但是,西德的宣传册却仅将边界看作是“苏占区的分界线”,还着重强调了分裂德国的残酷性和非正义性[47]。边界西德一侧的标语上写着"Hier ist Deutschland nicht zu Ende – Auch drüben ist Vaterland!"(“德意志不会终止与此地,对面也是我们的祖国!”[48])
而西德还特意于1966年在巴伐利亚的齊莫勞(德语:Zimmerau (Sulzdorf an der Lederhecke))修建了一座高38-米(125-英尺)的观光塔,是为了让游客能够不受山丘的阻挡就能看到东德内的情景[49]。在1970至1980年代,东德境内一个名为开勒(英语:Kella)的村庄内的居民发现他们自己竟然成为了西德公民的“旅游必看景点”。附近山顶上还建造了一个名为“开勒之窗”的观光台,游客在那可以用望远镜看到边界对面的境况[50]。为了满足许多人的消遣需要,1975年还在波罗的海的特拉弗明德港口附近一个与界石相邻的地方开了一处裸体沙滩。去那儿的游客经常都只是为了拍一张在模糊的东德瞭望塔下裸体照片;西德人民注意到“自从裸体沙滩开放后,对面瞭望塔上的活动便多了起来[51][52]。”
二战结束后,东德边界一侧最初是由苏联内务人民委员部(即后来的克格勃)下的边防部队负责巡逻的。在苏联将边界控制权完全移交给东德前(1955至1956年),这支部队从1946年开始得到一支地方招募的军事辅助队伍,德国边界警察(Deutsche Grenzpolizei或DGP)的补充。1961年,DGP变为了一支隶属于国家人民军的军队,并重新更名为东德边防部队(Grenztruppen der DDR,常稱“轻步兵”),隶属于国家人民军边防司令部(Grenzkommando)。他们负责保护与西德,捷克斯洛伐克,波兰,波罗的海,和西柏林边界处的安全和防御工作。在其鼎盛时期,东德边防部队下属有50,000名士兵[77]。
在从1945年至冷战结束后的这几十年里,美国陆军在德国国内边界一直持续出现且扮演了十分重要的角色。美軍常规部队从战后就一直控制着边界,直到1946年才由美軍保安隊(英语:United States Constabulary)所取代[91],而后者也在1952年美方将监管责任移交给德国政府后解散。后来的边防部队则是奉派来實施永久性防御的三个装甲团[92]。第3装甲团驻守在班贝克,第2装甲团驻守在纽伦堡,第13装甲团则驻守在富尔达,不久后第13装甲团就由第11装甲团代替。这三支部队负责利用观察哨、空中和地面巡逻来监视边界,防止外人侵入以及收集关于华约相关活动的情报[93]。
1989年9月,也就是边境开放一个月后,来自东德和西德的一些自然资源保护者会面,他们想要建立一个从波罗的海延伸至捷克边境的一条“德国绿化带(英语:German Green Belt)”(Grünes Band Deutschland)[188]。德國聯邦議院在2004年12月投票后一致同意将“绿化带”划归到联邦政府保护范围之内,并且将其纳入到“欧洲绿化带(英语:European Green Belt)”内,后者的位置正是长为6,800-公里(4,200-英里)、以前稱作“铁幕”的地区,当时正在逐渐成型。如今,“德国绿化带”连接着160个天然公园,150个动植物保护区,3个联合国教科文组织生物圈自然保护区以及哈茨国家公园[189],其中生活着众多在德国其他地区已列为珍稀物种的其他物种,包括野猫、黑鹳、水濑和已经十分罕见的苔藓植物和兰花。在德国生活的红鸢数量超过其在欧洲总数—25,000只的一半,而且大部分都生活在边境地区[188]。德国最大的环保群体之一,自然保护协会正在积极争取扩大“绿化带”内的部分地区,使其成为自然保护区[190]。
August, Oliver. Along the Wall and Watchtowers. London: Harper Collins. 1999. ISBN 0002570432.
