半閉前圓唇元音

半閉前圓唇元音
ø
IPA編號310
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)ø
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+00F8
X-SAMPA音標2
ASCII音標Y
IPA盲文英语IPA Braille⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256)
音頻範例
國際音標元音
次閉
半閉
半開
次開

表內成對的元音分別為不圓唇/圓唇

半閉前圓唇元音(The close-mid front rounded vowel,或半高前圓唇元音[1])是母音的一種,用於一些語言當中,國際音標ø。注意其符號與語言學上表示「英语Zero (linguistics)」的符號Ø很相似。

法语deuxyeux,德语blödfröhlich,就是这个音。韓語和一些漢藏語系的語言中也普遍存在。比如:吳語上海方言的「安」。

半閉前不突出元音

半閉前不突出元音一般记作⟨ø⟩。没有官方的描写不突出的变音符号,可以用⟨β̞⟩如⟨e͡β̞⟩或⟨eᵝ⟩表示。展唇化变音符号⟨  ͍ ⟩也可作为ad hoc标用在圆唇元音字母上,如⟨ø͍⟩,但'展唇'实际上意味着不圆唇。 至于常被记为⟨ʏ⟩的半閉前不突出元音,参见次闭前不突出元音。通常使用的⟨ø⟩列在这里了。

特徵

  • 元音圓唇度不突出,即嘴唇的邊緣緊繃而聚在一起,且嘴唇內側不向外露出。


使用於

因为前圆唇元音假定是不突出的,但记音可能会掩盖这一差异,所以下面一些例子可能实际上是突出的。

语言 词汇 国际音标 意义 注释
阿斯图里亚斯语 部分西部方言​(西班牙语[2] fuöra [ˈfwøɾɐ] 外面 o在双元音uo中的实现。也可能是[ɵ][œ]
巴伐利亚语 阿姆施泰滕方言[3] [比如?] [y]、次闭[ø̝]、半闭[ø]、半开[œ]前圆唇元音,和开央不圆唇元音[ä]对立。[3]一般记作⟨œ⟩。
北巴伐利亚语[4] [比如?] /e//l/前的同位异音。[4]
布列塔尼语[5] eur [øːʁ] 小时
丹麦语 标准音[6] købe [ˈkʰøːpə] 也被描述为次闭元音[ø̝ː][7]参见丹麦语音系
荷兰语 标准比利时荷兰语[8][9] neus [nøːs] 鼻子 也被描写为央元音[ɵː][10]在北部标准音里裂化为[øʏ̯][9][11]参见荷兰语音系
许多口音[9] 出现在许多东部南部变体。[12]参见荷兰语音系
英语 新西兰英语白读[13][14] bird [bøːd] /ɵː/的可能实现。其他使用者用更开的[ø̞ː ~ œː][13][15]参见新西兰英语音系
加的夫英语[16] 其他南威尔士方言是[ø̞ː ~ œː]。和标准英音中央不圆唇元音[ɜ̝ː]随意。[17][18][19]
塔尔伯特港英语[20]
乔迪[21][22] 可以是中央不圆唇元音[ɜ̝ː][21]
南非英语[23] 可能是中元音[ø̞ː]。文读中实现为中央不圆唇元音[ɜ̝ː][23]参见南非英语音系
爱沙尼亚语[24] köök [køːk] 厨房 参见爱沙尼亚语音系
法罗语 苏德岛方言[25] bygdin [ˈpɪktøn] 桥(复数) 非重读的/i//u/的实现。[25]重读元音一般记作⟨øː⟩实际上是半开元音[œː][26]参见法罗语音系
法语[27][28] peu [pø] 少数 参见法语音系
德语 标准德语[29][30] schön [ʃøːn] 参见标准德语音系
南部口音[31] Hölle [ˈhølə] 地狱 /œ/在德国南部、瑞士和奥地利的普遍实现。[31]参见标准德语音系
匈牙利语[32] nő [nøː] 女人 参见匈牙利语音系
Iaai[33] møøk [møːk] 闭眼
库尔德语[34] Palewani (Southern) سۆر‎/sôr [søːɾ] 婚礼 参见库尔德语音系
Lemerig[35] lēlqö [lɪlk͡pʷøŋ]
林堡语 主要方言[36][37] beuk [ˈbø̌ːk] 山毛榉 马斯特里赫特方言里是央元音[ɵː][38]例词来自哈蒙特-阿赫尔方言。
伦巴底语 多数方言[39] nööf / noeuv [nøːf]
低地德语[40] sön / zeun [zøːn] 儿子 可被一些特定方言实现为狭闭双元音。[40]
Löyöp[41] nö‑qöy [nø k͡pʷøj] 鬼魂出没处
卢森堡语[42] blöd [bløːt] 只在借词中出现。[42]参见卢森堡语音系
葡萄牙语 圣米格尔岛[43] boi [bø] /o/的同位异音。参见葡萄牙語音系
一些欧洲葡萄牙语使用者[44] dou [d̪øw] 我给
利普里安语 凯尔克拉德方言[45] meusj [ˈmøːʃ] 麻雀 参见凯尔克拉德方言音系
科隆方言[46] Mösch [møɕ] 麻雀 在像pröve [pʁøː¹və]“测试”的词里也可以以长音出现。
萨特弗里西亚语[47] Göäte [ˈɡøːtə] 排水沟 一般记作⟨œː⟩。语音学上几乎和/ʏ/ ([ʏ̞])等同。一般记作⟨øː⟩的其实是次闭[ø̝ː][47]
西弗里斯兰语 欣德洛彭[48] beuch [bøːx] [translation needed] 标准音裂化为[øy̑][48]参见西弗里斯兰语

