于西元179年汉朝(西元前202-后220年)时期编纂而由刘徽(活跃于西元3世纪)于西元263年评注的《九章算术》一书中[107]之算筹记数系统,黑筹表示负数,而红筹表示正数。[108]刘徽还使用算筹倾斜摆放来表示负数。[108]负数以一「+」号表示也于古印度巴克沙利手稿(Bakhshali Manuscript)中出现,但学者们对其何时编纂的看法分歧,其意见归总在西元200至西元600年间。[109]印度人约在西元630年一定知晓负数;当时的数学家婆罗摩笈多(西元598-668年)正使用负数。[108] 在欧洲负数由希腊数学家丢番图(活跃于3世纪)于西元275年左右首度使用,然而在西方直到西元1545年,意大利数学家吉罗拉莫·卡尔达诺(西元1501-1576年)所著《大术》(Ars Magna,英文 The Great Art)出现之前一直被认为是荒谬的。[108]
象棋的准确起源已经不可考。历史学者李祥甫(David H. Li)主张它首先由汉朝(西元前202-后220年)开国名将韩信(卒于前196年)发明。韩信由于被吕后(卒于前180年)诬陷谋反,而骗入宫内处死,因此韩信的沙盘推演很快的就与其许多流传下来的东西搭上关系。[188]不过,李祥甫表示,韩信兵棋推演后来由北周武帝(约西元561-578年)还原,成为今日两方棋子字面上同义可互换的象棋。[189]虽然后来象棋在隋朝(西元581-618年)遭禁,然而到了唐代(西元618-907年)唐太宗(约西元626-649年)却对象棋十分著迷,而当时诗人如白居易(西元772-846年)甚至专为其赋诗。[190][191]象棋后来经过各方努力,衍生出许多变种,如暗棋、朝鲜将棋。
虽然罗伯特·坦普尔和李约瑟皆推测合成钢工艺在更早前就存在了,然而第一个融合熟铁与铸铁以生产钢铁的明确文字记载是来自6世纪道家匠人綦母怀文,他自543年至550年追随北魏将领高欢(496年-597年,后来被尊为北齐高祖神武帝)。[223][224][225]唐朝(618年-907年)于659年刊行的《新修本草》亦介绍了将熟铁与铸铁一起搅拌加热的过程,并指出钢铁制品是用来锻造镰刀和刀。[226][224]至于后面《新修本草》的记载,苏颂(1020年-1101年)也提出了类似的说明,并指出钢铁在造剑上的利用。[227][224]在明朝(1368年-1644年),宋应星(1587年-1666年)1637年的著作《天工开物》是第一种文献详细描述钢铁制程者,该书指出熟铁先被锻打成细小的薄板,包成铁片束,最后铸铁堆于其上后下压。[228][224]在熔炉中铸铁将先融化,「渗淋入」熟铁中;一旦融合,这半成品将进行重复多次被取出熔炉锻造、加热、并捶打等一系列过程。[228][224]坦普尔和李约瑟两位学者皆表示这些制程比后来卡尔·威廉·西门子(Carl Wilhelm Siemens,1823年-1883年)平炉年代更早。[225][229]
尽管油墨英文 India Ink 得其名是在西方世界仅知碳质颜料产自印度之后,不过历史上油墨最早是在中国出现;某些学者说它早在西元前3千年就已被制造出来,而其他学者表示墨可能一直要到曹魏(西元220-265年)时期才发明。[239][240][241][242]虽然早期墨混合物中包含了松烟,宋朝学者沈括(西元1031-1095年)是第一位从石油油烟中提取墨的人。[243]李时珍(西元1518-1593年)后来记载这种方法产生的墨光泽如漆,远优于松烟制成的墨。[244][245][246][247][248]
虽然擒纵机构最早由希腊的拜占廷人斐罗(Philo of Byzantium)所发明,当时用于机械式盥洗台的一部分,[312]不过用于钟表机械的擒纵机制最早是由唐代(618年-907年)比丘僧暨朝廷天文学家、数学家、工程师一行(683年-727年)开发,以供其一如张衡(78年-139年)所发明的水力推动浑象仪运转,并且这种机构也可于后来张思训(活跃于10世纪晚期)与苏颂(1020年-1101年)所作浑仪/仪象台上找到。[276][313][314][315][316][317]一行的擒纵机构让每隔一刻击鼓,每隔一时辰撞钟,其本身就是撞钟的一种。[318][319]不像现代擒纵机构采用悬吊震荡摆臂以停留/释放这机构里小型旋转齿轮上的钩子,中国古代早期的擒纵机构利用重力与水力来达成目的。[320]在苏颂的仪象台中,初始时枢轮(它在机构的里扮演的脚色一如齿轮)被左、右天锁抵住轮辐,整个枢轮无法转动[321];由平水壶经导管流出的水注入枢轮上的受水壶中;[322]受水壶中无水时,受水壶被托在壶底的格叉架住,所以能接受注水;当注入壶中的水到一定重量,格叉就托不住受水壶,开始下降;[322]格叉下降,受水壶也随之下降,装在壶侧的铁拨牙就向下击开关舌;关舌拉动联在其上的天条,天条再拉下天衡(杠杆)的天权端;天衡天关端随之抬起,带动天关,打开左天锁;左天锁打开,则枢轮被允许在受水壶中水的重力作用下转过一辐;接著,因壶侧的铁拨牙已滑过关舌,天条松弛,天衡在左天锁、天关及天衡左侧杆的重力作用下,左端下落,抵住枢轮上的下一个辐板,使枢轮不能继续转动[323];同时,天衡右端抬起,并经天条拉起关舌,等候下一次拨击。右天锁的作用是防止枢轮因突然被左天锁抵住而产生的反弹。受水壶在拨过关舌后,其中的水便落入下方的退水壶中。[324][322]应当指出的是,古人发明之流体驱动、间些性工作擒纵机制与后来西方中世纪晚期机械钟里的真正擒纵机构「仅在名称上达到共识」;而该中世纪擒纵机构利用砝码取代水力以产生源源不断但平稳的节拍。[325][326][327]
