九鼎

九鼎,据传是在建立夏朝後,用天下九牧所貢之金鑄成,象徵九州。《春秋公羊傳註疏》认为九鼎代表天子的地位:祭祀的时候用一鼎或三鼎,大夫用五鼎,诸侯用七鼎,而天子才能用九鼎[1],祭祀天地祖先時行九鼎大禮。《尚書正義》则在第十五卷《shàogào》中倾向于“九鼎”其实只是一只鼎。因为「九牧贡金为鼎」,所以名叫“九鼎”[2]。无论哪种解释,鼎在早期中國歷史上都是國家擁有政權的象徵,進而成為國家傳國寶器。「定鼎」一詞,也成為定都的雅稱。「問鼎」一詞,也成為謀求取得天下或圖謀奪取政權的代稱。「一言九鼎」一詞,也用於形容說話算話,絕不更改。

據說,秦滅周翌年,即把周室的九鼎西遷至咸陽[3][4]。也有傳說滅周時九鼎沉沒於泗水彭城秦始皇出巡泗水彭城,曾派人潛水打撈,結果徒勞無功[5]

來歷

左傳》稱夏邦有德,九個遠邦首長朝貢青銅,鑄成九鼎,以象萬物,使人民能辨別神怪[6][7]。《史記》以鑄九鼎者為,引述當時官員的說法,稱九州首長貢獻之青铜,鑄成九鼎,以享祭上帝鬼神[8],《帝王世紀》稱禹鑄鼎處為荊山[9]。《墨子》則稱九鼎是蜚廉於山川採礦,而於昆吾鑄鼎[10]

傳說各鼎之上刻有各州的地理情况、貢賦定數,以及景色。據傳說,鼎有之千鈞重,合约7.5噸(另有一說為合6.66噸,因秦漢以前的斤約為222克,1鈞為30斤)。

變遷

清代女画家陈书绘制的周成王卜年定鼎图

商湯逐走夏桀後,將九鼎遷至其都。盤庚定都於後,九鼎遷移至此。周武王滅商後,曾公開展示九鼎[11]周成王即位後,周公旦營造雒邑|洛邑,將九鼎遷至該城,并請成王親自主持祭禮,將九鼎安放在太廟之中[12]。《墨子·耕注》:夏后氏失之,殷人受之;殷人失之,周人受之。夏后、殷、周之相受也。

東周開始後,周朝王室衰落,各諸侯開始覬覦王權。周定王時,楚庄王首次“問鼎之輕重”,被周大夫王孙满駁回[7]。後楚靈王一度也動心問鼎,因國內發生叛亂,未果。

秦惠王時,張儀制定策略,希望能奪得九鼎以號令諸侯[13]楚頃襄王、齊王亦希望爭奪寶鼎。周赧王周旋於兩國以及魏國韓國之間,令其相互制約,得保九鼎不失。

失落

河南博物院藏汉代泗水捞鼎画像砖

秦滅周之後,九鼎失去下落,各種典籍對其下落莫衷一是,有幾種說法:[3][4]

  1. 秦昭襄王時代秦滅周後將其遷入秦;
  2. 周顯王三十三年(前336年)[14],或四十二年(前327年),「宋太丘社亡,而鼎沒於泗水彭城下」;
  3. 周末戰亂時被熔化鑄錢或兵器。

根據司馬遷王充的記載,秦始皇[5]漢文帝[15]均在泗水設法打撈過九鼎,均沒有結果。

重鑄

後世帝王亦曾屢次重鑄九鼎,以武則天萬歲通天元年[16]宋徽宗崇寧四年兩次[17]最為有名。

崇寧四年(1105年),宋徽宗以銅二十二萬斤鑄造九鼎,裝飾以黄金,并仿明堂,在中太一宫之南建造九成宫,内有九室,陳列九鼎。中央之鼎為帝鼎,東方為蒼鼎,南方為彤鼎,北方為宝鼎,東北為牡鼎,東南為冈鼎,西南為阜鼎,西方為晶鼎,西北為魁鼎[18]。政和七年(1112年)又鑄造了“神霄九鼎”[19],分别命名為“太極飛雲洞劫之鼎”、“蒼梧祀天贮醇之鼎”、“山岳五神之鼎”、“精明洞渊之鼎”、“天地陰陽之鼎”、“混沌之鼎”、“浮光洞天之鼎”、“靈光晃曜炼神之鼎”、“蒼龜大蛇蟲魚金輪之鼎”。