Baker, Frederick. The Berlin Wall. Ganster, Paul; Lorey, David E (编). Borders and border politics in a globalizing world. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 2004. ISBN 9780842051040.
Buchholz, Hanns. The Inner-German Border. Grundy-Warr, Carl (编). Eurasia: World Boundaries Volume 3. World Boundaries (ed. Blake, Gerald H.). London: Routledge. 1994. ISBN 0415088348.
Childs, David. The fall of the GDR. London: Pearson Education Ltd. 2001. ISBN 0582315689.
Cramer, Michael. German-German Border Trail. Rodingersdorf: Esterbauer. 2008. ISBN 9783850002547.
Dale, Gareth. Popular protest in East Germany, 1945–1989. London: Routledge. 2005. ISBN 9780714654089.
Dennis, Mike. The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic Republic, 1945–90. Harlow: Longman. 2000. ISBN 9780582245624.
Detjen, Marion. Die propagandistische Ausrichtung der Strafverfolgung von Fluchthelfern in der DDR und ihre Wirkung im Westen. Marxen, Klaus; Weinke, Annette (编). Inszenierungen des Rechts: Schauprozesse, Medienprozesse und Prozessfilme in der DDR. BWV Verlag. 2006. ISBN 9783830512431.
Faringdon, Hugh. Confrontation: the Strategic Geography of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books. 1986. ISBN 0710206763.
Freytag, Konrad. Germany's Security Policy and the Role of Bundeswehr in the Post-Cold War Period. Trifunovska, Snežana (编). The Transatlantic Alliance on the Eve of the New Millennium. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1996. ISBN 9789041102430.
Fröhling, Wolf Amadeus. Ick ooch: meine 20 Jahre DDR und die Folgen. Kampehl: Dosse. 2007. ISBN 9783981127935.
Gordon, Joseph S. East German psychological operations: a 1965 case study. Gordon, Joseph S (编). Psychological operations: the Soviet challenge. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 1988. ISBN 9780813373959.
Hertle, Hans-Hermann. The Berlin Wall: Monument of the Cold War. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. 2007. ISBN 9783861534631.
James, Howard. Introduction. James, Howard; Stone, Marla (编). When the Wall came down: reactions to German unification. London: Routledge. 1992. ISBN 9780415905909.
Kindermann, Gottfried Karl. Chapter 12: Recent ROC-PRC unification policies in the light of the German experience. Lin, Bih-jaw; Myers, James T (编). Contemporary China and the changing international community. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 1994. ISBN 9781570030246.
Koop, Volker. "Den Gegner vernichten": die Grenzsicherung der DDR. Bonn: Bouvier. 1996. ISBN 9783416026338.
Lapp, Peter Joachim. Frontdienst im Frieden, die Grenztruppen der DDR: Entwicklung, Struktur, Aufgaben. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. 1986. ISBN 9783763753482.
Loth, Wilfred. Europe, Cold War and coexistence, 1953–1965. London: Routledge. 2004. ISBN 9780714654652.
Maddrell, Paul. Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0199267502.
Moncourt, André; Smith, J. The Red Army Faction, a Documentary History: Volume 1: Projectiles for the People. Oakland, CA: PM Press. 2009. ISBN 9781604860290.
Müller-Enbergs, Helmut. Innere Sicherheit: Grenztruppen, MfS, Volkspolizei, Wehrerziehung and Zivilschutz. Judt, Matthias (编). DDR-Geschichte in Dokumenten. Ch. Links Verlag. 1988. ISBN 9783861531425.
Nothnagle, Alan L. Building the East German myth: historical mythology and youth propaganda in the German Democratic Republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1990. ISBN 0472109464.
Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan; Mango, Anthony. Allied Control Council for Germany. Encyclopedia of the United Nations and international agreements, volume 1. New York City: Routledge. 2004. ISBN 0415939216.