宋朝(960年-1279年)学者欧阳修(1007年-1072年)分析所谓的刻有金文的古文物,而他后来保留了约400片拓片;[362]学者伊沛霞(Patricia Ebrey)写道欧阳修开创了金石学的早期思想。[363]由吕大临(1046年至1092年)所编纂的《考古图》是目前所知最古老的目录之一,它有系统地描述和分类出土的古文物;该目录记载绘制朝廷与私人珍藏、可追溯到商朝(前1600年-前1050年)到汉朝(公元前202-后220年)的铜制文物210件、玉制文物13件。[364]另一个目录是宋徽宗(约1082年至1135年)年间的《重修宣和博古图》(于1111年至1125年间编纂),精选840件器皿与拓片。[361][362][365]这目录曾为学者洪迈(1123年-1202年)所批评。他发现,某些器皿书面上描述可追溯至汉代是不正确的,这是他将这些器皿与他手头实际上获得自汉代的研究标本相比较下所得的结果。[365]宋朝学者们建立了一个正式系统,以透过检视其铭文、装饰基本风格、以及其天然形状来鉴定这些古物的日期。[364]宋朝学者赵明诚(1181年-1129年)强调利用古老的碑文,以纠正后来讨论古事(如日期、历史事件的地理位置、族谱、以及正式头衔等)时的不一致之处与错误时的重要性。[362][364][366]古代于器皿上的明文也用在祭祀中以重演古礼。[364][367]与其讨论古礼如何重演,学者沈括(1031年-1095年)反而对发现古老制造工艺与其功能性更有兴趣。[367]不像许多跟他同代学者醉心于钻研哪位先圣先贤制作了这些古物,沈括推论这些东西不过是古匠人的产物,如同他身处的那个时代一样。[367]沈括亦纳入其他学科的知识,诸如音乐、数学、以及光学等等来研究古物。[367]沈括检视了在朱鲔墓的壁刻并总结该壁刻显示者为汉朝时代衣冠。[368][367]沈括在海州(今江苏省海州)出土一测量工具,这工具学者李约瑟断言其为弧矢仪。[369][370]学者布鲁斯·G·崔格(Bruce G. Trigger)写道,对古老铭文与文物的收集研究的兴趣在宋朝之后消退了一阵子,但在清朝(1644年-1912年)又复兴起来。当时代表学者有顾炎武(1613年-1682年)与阎若璩(1636年-1704年)。[361]学者克雷格·克鲁纳斯(Craig Clunas)还指出,金石学一直到研究清朝才恢复,但《重修宣和博古图》明印本在16世纪的明朝(1368年-1644年)广为流传。[371]崔格声称考古学在中国从来没有作为自身独立成一门学科发展下去,取而代之的是它始终被当作史学的一门分支。[372]
希腊拜占庭的斐洛(Philo Of Byzantium,前3或前2世纪)[381]描述了用于连发弩(polybolos,即连发机弩(ballista),可掷镖也可掷石)上的链条传动和绞盘,[382][383]不过链条传动对箭杆箭杆间并没有传输连续的动力。[62][384]不间断动力的链条传动在11世纪的中国首次出现。或许其灵感来自于至少汉朝(前202年-220年)就已为老祖先所知悉、由东汉哲学家王充(27年-97年)所提及的链泵,[385]不间断动力传递链条传动首次于1090年由宋朝(960年-1279年)政府官员兼数学家、天文学家苏颂(1020年-1101年)兴建在开封的水运仪象台中传动装置里应用;除了早在八世纪早期发明的擒纵机械外,链条传动,也被用于机械地旋转盖于台顶的浑仪(它的作用在模拟天球上繁星的运动)并将有著600颗齿的齿轮每2分24秒朝前拨一齿,因此,每一齿代表了一天24小时的,每小时皆由133座人俑报时。这些人俑皆位于几处开放窗口后由机械轮轮转,人们可由窗口看到人俑敲锣打鼓敲钟,且在日间特殊时段举牌告知。[386][387][313]
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Fraser, Julius Thomas and Francis C. Haber. (1986). Time, Science, and Society in China and the West. 阿默斯特:麻州大學出版社。ISBN 0-87023-495-1.
Fry, Tony (2001). The Architectural Theory Review: Archineering in Chinatime. 悉尼:悉尼大學出版社。
Fu, Xinian(傅熹年),(2002年),《The Three Kingdoms, Western and Eastern Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, The Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties》(三国两晋南北朝隋唐五代建筑史),《中国古代建筑史》61–90,Nancy S. Steinhardt 編輯,纽黑文:耶魯大學出版社。ISBN 0300095597
