丁元薦

丁元薦
大明刑部檢校尚寶少卿
籍貫浙江承宣布政使司湖州府長興縣
族裔漢族
字號字長孺;號慎所
出生嘉靖三十九年(1560年)十二月十一日
逝世天啓五年(1625年)
配偶娶臧氏
親屬父:丁應詔
出身
  • 萬曆十三年乙酉科浙江乡试第三十名舉人
  • 萬曆十四年丙戌科三甲第四十名同進士出身
經歷
  • 中書舍人(萬曆二十一年~萬曆?年)
  • 廣東按察司經歷(萬曆三十八年~萬曆?年)
  • 廣東按察司知事(萬曆?年~萬曆三十九年)
  • 禮部主客司主事(萬曆三十九年~萬曆?年)
  • 刑部檢校(天啟?年~天啟四年)
  • 尚寶司少卿(天啟四年~天啟五年)
著作
  • 《赤水玄珠序》
  • 《西山日記》二卷
  • 《尊拙堂文集》十二卷
  • 《程朱道命錄》
  • 《名山言海印譜》二卷[1]

丁元薦(1560年—1625年),字長孺,號慎所浙江承宣布政使司湖州府長興縣(今浙江省長興縣)人,明朝政治人物,曾在廣東等地任職,歷仕禮部刑部,官至刑部檢校尚寶司少卿。事迹具《明史》本傳。[2][3][4][5]

生平

萬曆十三年(1585年),丁元薦中式乙酉科浙江鄉試第三十名舉人,萬曆十四年(1586年)聯捷第三甲進士。後父去世,以丁外艱請告歸[6],在家居喪八年後,始謁選成為中書舍人。二十七年(1599年),京察,後又以丁內艱去職,居喪達十二年之久[7][6]。萬曆三十八年(1610年),任廣東按察司經歷,後升按察司知事。翌年(1611年),再升禮部主客司主事。後移疾去[6]。萬曆四十五年(1617年),因於黨爭被打垮而被削籍革職。天啟四年(1624年),朝臣交訟其冤,後獲起任刑部檢校。同年後期,封尚寶司少卿。五年(1625年),朝事大變,再被朝廷削籍革職。同年不久去世,享年六十五歲。[7]

事迹

痛陳時弊

丁元薦初舉進士,即遭臨喪父之痛,守孝達八年,後始謁選成為中書舍人。初居官,因見時政流弊,上書朝廷以萬言書,痛陳時弊,主要抨擊「今日事勢可寒心者三」:「饑民思亂也,武備積弛也,日本封貢也。」、歎息時政七事:「征斂苛急也,賞罰不明也,忠賢廢錮也,輔臣妬嫉也,議論滋多也,士習敗壞也,褒功恤忠未備也。」,以及「坐視而不可救藥者」二事:「紀綱、人心也。」丁實則專批曾為丁的座主,當時正任首輔王錫爵[7]

捲入黨爭

萬曆二十七年(1599年),適逢京察內計。不久丁母去世,丁服喪十二年。三十八年(1610年),復任廣東按察司經歷,升按察司知事,再移禮部主事。剛上任禮部主事之時,又正值辛亥京察(1611年)。時有東林黨爭,官僚乘機徇私毀譽,結援同黨。當時任職吏部尚書孫丕揚揚言會力清「邪黨」(宣黨、崑黨、楚黨、齊黨、浙黨等),但後反為眾朋黨集團所攻擊。[8][9]副都御史許弘綱又與孫共同掌管京察事務,眼見黨爭為禍,因而恐懼諸黨威脅,數年間累上疏要求重新進行京察。朋黨各部故以為孫丕揚領東林黨人直疏其非,要求重核,又群起而攻擊孫。《明史》提到當時黨爭的情境為:「察疏猶未下,人情杌隉,慮事中變,然無敢言者。」可見朝廷已四分五裂。這時丁元薦見狀,上疏許弘綱不應因恐懼諸黨勢力而不敢直議,於是丁遭眾黨暗批發狀,兼與部分朋黨成員交惡。丁其後再上疏,欲辨晰事件,但不成功。其後黨爭愈加激烈,朝中正臣幾乎被打垮殆盡,主要因為朋黨以東林黨人籌辦之鄉試,乃「六經亂天下」之由而上訴得直。丁此時正居家,聞黨爭互責互批之說,更甚惱怒,於是再次嚴詞上疏,「極詆亂政之叛高皇,邪說之叛孔子者」。這份奏疏當然不被接納,其他朋黨成員亦與丁交惡日深。萬曆四十五年(1617年),丁巳京察,丁元薦因朝中朋黨互相侵迫相害,被削籍革職。[7]