Ritter, Jürgen; Lapp, Peter Joachim. Die Grenze: ein deutsches Bauwerk. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. 2007. ISBN 9783861534655.
Staff. Two Soldiers Go To E. Germany. The Times. 1959-07-11.
Staff. Baltic Coast Made Border Zone. The Times. 1962-07-21.
Staff. Two Families Flee From East Germany. The Times. 1964-09-11.
Staff. Border "No Man's Land" Officially Declared Mine-Free. The Week in Germany (New York City: German Information Center). 1996-05-13.
Thorson, Larry. Former German border almost free of mines. Austin American-Statesman. 1995-11-11.
Walmer, Tracy. Wall's fall coaxes 2nd deserter back. USA Today. 1990-02-14.
其他
傳單: Ministry of Federal Affairs, Displaced Persons and Refugees, Bonn. "Attention Demarcation Line!". Leaflet published c. mid-1960s.
電影簡介:Synopsis of Grenzer (Filmstudio der Nationalen Volksarmee, 1981, dir. Reiner Bachmann, Jochen Hoffmann). Progress Film-Verleih, Berlin. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
政府檔案館:Bild 175-P05-00002-0001 (Picture 175-P05-00002-0001) in the collection of the Gesamtdeutsches Institut – Bundesanstalt für gesamtdeutsche Aufgaben (All-German Institut – Federal Institute for All-German Affairs). Photographer: n.a. Dated: c. 1961/7. Held in: Bundesarchiv Deutschland (Federal Archive of Germany) Last accessed: 26 October 2009.
法律條文: Gesetz über die Staatsgrenze der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Law on the State Border of the German Democratic Republic) (25 March 1982)
博物館展覽: Gedenkstätte Deutsche Teilung Marienborn (Memorial to the division of Germany in Marienborn).
博物館展覽: Grenzmuseum Eichsfeld (Border Museum Eichsfeld).
博物館展覽: Zonengrenze-Museum Helmstedt (Zonal Border Museum Helmstedt)
博物館展覽: Grenzturm e.V, Kühlungsborn (Baltic Border Tower in Kühlungsborn). EnglishGerman
Walled In (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (2009). Deutsche Welle animated documentary describing the border security systems. (In English)
Making of Walled In (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (2009) Deutsche Welle documentary describing the making of the documentary animation. (In English)
Border Crossing (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (2009). Deutsche Welle documentary film about the preserved border installations at Hötensleben and Marienborn. (In English)
Victim and Border Guard (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (2009). Deutsche Welle documentary reuniting an East German border guard and an attempted escapee who was seriously injured on the border. (In English)
Grenzalarm (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (1970s). East German film depicting how border guards responded to alerts on the border. (In German)
Grenzer (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (1981). East German propaganda film illustrating the work of the East German border guards. (In German)
European Green Belt. An initiative to turn the length of the former Iron Curtain into an international network of protected areas for wildlife. (In English)
Das Grünes Band (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Project of the conservation organisation BUND to preserve the inner German border as a nature reserve. (In German)
EuroBasket 1974 Women14th FIBA European Women'sBasketball ChampionshipTournament detailsHost nationItalyDates23 August – 3 SeptemberTeams13Champions Soviet Union (12th title)Official websiteOfficial website (archive)< 1972 1976 > The 1974 European Women Basketball Championship, commonly called EuroBasket Women 1974, was the 14th regional championship held by FIBA Europe. The competition was held in Italy and took place from 23 August to 3 September 1974. Soviet U…