半閉前突出元音

半閉前突出元音
ø̫
øʷ

特徵

  • 元音圓唇度突出,即將嘴角聚拢,且嘴唇內側向外露出。



註釋

  1. ^ 国际语音学协会描写元音高度推荐用"开"和"闭",不过许多语言学家也会用"高"和"低"。
  2. ^ García, Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena. Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética. Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana. 2015-09-01, 14 (14) [2021-01-10]. ISSN 2341-1147. (原始内容存档于2020-09-06). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290頁)
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Rowley (1990),第422頁.
  5. ^ Ternes (1992),第431, 433頁.
  6. ^ Basbøll (2005),第46頁.
  7. ^ Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40頁), cited in Basbøll (2005:48頁)
  8. ^ Gussenhoven (1999),第74頁.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Collins & Mees (2003),第133–134頁.
  10. ^ Verhoeven (2005),第245頁.
  11. ^ Gussenhoven (1999),第76頁.
  12. ^ Collins & Mees (2003),第133–135頁.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Wells (1982),第607頁.
  14. ^ Bauer & Warren (2004),第582, 591頁.
  15. ^ Bauer & Warren (2004),第591頁.
  16. ^ Collins & Mees (1990),第95頁.
  17. ^ Wells (1982),第380–381頁.
  18. ^ Tench (1990),第136頁.
  19. ^ Penhallurick (2004),第104頁.
  20. ^ Connolly (1990),第125頁.
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Wells (1982),第375頁.
  22. ^ Watt & Allen (2003),第268–269頁.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Lass (2002),第116頁.
  24. ^ Asu & Teras (2009),第368頁.
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Þráinsson (2004),第350頁.
  26. ^ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76頁)
  27. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993),第73頁.
  28. ^ Collins & Mees (2013),第225頁.
  29. ^ Kohler (1999),第87頁.
  30. ^ Hall (2003),第95, 107頁.
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第64頁.
  32. ^ Szende (1994),第92頁.
  33. ^ Maddieson & Anderson (1994),第164頁.
  34. ^ Khan & Lescot (1970),第8-16頁.
  35. ^ François (2013), p. 207.
  36. ^ Peters (2006),第119頁.
  37. ^ Verhoeven (2007),第221頁.
  38. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999),第159頁.
  39. ^ Loporcaro, Michele. Vowel Length from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press. 2015: 93–96 [2021-01-10]. ISBN 978-0-19-965655-4. (原始内容存档于2022-03-18). 
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 Prehn (2012),第157頁.
  41. ^ François (2013), p. 226.
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013),第72頁.
  43. ^ Variação Linguística no Português Europeu: O Caso do Português dos Açores页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆(葡萄牙語)
  44. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆(葡萄牙語)
  45. ^ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997),第16頁.
  46. ^ Neuer kölnischer Sprachschatz (1956),第627頁.
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Peters (2017),第?頁.
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 van der Veen (2001),第102頁.

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