndian ArmyBattles/warsAmerican Revolutionary WarBattle of Bunker HillBattle of QuebecBattle of Trois-RivièresSaratoga CampaignBattle of TiconderogaBattle of HubbardtonBattle of SaratogaPenobscot Expedit…

Rhopalosiphum R. maidisTaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumArthropodaKelasInsectaOrdoHemipteraFamiliAphididaeGenusRhopalosiphum Koch, 1854 lbs Rhopalosiphum adalah genus kutu daun dari famili Aphididae yang mencakup 16 spesies di seluruh dunia.[1] Selain menghisap floem tanaman inang sehingga dianggap sebagai hama pertaian, beberapa spesies merupakan vektor terkait patogen virus.[2] Spesies Beberapa spesies yang tergolong dalam genus ini, antara lain:[3] Rhopalosiphum arundinar…

Pour les articles homonymes, voir FSF. Fédération sportive de France Sigle FSF Nom(s) précédent(s) Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France (FGSPF) Sport(s) représenté(s) Omnisports Création 1947 Disparition 1968 Président François Hébrard (1947-1955)Gilbert Olivier (1955-1965)Guy Fournet (1965-1968) Siège 5 place Saint-Thomas-d'AquinParis modifier  La Fédération sportive de France (FSF) nait en 1947 de l'officialisation de la fusion, imposée par le régim…

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Sirih hutan Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Angiospermae (tanpa takson): Magnoliidae Ordo: Piperales Famili: Piperaceae Genus: Piper Spesies: P. aduncum Nama binomial Piper aduncumL. Sinonim[1][2] Piper angustifo…

底比斯圣队存在時期前4世纪-前338年國家或地區底比斯種類軍隊參與戰役留克特拉战役、喀羅尼亞戰役指挥官著名指揮官伊巴密浓达 底比斯圣队(古希腊语 Ιερός Λόχος , hieròs lókhos)是古希腊城邦底比斯的一支精锐部队,共300人,由150对「古希臘少年愛」伴侣组成。这支部队是前4世纪底比斯军队的精英。底比斯将领高吉达斯(英语:Gorgidas)于前378年组织了这支部队。…

Academia do Vôlei Voleibol Cores azul, laranja e branco Informações Cidade Uberlândia País  Brasil Fundação 1996 Ginásio Uberlândia Tênis Clube(Capacidade: 2500) Presidente Manoel Honorato Técnico Manoel Honorato Material esportivo Patrocinadores Start Química Gabarito Resultados Uniformes Principal Alternativo Líbero O Academia do Vôlei Uberlândia, também conhecido como Gabarito/Uberlândia por razões de patrocínio, é um time de voleibol masculino sediado em Uberlândia,…

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Anton Apriyantono – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Anton ApriyantonoMenteri Pertanian Indonesia ke-25Masa jabatan21 Oktober 2004 – 20 Oktober 2009PresidenSusilo Bambang Yud…

English progressive rock/jazz guitarist For other people named Phil Miller, see Phil Miller (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Phil Miller – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Phil MillerMiller at The Vor…

1982 miniseries This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: World War III miniseries – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) World War IIIGenreDramaThrillerWritten byRobert L. JosephDirected byDavid GreeneBoris SagalStarringDavid…

Cet article est une ébauche concernant Paris. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. 4e arrtRue de l'Hôtel-Saint-Paul Rue vue depuis la rue Neuve-Saint-Pierre. Situation Arrondissement 4e Quartier Arsenal Début 12, rue Neuve-Saint-Pierre Fin 61-67, rue Saint-Antoine Morphologie Longueur 40 m Largeur 14 m Géocodification Ville de Paris 4585 DGI 4670 Géolocalisation sur la carte : Par…

Фрідріх IIнім. Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold August von Baden Народився 9 липня 1857(1857-07-09)[1]Карлсруе, Велике герцогство БаденПомер 9 серпня 1928(1928-08-09) (71 рік) або серпень 1928 (71 рік)Баденвайлер, Баденська республікаdПоховання GrabkapelledКраїна  Велике герцогство БаденДіяльність монархAlma mater …

American actress (born 2000) Landry BenderBender in 2023Born (2000-08-03) August 3, 2000 (age 23)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.[1]OccupationActressYears active2011–presentParentsTrey Bender (father)Amy Bender (mother)RelativesGary Bender (grandfather) Landry Bender (born August 3, 2000[2]) is an American actress. She is known for playing the role of Cleo Bernstein in the Disney XD series Crash & Bernstein,[3] and playing Blithe Pedulla in the 2011 film The Sitter…

Este artigo ou secção contém uma lista de referências no fim do texto, mas as suas fontes não são claras porque não são citadas no corpo do artigo, o que compromete a confiabilidade das informações. Ajude a melhorar este artigo inserindo citações no corpo do artigo. (Agosto de 2020) Adherbal de Carvalho. A Noiva, cujo subtítulo é Escorço de um romance naturalista, é um livro em forma de folhetim de 1888 escrito por Adherbal de Carvalho, crítico, poeta de transição e escritor d…