البحرية الكرواتيةHrvatska ratna mornarica شعار القوات البحرية الكرواتية الدولة كرواتيا الإنشاء 1991 النوع بحرية الدور حرب بحرية الحجم 1,363 فرد[1]30 قطعة بحرية جزء من القوات المسلحة الأبخازية المقر الرئيسي لورا، سبليت اللحن العسكري Mi smo hrvatski mornari(نحن البحارة الكروات!) الذكرى السنوية …
Cet article est une ébauche concernant un musée et l’Ukraine. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Musée d’architecture populaire et d’ethnographie de Pyrohiv.Moulins à vent.Informations généralesType Musée en plein airOuverture 1969Surface 1500 haSite web (uk) www.pyrohiv.comBâtimentProtection Registre national des monuments immeubles d'Ukraine[1]LocalisationLocalisation KievUkraineCoo…
греко-римська боротьба до 66 кгна XXX Олімпійських іграх Місце проведенняВиставковий центр Лондона, Ньюгем, ЛондонДати7 серпня 2012Учасників19 з 19 країнПризери Кім Хьон У Південна Корея Тамаш Лерінц Угорщина Манучар Цхадая Грузія Стів Г…
Nederland Bijnaam Oranje 47ste (november 2016)[1] Associatie BSBN (2014- )KNVB (2005-2014) Bondscoach Sillie Dilürü Wedstrijden Grootste nederlaag: Brazilië 16 - 2 Nederland (Rio de Janeiro, Brazilië; 24 januari 1995) Wereldkampioenschap Optredens 2 (eerste keer: 1996) Beste resultaat Groepsfase (1996) Europees kampioenschap Optredens 3 (eerste keer: 2008) Beste resultaat 2 Finalist (2008) Thuis Uit Het Nederlands strandvoetbalteam is een team van mannelijke strandvoetballers dat Ned…
Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 9 de septiembre de 2019. Grupo Carso Grupo Carso, S.A.B. de C.V. Logo de Grupo Carso Plaza Carso, sede de Grupo Carso.Tipo Capital abiertoSímbolo bursátil BMV: GCARSOISIN MXP461181085Industria Retail, construcción, petrolera, energía, telecomunicacionesForma legal Sociedad anónima bursátilFundación 4 de agosto de 1980 (43 años)Fundador Carlos Slim HelúSede centr…
بيلوريتشينسك علم شعار الإحداثيات 44°46′00″N 39°52′00″E / 44.766666666667°N 39.866666666667°E / 44.766666666667; 39.866666666667 تاريخ التأسيس 1862 تقسيم إداري البلد روسيا[2] الإمبراطورية الروسية الاتحاد السوفيتي[1] خصائص جغرافية المساحة 56 كيلومتر مربع ارتفاع 120…
Alinka HardiantiLahir21 Juni 1992 (umur 31)AlmamaterUniversitas Pelita HarapanPekerjaanPembalap mobilSuami/istriAndi Baihaki (m. 2018) Alinka Hardianti (lahir 21 Juni 1992) adalah seorang pembalap mobil asal Indonesia. Profil Ia merupakan putri dari pembalap nasional Didi Hardianto. Ia mengawali kariernya di dunia balap pada tahun 2005 saat mengikuti kejuaraan nasional Slalom One Make Race. Selanjutnya ia turun dalam beragam kelas balap nasional seperti drifti…
← 1852 • • 1869 → Elecciones de Asambleístas Constituyentes de Ecuador de 186138 diputados constituyentes Fecha 1861 Tipo Legislativas Presidente de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1861 TitularPedro Moncayo ElectoJuan José Flores Las elecciones para diputados constituyentes de 1861 determinaron quienes conformarían la Asamblea Constituyente de Ecuador de 1861, la cual tenía como objetivo la redacción de un nuevo texto constitucional para el país…
Tennis tournament1979 ABN World Tennis TournamentDate2–8 AprilEdition7thCategoryGrand Prix circuitDraw32S / 16DPrize money$175,000SurfaceCarpet / indoorLocationRotterdam, NetherlandsVenueRotterdam AhoyChampionsSingles Björn Borg[1]Doubles Peter Fleming / John McEnroe[2] ← 1978 · ABN World Tennis Tournament · 1980 → The 1979 ABN World Tennis Tournament was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at Rotterdam Ahoy in the Ne…
Airport in Monroe County, Wisconsin Bloyer FieldU.S. 12 and I-90 running byIATA: noneICAO: noneFAA LID: Y72SummaryAirport typePublicOwnerCity of TomahServesTomah, WisconsinElevation AMSL966 ft / 294 mCoordinates43°58′34″N 90°28′50″W / 43.97611°N 90.48056°W / 43.97611; -90.48056MapY72Location of airport in WisconsinShow map of WisconsinY72Y72 (the United States)Show map of the United StatesRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 7/25 3,900 1,189 As…