2006年,位於北京中國國家博物館重鑄九鼎,永久放置在館内展出供遊客參觀。[20]

參見

注释

  1. ^ 見《春秋公羊傳註疏》桓公卷四(起元年,盡六年)漢何休注:「天子九鼎,諸侯七,卿大夫五,元士三。」
  2. ^ 見《尚书正义》第十五卷《召誥》:云“九鼎”者,案宣三年《左传王孙满云:“昔之方有德也,贡金九牧,铸鼎象物。”然则九牧贡金为鼎,故称“九鼎”,其实一鼎。案《戰國策》颜率说齐王云,昔武王克商,迁九鼎,鼎用九万人,则以为其鼎有九。但游说之辞,事多虚诞,不可信用。然鼎之上备载九州山河异物,亦又可疑。未知孰是,故两解之。
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 見《史記卷二十八 封禪書 第六,原文:「……其後百二十歲而秦滅周,周之九鼎入于秦。或曰宋太丘社亡,而鼎沒于泗水彭城下。……」及《漢書卷二十五上 郊祀志第五上,原文:「……後百一十歲,周赧王卒,九鼎入於秦。或曰,周顯王之四十二年,宋太丘社亡,而鼎淪沒於泗水彭城下。……」
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 見東漢王充論衡儒增篇第二十六, 原文:「……傳言:秦滅周,周之九鼎入於秦。案本事,周赧王之時,秦昭王使將軍攻王赧,王赧惶懼奔秦,頓首受罪,盡獻其邑三十六、口三萬。秦受其獻還王 赧。王赧卒,秦王取九鼎寶器矣。若此者,九鼎在秦也。始皇二十八年,此游至琅邪,還過彭城,齊戒禱祠,欲出周鼎,使千人沒泗水之中,求弗能得。案時,昭王 之後三世得始皇帝,秦無危亂之禍,鼎宜不亡,亡時殆在周。傳言王赧奔秦,秦取九鼎,或時誤也。傳又言宋太丘社亡,鼎沒水中彭城下,其後二十九年秦并天下。若此者,鼎未入秦也。其亡,從周去矣,未為神也。春秋之時,五石隕於宋。五石者星也,星之去天,猶鼎之亡於地也。星去天不為神,鼎亡於地何能神?春秋之 時,三山亡,猶太丘社之去宋,五星之去天。三山亡,五石隕,太丘社去,皆自有為。然鼎亡,亡亦有應也。未可以亡之故,乃謂之神。如鼎與秦三山同乎,亡不能 神。如有知欲辟危亂之禍乎,則更桀、紂之時矣。衰亂無道,莫過桀、紂,桀、紂之時,鼎不亡去。周之衰亂,未若桀、紂。留無道之桀、紂,去衰末之周,非止去 之,宜神有知之驗也。或時周亡之時,將軍人眾見鼎盜取,奸人鑄爍以為他器,始皇求不得也,後因言有神名,則空生沒於泗水之語 矣。……」
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 見《史記卷六 秦始皇本紀 第六,原文:「……始皇還,過彭城,齋戒禱祠,欲出周鼎泗水。使千人沒水求之,弗得。……」
  6. ^ 見《左傳宣公三年,原文:「……昔夏之方(邦)有德也·遠方(邦)圖物·貢金九牧·鑄鼎象物·百物而為之備·使民知神姦……」
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 見《史記楚世家,原文:「八年,伐陸渾戎,遂至洛,觀兵於周郊。周定王使王孫滿勞楚王。楚王問鼎小大輕重,對曰:「在德不在鼎。」莊王曰:「子無阻九鼎!楚國折鉤之喙,足以為九 鼎。」王孫滿曰:「嗚呼!君王其忘之乎?昔虞夏之盛,遠方皆至,貢金九牧,鑄鼎象物,百物而為之備,使民知神奸。桀有亂德,鼎遷於殷,載祀六百。殷紂暴 虐,鼎遷於周。德之休明,雖小必重;其奸回昏亂,雖大必輕。昔成王定鼎於郟鄏,蔔世三十,蔔年七百,天所命也。周德雖衰,天命未改。鼎之輕重,未可問 也。」楚王乃歸。」