Gabriel, Richard A. (2002). The Great Armies of Antiquity. Westport: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275978095.
Gascoigne, Bamber and Christina Gascoigne. (2003). The Dynasties of China: A History. 紐約:Carroll and Graf Publishers, an imprint of Avalon Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 0786712198.
Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250-1276. Translated by H.M. Wright. 史丹佛:史丹佛出版社。ISBN 0-8047-0720-0.
(英文)Gernet, Jacques (1996年),《A History of Chinese Civilization》(中国文明史),由 J.R. Foster 與 Charles Hartman 翻譯。剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。ISBN 0521497817。
Giles, Lionel. (2007). "Preface" and "Introduction" in Sun-Tzu on the Art of War, vii–xxx. Toronto: Global Language Press. ISBN 0973892420.
Gottsegen, Mark E. (2006). The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference. 紐約:Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0823034968.
Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. 紐約:Routledge. ISBN 0415239540.
Greenberger, Robert. (2006). The Technology of Ancient China. 紐約:Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 1404205586.
Guo, Qinghua. "Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual," Architectural History, Vol. 41, (1998): 1-13.
Guo, Qinghua. "The Architecture of Joinery: The Form and Construction of Rotating Sutra-Case Cabinets," Architectural History, Vol. 42, (1999): 96-109.
Guo, Zhiyu et al. "AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Cemetery of Tianma-Qucun Site in Shanxi, China," in Radiocarbon, 2001, Vol. 43, Issue 2:1109–1114. ISSN 0033-8222.
Gupta, R C. "Madhava's and other medieval Indian values of pi," in Math. Education, 1975, Vol. 9 (3):B45–B48.
Handler, Sarah (2001). Austere Luminosity of Chinese Classical Furniture. 柏克萊:加州大學出版社。ISBN 0520214846.
(简体中文)Hao, Benxing(郝本性),《A Discussion of the Excavated Shang's Skull Drinking Vessels in Zhengzhou》(试论郑州出土商代人头骨饮器),《华夏考古》 (1992年),第2期,94–100,ISSN 1001-9928。
Harris, David R (1996). The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia . 倫敦:UCL Press. ISBN 1857285387.
Hartill, David. (2005). Cast Chinese Coins. Victoria: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1412054664.