Public university in Gunnison, Colorado, US Western Colorado UniversityFormer namesColorado State Normal School (1901–1923)Western State College of Colorado (1923–2012)Western State Colorado University (2012–2018)TypePublic universityEstablished1901; 122 years ago (1901)PresidentBrad BacaAcademic staff170Undergraduates2,606Postgraduates428LocationGunnison, Colorado, U.S.38°32′56″N 106°55′12″W / 38.549°N 106.920°W / 38.549; -106.920Campu…

Independent World Junior Heavyweight ChampionshipCurrent belt designDetailsPromotionFMW (1993–1999)Battlarts (1999–2001)MPW (2002)K-Dojo (2008–2010; 2011–2017)OPW (2010–2011)DDT (2017–2021)JTO (2021–2023)Dove (2023–present)Date establishedOctober 28, 1993StatusVacant(as of August 30, 2023)Other name(s) FMW Junior Heavyweight ChampionshipStatisticsFirst champion(s)The Great SasukeMost reignsTaka Michinoku and Atsushi Maruyama (3 reigns)Longest reign…

Timeline of the 2020 United States presidential election (2017–2019) ← 2016 November 3, 2020 2024 → 2020 U.S. presidential election Timeline 2017–2019 January–October 2020 November 2020 – January 2021 Presidential debates Parties Polling national statewide News media endorsements primary general Fundraising Russian interference Presidential electors (fake electors) Electoral College vote count Presidential transition Subsequent voting restrictions Attempts to overtu…

Public university in Baku, Azerbaijan Baku State UniversityBakı Dövlət UniversitetiTypePublicEstablished1 September 1919RectorElchin BabayevAcademic staff3,000[1]Students26,000[1]LocationBaku, AzerbaijanCampusUrbanWebsitewww.bsu.edu.az University rankingsRegional – OverallQS Emerging Europe and Central Asia[2]251-300 (2022) Baku State University (BSU) (Azerbaijani: Bakı Dövlət Universiteti (BDU)) is a public university located in Baku, Azerbaijan. Established on 1…

Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes de 2018 Reparto de la película Han Solo: una historia de Star Wars en la alfombra roja del Festival de Cannes de 2018Datos básicosNombre oficial Festival de Cine de Cannes 2018Tipo categoría A de la FIAPFUbicación Cannes,  FranciaEdiciónDías de duración Del 8 al 19 de mayo Cronología Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes de 2017 (70.ª edición) Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes de 2018 Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes de 20…

Dalam artikel ini, nama keluarganya adalah Nguyễn. Sesuai dengan kebiasaan Vietnam, tokoh ini seharusnya disebut dengan nama pemberian, Phương Khánh. Nguyễn Phương KhánhPhương Khánh di Saigon TV pada 2018.Lahir5 April 1995 (umur 28) Provinsi Bến Tre, VietnamNama lainPhoebePendidikanUniversitas CurtinTinggi172 m (564 ft 3+1⁄2 in)Pemenang kontes kecantikanGelar 2nd Runner-up Miss Sea Vietnam Global 2018 Miss Earth Vietnam 2018 Miss Earth 2018 Warna ram…

German actress, writer This article contains translated text and the factual accuracy of the translation should be checked by someone fluent in German and English. (November 2022) Christine NeubauerSeoul International Drama Awards 2012 in KoreaBorn (1962-06-24) 24 June 1962 (age 61)Munich, West GermanyNationalityGermanOccupation(s)actor, author Christine Neubauer (born 24 June 1962 in Munich) is a German actress and author. Life and work Background and education This section of a biography …

Chinese politician Chen Jinhua陈锦华Chairman of the State Planning Commission of ChinaIn office1993–1998PremierLi PengMember of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist PartyIn office1992–1997General SecretaryJiang Zemin Personal detailsBornJuly 1929 (1929-07)Qingyang County, Anhui, Republic of ChinaDied2 July 2016 (aged 87)BeijingPolitical partyChinese Communist PartyAlma materRenmin University of China In this Chinese name, the family name is Chen. Chen JinhuaT…

Russian-British human rights activist (1942–2019) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Konstantinovich and the family name is Bukovsky. Vladimir BukovskyВладимир Константинович БуковскийBukovsky at the Sakharov Congress in Amsterdam, 21 May 1987BornVladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky(1942-12-30)30 December 1942Belebey, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionDied27 October 2019(2019-10-27) (aged 76)Cambridge, England, United Kin…

Douglas BTD Destroyer adalah sebuah pesawat pembom torpedo milik Amerika dam dikembangkan untuk Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat selama Perang Dunia II. Pada tanggal 20 Juni 1941, Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat menempatkan pesanan kepada Douglas Aircraft Company untuk dua prototipe dari dua pesawat pembom tukik untuk menggantikan Douglas SBD Dauntless dan Curtiss SB2C Helldiver. Maka, ditunjuklah XSB2D-1. Pesawat yang dihasilkan, dirancang oleh tim yang dipimpin oleh Ed Heinemann, adalah monoplane b…

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