贵州建制

贵州建制,为明朝洪武永乐年间中央政府在贵州等地区建立行省一级的行政区划——贵州承宣布政使司。此建制为中国历史上的首次对贵州地区进行直接行政管辖领导,并对明朝以及此后的清朝中华民国中华人民共和国的贵州行政区划设置有深远的影响。

背景

对贵州地区的最早开发可以追述到秦始皇的開邊,并设立桂林郡象郡等;汉朝时期的越巂牂牁等亦归属臣服中央。但因为其远离政治核心,所以历朝历代皇帝仅仅以战争臣服或者同璧幣等方式保持对其形式上的控制[1]。贵州古称羅施鬼國,自蜀漢彝族中有火濟者,從諸葛亮南征孟獲有功,封羅甸國王,歷唐朝、宋朝皆以歸順,不失爵位领土。

明朝洪武十五年 (1382年),朱元璋设置貴州都指揮使司,命平涼侯費聚、汝南侯梅思祖署理司事。朱元璋遣傅友德等平定雲南,朱元璋遣使諭李友德称:「先前已置貴州都指揮使司,然而靄翠等人不盡服,雖有雲南,也不能守。」当时靄翠是元朝贵州宣慰使,已而見雲南被平定后,乃與同知宋欽皆降归降明朝。于是朱元璋仍授靄翠为宣慰使,宋欽宣慰同知,各領所部居水西,為貴州宣慰使,隸属四川。其思州宣慰使田仁智思南宣慰使田茂安,暨鎮遠等府,隸湖廣。普安、鎮寧等州,隸雲南[2]

洪武十八年 (1385年) 夏天四月,思州諸洞蠻族民亂,太祖命信國公湯和、江夏侯周德興跟从楚王朱楨討平叛乱[3]。洪武三十年 (1397年) 三月,古州洞蠻林寬又作乱,并射杀千戶吳得。朱元璋命左都督楊文為征蠻將軍,都督同知韓觀担任副官,統领京衛、江、湖兵往征。不久林寬為指揮朱俊所縛送京師[4]。同年十月,都督顧成平定洪州、泊里、福祿、永從等叛乱[5]明成祖继位后,永乐九年 (1411年) ,设立普安安撫司,以土目慈長為安撫,賜銀印,置流官,隸四川布政司[6]

设置

当时都指揮使司都督馬燁镇守,政尚威嚴,经常殴打激怒对方并平定。贵州宣慰使靄翠死后,妻奢香代立,宋欽死,妻劉氏代立。馬燁经常辱骂鞭打奢香,致使当地反叛纷争。劉氏奔走京师并上奏高皇后,此后要求设立驛使通路。朱元璋逮捕馬燁并斩杀,此后当地少数民族纷纷感谢,并除赤水、烏撤道,立龍場等驛站,可连到四川[7]

永乐初年,思州宣慰使田仁智田琛,思南宣慰使田茂安田宗鼎,各自嗣立,以爭沙坑原因,每日争斗。朱棣派遣行人蔣廷瓚赶往勘察,蔣廷瓚称思南是过去思州的土地,应当归还,并称田宗鼎罪过。后朱棣命连两人停止争斗,但两人仍然屢禁不止。至此,朱棣密令鎮遠侯顧成率校士數人,潛入二境逮捕田琛、田宗鼎。此后两人被逮捕入京,并斩杀。

永乐十一年 (1413年) 二月,朱棣下决心直接管辖贵州,命戶部尚書夏原吉等称,改思州宣慰司為思州府,思南宣慰司為思南府,并设置貴州布政司,立三司等官,治貴州宣慰司本司及思州府思南府鎮遠府石阡府銅仁府黎平府普安州永寧州鎮寧州安順州金築安撫司及普定、新添、平越、龍里、都勻、畢節、安莊、清平、平壩、安南、赤水、永寧、興隆、鳥撒、威清十五衛,普市乾戶所,皆屬;改蔣廷瓚為左布政使[8]。布政使司衙门贵阳府