Hartwell, Robert M. "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750-1550," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Volume 42, Number 2 (1982): 365–442.
Haskell, Neal H. (2006). "The Science of Forensic Entomology," in Forensic Science and Law: Investigative Applications in Criminal, Civil, and Family Justice, 431–440. Edited by Cyril H. Wecht and John T. Rago. Boca Raton: CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 0849319706.
Heiss, Mary Lou (2007) The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide. 加州柏克萊:Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1580087450.
Helmer, Robert. (2006). Treating Pediatric Bed-wetting with Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine. Boulder: Blue Poppy Press. ISBN 1891845330.
(英文)Ho, Peng Yoke(何丙郁),《Chinese Science: The Traditional Chinese View》,《Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies》(亞非洲學院公報),倫敦大學,第54卷,第3期,(1991年),506-519.
(英文)Ho, Peng Yoke(何丙郁),(2000年),《Li, Qi, and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China》(理、氣、數:中國科學和文明概要),米尼奥拉:Dover Publications. ISBN 0486414450.
Hobson, John M. (2004) The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. 剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。ISBN 0521547245.
Howard, Angela Falco (2003). Chinese Sculpture. 纽黑文:耶魯大學出版社。ISBN 0300100655.
Hsu, Mei-ling. "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development,"《Imago Mundi》(世界形象),第45卷,(1993年): 90-100.
(简体中文)Hu, Yaowu(胡耀武),《Elemental Analysis of Ancient Human Bones from the Jiahu Site》(贾湖遗址人骨的元素分析),《人类学学报》,(2005年),第24卷,第2期,158–165,ISSN 1000-3193。
(简体中文)Huang, Houming(黄厚明),《Prehistoric Music Culture of China》(中国史前音乐文化状况初探),《中原文物》,(2002年),第3期,18–27,ISSN 1003-1731。
Huang, Ray (1997). China: A Macro History. 紐約:An East Gate Book, M. E. SHARPE Inc.
Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. 加州史丹佛:史丹佛大學。ISBN 0801845955.
Hunter, Dard (1978). Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft. 米尼奥拉:Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0486236196.
(简体中文)Jin, Songan(靳松安),《On the Periods and Date of Peiligang Culture》(试论裴李岗文化的分期与年代),《中原文物》,2007年,第6期,28–38,ISSN 1003-1731。
Johnson, Art. (1999). Famous Problems and Their Mathematicians. Greenwood Village: Teacher Ideas Press, a division of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 1563084465.
Johnstone, Paul and Sean McGrail. (1988). The Sea-craft of Prehistory. 紐約:Routledge. ISBN 0415026350.
Kelly, Jack (2004). Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World. 紐約:Basic Books, Perseus Books Group.
Kendall, Bonnie L. (2006). Opportunities in Dental Care Careers. 紐約:McGraw Hill Co. ISBN 0071458697.
Knoblock, John (2001). The Annals of Lu Buwei. 史丹佛:史丹佛出版社。ISBN 0804733546.
Ko, Dorothy (2007). Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding. 柏克萊:加州大學出版社。ISBN 0520253906.
Krebs, Robert E. (2003). The Basics of Earth Science. Westport: Greenwood Press of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 0313319308.
Lacheisserie, Etienne du Trémolet de (2005). Magnetism: Fundamentals. 紐約:Springer. ISBN 0387229671.
Lasater, Brian (2008). The Dream of the West, Pt II. Morrisville: Lulu Enterprises Inc. ISBN 143031382X.
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LeBlanc, Charles (1985). Huai-Nan Tzu: Philosophical Synthesis in Early Han Thought. 香港:香港大學出版社。ISBN 9622091695.
Legge, James (2004). The Li Ki. Whitefish, Mont: Kessinger Pub. ISBN 141916922X.
Leibs, Andrew. (2004). Sports and Games of the Renaissance. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313327726.
Levathes (1994). When China Ruled the Seas. 紐約:Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-70158-4.
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Lewis, Mark E. (2000). "The Han abolition of universal military service," in Warfare in Chinese History, 33–76, edited by Hans J. Van de Ven. 萊頓:Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 9004117741.
Lewis, Mark Edward (2006). The Construction of Space in Early China. 紐約:紐約州立大學出版社。ISBN 0791466086.