Guyanese-American footballer Warren Creavalle Creavalle playing for Philadelphia UnionPersonal informationFull name Warren CreavalleDate of birth (1990-08-14) August 14, 1990 (age 33)Place of birth Acworth, Georgia, U.S.Height 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Position(s) Defensive Midfielder, Full backCollege careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2008–2009 Furman Paladins 36 (3)2010–2011 UCF Knights 37 (5)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2010 Carolina Dynamo 10 (1)2012–2014 Houston Dynamo 54 …
British intellectual historian and journalist Peter WatsonBorn (1943-04-23) 23 April 1943 (age 80)Birmingham, EnglandAcademic backgroundAlma materUniversity of London Peter Frank Patrick Watson (born 23 April 1943)[1] is a British intellectual historian and former journalist, now perhaps best known for his work in the history of ideas. His journalistic work includes detailed investigations of auction houses and the international market in stolen antiquities. Early life Watson attend…
Armenian Declaration of IndependenceRatified30 May 1918Date effective28 May 1918[1]LocationARF Archives Institute The Armenian Declaration of Independence (Armenian: Հայաստանի Անկախության Հռչակագիր, romanized: Hayastani Ankakhutyan Hrchakagir) is the declaration of independence of the Armenian provinces from the Russian Empire. Armenia was proclaimed independent in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi) on 28 May 1918.[2][3] The declaration of…
Canadian-born American ice hockey player Ice hockey player Patrick Eaves Eaves with the Dallas Stars in 2014Born (1984-05-01) May 1, 1984 (age 39)Calgary, Alberta, CanadaHeight 6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Weight 187 lb (85 kg; 13 st 5 lb)Position Right WingShot RightPlayed for Ottawa SenatorsCarolina HurricanesDetroit Red WingsNashville PredatorsDallas StarsAnaheim DucksNHL Draft 29th overall, 2003Ottawa SenatorsPlaying career 2005–2019 Patrick Campbell Eaves …
British crime drama television series GraceGenreCrime dramaBased onRoy Grace novels by Peter JamesWritten byRussell LewisDirected by John Alexander Julia Ford Starring John Simm Richie Campbell Rakie Ayola Laura Elphinstone Amaka Okafor Brad Morrison Craig Parkinson Adrian Rawlins Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series3No. of episodes8 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Andrew O'Connor Paul Sandler Patrick Schweitzer Russell Lewis Peter James ProducerKi…
Film festival 6th Berlin International Film FestivalFestival posterLocationWest Berlin, GermanyFounded1951AwardsGolden Bear (Invitation to the Dance)Festival date22 June–3 July 1956WebsiteWebsiteBerlin International Film Festival chronology7th 5th The 6th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 22 June to 3 July 1956.[1] The FIAPF granted the festival the A status during this year,[1] which was previously only reserved for Cannes and Venice.[2] The award…
Class of recreational drug For other uses, see Popper (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Poppers – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A selection of poppers Popper is a slang term given broadly to recreatio…
Stewart Schneider7th Solicitor General of CeylonIn office1917–1917Preceded byThomas GarvinSucceeded byThomas Garvin Personal detailsBornGualterus Stewart Schneider12 April 1864Colombo, CeylanDiedc. September 1938Colombo, CeylanSpouseGlencora Barnes PotgerRelationsGualterus Schneider (grandfather)Alma materSt. Thomas College, Colombo Sir Gualterus Stewart Schneider (12 April 1864 – c. September 1938[1]) was a member of the State Council of Ceylon and the 7th Solicitor General of C…