永乐十五年 (1416年) ,设立貴州等处提刑按察司戶部刑部各增貴州一司,其鄉貢附於雲南[9]。至此贵州由中央政府直接领导。

参考文献

  1. ^ (清)谷應泰,《明史紀事本末》(卷19):“谷應泰曰:秦皇開邊,桂林、象郡旋沒尉氏,武帝窮兵,越巂、牂牁僅附臣屬。或聚干戈,或通璧幣,用力若此,獲效若彼。蓋拓疆域,通文教,《易》稱革面,《書》載頑民,帝王若斯之難也。貴州西接滇、蜀,東連荊、粵,地齒神州,久淪荒服。特以其地皆毒霧瘴山,蠻峒夷寨,無宛馬邛竹動中國愛慕,而其君長世樂奉藩,保不失禮,貽憂邊吏,黔遂無日通上國矣。”
  2. ^ (清)谷應泰,《明史紀事本末》(卷19):“太祖洪武十五年春正月,置貴州都指揮使司,命平涼侯費聚、汝南侯梅思祖署司事。貴州古羅施鬼國,自蜀漢彝有火濟者,從諸葛亮南征孟獲有功,封羅甸國王,歷唐、宋皆以歸順,不失爵土。至是,遣傅友德等平雲南,上遣使諭友德曰:「前已置貴州都指揮使司,然靄翠輩不盡服,雖有雲南,不能守也。」靄翠故元宣慰使,已而見雲南俱平,乃與同知宋欽皆降。上仍授靄翠宣慰使,欽宣慰同知,各領所部居水西,為貴州宣慰使,隸四川。其思州宣慰使田仁智、思南宣慰使田茂安,暨鎮遠等府,隸湖廣。普安、鎮寧等州,隸雲南。已而靄翠請兵討部落隴居,上曰:「中國之兵豈荒服報怨之具耶!」不許。”
  3. ^ (清)谷應泰,《明史紀事本末》(卷19):“十八年夏四月,思州諸洞蠻作亂,命信國公湯和、江夏侯周德興從楚王楨討平之。時蠻寇出沒不常,王師至輒竄匿,退則復出剽掠。和等抵其地,恐蠻人驚潰,乃於諸洞分屯立柵,與蠻民雜耕,使不復疑。久之,以計擒其渠魁,餘黨悉潰。師還,留兵鎮之。”
  4. ^ (清)谷應泰,《明史紀事本末》(卷19):“三十年三月,古州洞蠻林寬自號「小師」,聚眾作亂,攻龍里。千戶吳得率麾下馳擊之,中毒弩死。命左都督楊文為征蠻將軍,都督同知韓觀副之,統京衛、江、湖兵往征。已,林寬為指揮朱俊所縛,送京師。”
  5. ^ (清)谷應泰,《明史紀事本末》(卷19):“冬十月,兵至沅州,伐山開道二百里,抵天柱。遂涉苗境營小坪,而以偏師別由渠陽零溪西南山徑銜枚夜發,犄角以進,分道夾攻,直抵洪州、泊里、福祿、永從諸洞,大破之。都督顧成亦剿平臻部六洞、螃蟹、天柱、天堂、大坪、小坪諸寇。班師還京。”
  6. ^ (清)谷應泰,《明史紀事本末》(卷19):“成祖永樂九年春正月,設普安安撫司,以土目慈長為安撫,賜銀印,置流官,隸四川布政司。三月,鎮守貴州鎮遠侯顧成奏:「金築安撫司諸處土軍,宜一概訓練。」上以蠻人憚拘束,止之。已而以貴州安寧,特賜成銀幣。上謂侍臣曰:「漢武帝窮兵黷武,以事遠方,罷敝中國,朕無取焉。顧成老成,能持重安邊,非喜功好事之流,以是特嘉獎之。」”
  7. ^ (清)谷應泰,《明史紀事本末》(卷19):“十一年二月,設貴州等處承宣佈政使司及思州、新化、黎平、石阡、思南、鎮遠、銅仁、烏羅八府,以工部侍郎蔣廷瓚為左布政使。初,洪武中止設貴州、思南州諸宣慰使,思州所轄二十二長官司,思南所轄十七長官司,仍設都指揮使司鎮守其地。及靄翠死,妻奢香代立,宋欽死,妻劉氏代立。劉氏多智術。時馬燁以都督鎮守其地,政尚威嚴,欲盡滅諸羅,代以流官,乃以事裸撻奢香,欲激怒諸羅為兵端。諸羅果憤怒,欲反。劉氏聞止之,為走愬京師。上召問,令入宮見高皇后。復令折簡招奢香至,詢故,上曰:「汝誠苦馬都督,吾為汝除之,然何以報我?」奢香叩頭曰:「願世世戢諸羅,令不敢為亂。」上曰:「此汝常職,何云報也!」奢香曰:「貴州東北有間道,可通四川,梗塞未治,願刊山通道,以給驛使往來。」上許之。謂高皇后曰:「吾知馬燁忠無他腸,然何惜一人,不以安一方也。」乃召燁,數其罪,斬之,遣奢香等歸。諸羅大感服,為除赤水、烏撤道,立龍場九驛,達蜀。後安氏即靄翠后也。”
  8. ^ (清)谷應泰,《明史紀事本末》(卷19):“至永樂初,思州宣慰使田仁智子琛,思南宣慰使田茂安子宗鼎,各嗣立,以爭沙坑故,日尋兵。上遣行人蔣廷瓚往勘之,琛從廷瓚入見上白事,自言思南故思州地,當歸之,又數宗鼎罪狀。上曰:「思南舊歸明玉珍時,汝何不取以自屬,乃今言耶?且罪惡在彼,汝何與焉。亟歸守爾土,靖爾封疆,慎勿構釁起兵端,再犯,吾磔汝矣!」琛歸與宗鼎仇殺如故,屢禁之不能止。至是,上密遣鎮遠侯顧成率校士數人,潛入二境執琛、宗鼎去。二人既就執,城中猶寂無知者。忽一日使出,揭榜諭諸羅曰:「朝廷以二凶日構殺,荼苦百姓,故特遣使執問狀,首惡既擒,餘一無所問,敢嘩者族。」諸羅帖然。琛、宗鼎至京師,俱斬之。乃命戶部尚書夏原吉等曰:「思州、思南苦田氏久矣,不可令遺孽復踵為亂,其易為府治,改思州宣慰司為思州府,思南宣慰司為思南府,易置諸官僚。」遂設貴州布政司,立三司等官,治貴州宣慰司本司及思州、思南、鎮遠、石阡、銅仁、黎平六府,普安、永寧、鎮寧、安順四州,金築安撫司及普定、新添、平越、龍里、都勻、畢節、安莊、清平、平壩、安南、赤水、永寧、興隆、鳥撒、威清十五衛,普市乾戶所,皆屬焉。改蔣廷瓚為左布政使,以廷瓚曾勘思州事,諳夷情也。”
  9. ^ 《明太宗实录》(卷186):“十五年三月庚戌,設貴州等处提刑按察使司。”

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