Li, David H. (1998). The Genealogy of Chess. Bethesda: Premier Publishing Company. ISBN 0963785222.
Li, Feng (2006). Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045-771 BC. 剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。ISBN 0521852722.
(简体中文)Li, Jinmei and Lu, Zhijun(李金梅和路志峻),《On Ancient Cinese Bo Xi》(中国古代博戏考),《体育文化导刊》,2005年,第12期,66–68,ISSN 1671-1572。
(简体中文)Li, Ling(李零),《A Comparison on the Design of Unearthed Liubo Game Boards from the Tomb of Zhongshan King and the Liubo Diagram Found at Yinwan", in Journal of The National Museum of Chinese History》(跋中山王墓出土的六博棋局——与尹湾《博局占》的设计比较),《中国历史文物》,(2002年),第1期,8–16,ISSN 1671-5357。
(法文)Li Shu-hua(李書華): “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2 (1954): 175-196.
(简体中文)Li, Zhuren (楼庆西),(2002年),《The Architectural Art of Ancient China》(中国传统建筑)。北京:五洲传播出版社。ISBN 7801138228。
Lian, Xianda. "The Old Drunkard Who Finds Joy in His Own Joy -Elitist Ideas in Ouyang Xiu's Informal Writings," Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) Volume 23 (2001): 1–29.
(简体中文)Liang, Honggang(梁宏刚),《A Review of Research on the Bronze Unearthed in the Erlitou Site》(二里头遗址出土铜器研究综述),《中原文物》,2004年,第1期,29–56,ISSN 1003-1731。
(简体中文)Lin, Yun(林沄),《History of Crossbow》(弩的历史),《中国典籍与文化》,(1993年),第4期,33–37。
(英文)Ling, Hongling(凌洪齡)《Verification of the Fact that Golf Originated from Chuiwan》,《ASSH Bulletin》,(1991年),第14卷,12–23。
(英文)Liu, Keshun(刘克顺),(1999年),《Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization》(大豆化学,加工工艺和应用),盖瑟斯堡:Aspen Publishers, Inc。ISBN 0834212994。
(英文)Liu, Li(劉莉),(2007年),《The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States》(中國新石器時代-邁向早期國家之路),剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。ISBN 0521010640.
(英文)Liu, Li(劉莉),《The Products of Minds as Well as of Hands: Production of Prestige Goods in the Neolithic and Early State Periods of China》(中国新石器和铜器时代早期礼器的生产),《Asian Perspectives》,(2003年),第42卷,第1期,1–40,ISSN 0066-8435。
Lo, Andrew. "The Game of Leaves: An Inquiry into the Origin of Chinese Playing Cards," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 倫敦大學,第63卷,第3期,(2000年),389-406。
Loewe, Michael. (1968). Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220. 倫敦:B.T. Batsford Ltd.; 紐約:G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220, 103–222. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. 剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。ISBN 0521243270.
Loewe, Michael. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. 倫敦:劍橋大學出版社。 ISBN 0521470307.
(简体中文)Lu, Jianchang(吕建昌),《An Archeological Survey of the Jade Weapons in Pre-Qin Period》(先秦玉兵器的考古学观察),《军事历史研究》,(2006年),第3期,120–128。ISSN 1009-3451。
(简体中文)Lu, Maocun(卢茂村),《An Introduction to Chopsticks》(筷子古今谈),《農業考古》(2004年),第1期,209-216。ISSN 1006-2335。
(简体中文)Luan, Fengshi(栾丰实),《On the Origin and Development of Prehistoric Coffin and Funeral Custom》(史前棺椁的产生、发展和棺椁制度的形成),《文物》,(2006年),第6期,49–55. ISSN 0511-4772.
Lui, Adam Yeun-Chung. "Syllabus of the Provincial Examination (hsiang-shih) under the Early Ch'ing (1644-1795)," Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1974): 391-396.
Luo, Jing (2004). Over a Cup of Tea: An Introduction to Chinese Life and Culture. 達拉斯:美國大學出版社。ISBN 0761829377.
Ma, Shizhi. "On the Shang Civilization, " in Cultural Relics of Central China, 1987, No. 2:119–169. ISSN 1003-1731.
Mair, Victor H. (1997). Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu. 檀香山:夏威夷大學出版社。ISBN 082482038X.
Mao, Ying. "Introduction of Crossbow Mechanism," in Southeast Culture, 1998, No. 3:109–117. ISSN 1001-179X.