  8. ^ 見《史记卷二十八封禪書第六卷十二孝武本纪第十二,原文:「有司皆曰:聞昔泰帝(太帝、大帝)興神鼎一,一者壹統,天地萬物所繫終也。黃帝作寶鼎三,象天地人。禹收九牧之金,鑄九鼎。皆嘗亨鬺(一作鬺烹,謂煑而獻之)上帝鬼神,遭聖則興……」
  9. ^ 劉昭注《後漢書》引晉皇甫謐《帝王世紀》:「禹鑄鼎於荊山,在馮翊懷德之南,今其下荊渠也。」
  10. ^ 《墨子》:「昔者夏后開使蜚廉折金於山川,而陶鑄之於昆吾;是使翁難雉乙卜於白若之龜,曰:『鼎成三足而方』,不炊而自烹,不舉而自臧,不遷而自行,以祭於昆吾之虛,上鄉(饗)」!」
  11. ^ 見《史記卷四 周本紀 第四,原文:「……武王為殷初定未集,乃使其弟管叔鮮、蔡叔度相祿父治殷。已而命召公釋箕子之囚。命畢公釋百姓之囚,表商容之閭。命南宮括散鹿台之財,發鉅橋之粟,以振貧弱萌隸。命南宮括、史佚展九鼎保玉。……」
  12. ^ 見《史記卷四 周本紀 第四,原文:「……成王在豐,使召公複營雒邑,如武王之意。周公複卜申視,卒營築,居九鼎焉。曰:「此天下之中,四方入貢道裏均。」作召誥、洛誥。……」
  13. ^ 見《戰國策第三卷司馬錯與張儀爭論於秦惠王前,原文:「司馬錯與張儀爭論於秦惠王前。司馬錯欲伐蜀,張儀曰:「不如伐韓。」王曰:「請聞其說。」對曰:「……周自知不救,九鼎寶器必出。據九鼎,安圖籍,挾天子以令天下,天下莫敢不聽,此王業也。……」」
  14. ^ 《史记·六国年表》:周显王三十三年,宋太丘社亡。
  15. ^ 見東漢王充論衡儒增篇第二十六,原文:「……孝文皇帝之時,趙人新垣平上言:「周鼎亡在泗水中。今河溢通於泗水,臣望東北,汾陰直有金氣,意周鼎出乎!兆見弗迎則不至。」於是文帝使使治廟汾陰,南臨河,欲祠出周鼎。人有上書告新垣平所言神器事皆詐也,於是下平事於吏。吏治,誅新垣平。夫言鼎在泗水中,猶新垣平詐言鼎有神氣見也。」
  16. ^ 見《資治通鑑卷第二百六,原文:「則天順聖皇后中之下神功元年……夏,四月,鑄九鼎成,徙置通天宮。豫州鼎高丈八尺,受千八百石;余州高丈四尺,受千二百石;各圖山川物產於其上,共用銅五十六萬七百餘斤。太后欲以黃金千兩涂之,姚濤曰:“九鼎神器,貴於天質自然。且臣觀其五采煥炳相雜,不待金色以為炫耀。”太后從之。自玄武門曳入,令宰相、諸王帥南北牙宿衛兵十餘萬人並仗內大牛、白象共曳之。……」
  17. ^ 見《宋史卷六十六 志第十九五行四,原文:「……崇宁四年三月,铸九鼎,用金甚厚,取九州水土内鼎中。既奉安于九成宫,车驾临幸,遍礼焉,至北方之宝鼎,忽漏水溢于外。刘炳谬曰:“正北在燕山,今宝鼎但取水土于雄州境,宜不可用。”其后竟以北方致乱。……」
  18. ^ 《皇宋通鑑長编紀事本末》卷一百三十五;《宋史》卷六十六《五行志》
  19. ^ 《皇宋通鑑長編紀事本末》卷一百二十八;《續資治通鑑長編拾補》卷三十七;《容斋三笔》卷第十三·鼎
  20. ^ 周王室の宝物「九鼎」、復元され国家博物館に登場. 人民網日本語版. 2006年5月19日 (日语). [失效連結]