Martin, Laura C. (2007) Tea: The Drink That Changed the World. Rutland, VT: Tuttle Pub. ISBN 0804837244.
McClain, Ernest G. and Ming Shui Hung. "Chinese Cyclic Tunings in Late Antiquity," Ethnomusicology, Vol. 23, No. 2 (May, 1979): 205-224.
McGovern, Patrick E. (2007). Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture. 牛津:普林斯頓大學出版社。ISBN 0691127840.
McGovern, Patrick E. et al. “Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2004, Vol. 101, No. 51:17593–17598.
McNamee, Gregory (2008). Moveable Feasts: The History, Science, And Lore of Food. 林肯:內布拉斯加大學。ISBN 0803216327.
Medvei, Victor Cornelius. (1993). The History of Clinical Endocrinology: A Comprehensive Account of Endocrinology from Earliest Times to the Present Day. 紐約:Pantheon Publishing Group Inc. ISBN 1850704279.
Menzies, Nicholas K. (1994). Forest and Land Management in Imperial China. 紐約:St. Martin's Press, Inc. ISBN 0312102542.
Miksic, John N. et al. (2003). Earthenware in Southeast Asia. Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971692716.
Minford, John and Joseph S.M. Lau. (2002). Classical Chinese literature: an anthology of translations. 紐約:哥倫比亞大學出版社,ISBN 0231096763.
(英文)Morton, Scott 和 Charlton Lewis (2005年),《China: Its History and Culture: Fourth Edition》(中国:历史和文化:第四版),纽约:McGraw-Hill, Inc。
Mott, Lawrence V. (1991). The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 0890967237.
Murphy, Denis J. (2007). People, Plants and Genes: The Story of Crops and Humanity. 紐約:牛津大學出版社。ISBN 0199207143.
(英文)Needham, Joseph and Wang Ling(李約瑟和王玲),《Horner's Method in Chinese Mathematics: Its Origins in the Root-Extraction Procedures of the Han Dynasty》(中國數學中的霍納法:其源流於漢朝的求根過程)《通報》,第二系列,第43卷,第5號(1955年):45-401。
(英文)Needham, Joseph(李约瑟),(1986年),《Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth》(中国科学技术史-第三卷-数学、天学和地学),台北:敦煌書局。
(英文)Needham, Joseph(李约瑟),(1986年),《Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics》(中国科学技术史-第四卷-物理学及相关技术-第一分册-物理学),台北:敦煌書局。中国大陆版,科学出版社,2003年出版,ISBN: 9787030112323。
(英文)Needham, Joseph(李约瑟),(1986年),《Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering》(中国科学技术史-第四卷-物理学及相关技术--第二分册-机械工程),台北:敦煌書局。中国大陆版,科学出版社,2003年出版,ISBN: 97030075269。
(英文)Needham, Joseph(李约瑟),(1986年),《Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics》(中国科学技术史-第四卷-物理学及相关技术--第三分册-土木工程和航海术),台北:敦煌書局。
(英文)Needham, Joseph and Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin.(李約瑟和錢存訓),(1986年),《Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing》(中国科学技术史-第五卷-化学及相关技术-第一分册-造纸和印刷术),台北:敦煌書局。
(英文)Needham, Joseph(李约瑟),(1986年),《Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 6, Missiles and Sieges》(中国科学技术史-第五卷-化学及相关技术-火箭與攻城術),台北:敦煌書局。
(英文)Needham, Joseph(李约瑟),(1986年),《Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology, the Gunpowder Epic》(中国科学技术史-第五卷-化学及相关技术-第七分册-军事科技),台北:敦煌書局。
Needham, Joseph. (1996). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry. 剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。ISBN 0521419999.
Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 5, Fermentations and Food Science. 台北:敦煌書局。
Needham, Joseph. (1999). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine. 剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。
Needham, Joseph. (2004). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 7, The Social Background, Part 2, General Conclusions and Reflections. Edited by Kenneth Girdwood Robinson. 剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。ISBN 0521087325.
Nelson, Sarah M. (1995). The Archaeology of Northeast China: Beyond the Great Wall. 紐約:Routledge. ISBN 0415117550.
(英文)Omura, Yoshiaki(大村恵昭),(2003年),《Acupuncture Medicine: It's Historical and Clinical Background》,米尼奥拉:Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0486428508.