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Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento sovrani tedeschi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Giovanni GuglielmoAnonimo, ritratto di Giovanni Guglielmo di Sassonia-Weimar del XVI secolo, Kunsthistorisches MuseumLangravio di Turingia(insieme a Giovanni Federico II)Stemma In carica3 marzo 1554 –6 novembre 1572 PredecessoreGiovanni Ernesto Suc...

 

American TV series or program Tracey Ullman's Visible Panty LinesPresented byTracey UllmanOpening themeGirls Talk (Season 1)Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes22ProductionExecutive producersTracey UllmanAllan McKeownEllen LewisProducerStephanie LaingCamera setupSingle-cameraRunning time30 minutesProduction companyPurpleskirt TVOriginal releaseNetworkOxygenReleaseSeptember 20, 2001 (2001-09-20) –August 29, 2002 (2002-08-29)...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Oachira Temple – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hindu temple in Kerala, India Oachira TempleOachira Parabrahma TempleReligionAffiliationHinduismDistrictKollamDeityIt has no deity o...

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: One and a Half Summer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Chinese TV series or program One and a Half SummerPromotional poster for One and a Half SummerGenreRomance YouthWritten...

 

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Double Comfort Safari Club – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Double Comfort Safari Club First editionAuthorAlexander McCall SmithCountryScotlandLanguageEnglishSeriesThe No. 1 Ladies' Detective...

 

Boxeo en los Juegos Olímpicos de 2012 Datos generalesSede ExCeL Exhibition Centre Londres, Reino UnidoCategoría Peso minimosca masculinoFecha 31 de julio11 de agostoOrganizador Comité Olímpico InternacionalPalmarés01 ! Oro  República Popular China (CHN)Zou Shiming02 ! Plata  Tailandia (THA)Kaeo Pongprayoon03 ! Bronce  Irlanda (IRL)Paddy Barnes Rusia (RUS)David AyrapetyanDatos estadísticosParticipantes 26 de 26 países Cronología 2008 2012 2016 [edi...

Men's halfpipeat the XIX Olympic Winter GamesPictogram for snowboardingVenuePark CityDate11 FebruaryCompetitors34 from 12 nationsWinning score46.1Medalists Ross Powers  United States Daniel Kass  United States Jarret Thomas  United States← 19982006 → Snowboarding at the2002 Winter OlympicsHalfpipemenwomenParallel giant slalommenwomenvte The men's halfpipe event in snowboarding at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held in Park City, United States. The ...

 

The former Atlantic Marine shipyard, now BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards, on Pinto Island in 2008. Pinto Island is an island in the U.S. state of Alabama, within the city limits of Mobile.[1] Located on the northwestern coast of Mobile Bay, it is bounded on the west by the Mobile River, on the south by Mobile Bay, on the east by the Spanish River, and on the north by Pinto Pass (now partially infilled with dredged material to form a land bridge) and Blakeley Island. It is dedicated to...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!