Pan, Jixing. "On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries," in Chinese Science Bulletin', 1997, Vol. 42, No. 12:976–981. ISSN 1001-6538.
Pickover, Clifford A. (2002). The Zen of Magic Squares, Circles, and Stars. 普林斯頓:普林斯頓大學出版社。ISBN 0691115974.
Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. 費城:賓州大學考古暨人類學博物館。ISBN 0924171340.
Porter, Deborah Lynn (1996). From Deluge to Discourse: Myth, History, and the Generation of Chinese Fiction. 紐約:紐約州立大學出版社。ISBN 0791430340.
Rep, Jelte. (2007). The Great Mahjong Book: History, Lore and Play. North Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0804837198.
Restivo, Sal. (1992). Mathematics in Society and History: Sociological Inquiries. 多德勒克:Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1402000391.
Rickett, W. Allyn (1998). Guanzi. 普林斯頓:普林斯頓大學出版社。ISBN 0691048169.
Ronan, Colin A. (1994). The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4. 剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。ISBN 0521329957.
Rudolph, R.C. "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology," The Journal of Asian Studies (Volume 22, Number 2, 1963): 169–177.
Sagart, Laurent (2005). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. 紐約:RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0415322421.=
Sarton, George. (1959). A History of Science: Hellenistic Science and Culture in the Last Three Centuries B.C. 紐約:The Norton Library, Norton & Company Inc. SBN 393005267.
Schur, Nathan. (1998). The Relevant History of Mankind. 布賴頓:The Alpha Press. ISBN 1898595216.
(简体中文)Shao, Xiaofeng(邵晓峰),《On the Theory of "Five Colors》(五色理论探微),《南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版)》,(2002年),第2卷,第1期52–55,ISSN 1000-2006。
Shen, Kangshen, John N. Crossley and Anthony W.C. Lun. (1999). The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary. 牛津:牛津大學出版社。ISBN 0198539363.
(简体中文)Shi, Rongzhuan(石荣传),《The Unearthed Burial Jade in the Tombs of Han Dynasty's King and Marquis and the Study of Jade Burial System》(两汉诸侯王墓出土葬玉及葬玉制度初探),《中原文物》,(2003年),第5期62–72,ISSN 1003-1731。
(日語)Shinoda, Osamu(篠田統),《O-tōfu no hanashi》(お豆腐の話し),《樂味》,(1963年6月),4-8。
Shotwell, Peter, Huiren Yang, and Sangit Chatterjee. (2003). Go! More Than a Game. 北克拉倫登:Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 080483475X.
Shurtleff, William and Akiko Aoyagi. (2001). The Book of Tofu: Protein Source of the Future...Now! 柏克萊:Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1580080138.
Siddiqi, Mohammad Rafiq (2001). Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. 紐約:CABI Pub. ISBN 0851992021.
Simmons, Pauline. "Crosscurrents in Chinese Silk History," in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Nov., 1950): 87–96.
(英文)Sivin, Nathan (1995年),《Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections》(古中国科技),佛蒙特州布魯克菲爾 VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing。
Smith, Joseph A. (1992). The Pen and Ink Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist. 紐約:Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0823039862.
(英文)Soedel, Werner and Vernard Foley,《Ancient Catapults》(古投石器),《科學美國人》,第240卷,第3期,(1979年3月),120–128。
Speak, Mike. (1999). "Recreation and Sport in Ancient China: Primitive Society to AD 960," in Sport and Physical Education in China, 20–44. Edited by James Riordan and Robin E. Jones. 倫敦:E & FN Spon, an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group. 於美國與加拿大由紐約:Routledge同時出版,ISBN 0419247505。
Stark, Miriam T. (2005). Archaeology of Asia. Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub. ISBN 1405102136.
Sterckx, Roel (2002). The Animal and the Daemon in Early China. 紐約:紐約州立大學出版社。ISBN 0791452700.
Straffin, Philip D., Jr. "Liu Hui and the First Golden Age of Chinese Mathematics," Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jun., 1998): 163-181.
(英文)Sun, E-tu Zen and Shiou-chuan Sun(任以都和孙守全),(1997年),《Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century: T'ien-kung K'ai-wu》(宋应星著〈天工开物〉:17世纪的中国技术书),米尼奥拉:Dover Publications,ISBN 0486295931。
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