宦海浮沉

天啟初年,有朝臣大起遺逸,當中不乏東林黨人,丁亦在遺逸之列,但丁獨「格於例」,不參與召見。天啟四年(1624年),朝臣交訟丁之於黨爭之冤情,再起任刑部檢校,歷任尚寶司少卿。但短短一年後,天啟五年(1625年),又因朝事大變,被朝廷再次削籍革職。[7]

辭卻官籍

丁被削籍後,始終因東林黨爭而繼續被朝臣抹黑、彈劾。後學於許孚遠,學成後又與顧憲成同遊。丁通籍滿四十年之時,前後服官亦未達一載,曾與邵沈㴶同邀入閣,但兩人亦謝卻不見丁曾拜訪高攀龍,高亦有力勸丁入閣,但丁始終辭卻所請,道:「吾老矣,不能涉嫌要津。」語後匆忙而去。丁後於天啟五年去世,享年六十五歲。[7]

家族

曾祖丁曜,益府典膳。祖父丁良卿,州同知,累赠儒林郎大理寺右寺正。父丁應詔,辛未進士,任江西僉事。母李氏,累封安人。重庆下。弟元庆、元輔、元德、元英、元美。

評價

《明史》載丁道:「慷慨負氣,遇事奮前,屢躓無少挫。」以顯丁氏於黨爭中,以及被黨人打垮後,依然持守氣節,亦辭卻所有邀官之請。

實則丁元薦歷仕多年,以東林黨爭對其仕途窒礙最大。其中兩次京察,均被黨人承機譭譽,終被朝廷兩度削籍。晚年的丁元薦因而對任官心倦,多次辭卻東林黨人重任官職之請。據《明史》本傳終句載,東林黨爭禍害,主要因東林黨及浙黨相互交惡。直至丁元薦臨行將就木之時,浙黨所彈射的東林黨人中,就以李三才、丁元薦及于玉立最為盛,死後依然被人一直譭譽,黨爭於明神宗在任之時始終無日無之。[7]

著述

丁有著《赤水玄珠序》、《西山日記》二卷、《尊拙堂文集》十二卷、《程朱道命錄》,以及《名山言海印譜》二卷。[10][11]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 葉銘:《廣印人傳
  2. ^ 張廷玉等:《明史‧卷二百三十六‧列傳第一百二十四》:「丁元薦,字長孺,長興人。父應詔,江西僉事。元薦舉萬曆十四年進士。請告歸。家 居八年,始謁選為中書舍人。甫期月,上封事萬言,極陳時弊。言今日事勢可寒心者三:饑民思亂也,武備積弛也,日本封貢也。可浩歎者七:征斂苛急也,賞罰不明也,忠賢廢錮也, 輔臣妬嫉也,議論滋多也,士習敗壞也,褒功恤忠未備也。坐視而不可救藥者二,則紀綱、人心也。其所言輔臣,專斥首輔王錫爵,元薦座主也。」
  3. ^ 張廷玉等:《明史‧卷二百三十六‧列傳第一百二十四》:「二十七年京察。元薦家居,坐浮躁論調。閱十有二年,起廣東按察司經歷,移禮部主事。甫抵官,值京察事竣,尚書孫丕揚力清邪黨,反為其黨所攻。副都御史許弘綱故共掌察,見群小橫甚,畏之,累疏請竣察典,語頗示異。群小藉以攻丕揚。察疏猶未下,人情杌隉,慮事中變,然無敢言者。元薦乃上言弘綱持議不宜前卻,幷盡發諸人隱狀。黨人惡之,交章論劾無虛日。元薦復再疏辨晰,竟不安其身而去。其後邪黨愈熾,正人屏斥殆盡,至有以『六經亂天下』語入鄉試策問者。元薦家居不勝憤,復馳疏闕下,極詆亂政之叛高皇,邪說之叛孔子者。疏雖不報,黨人益惡之。四十五年京察,遂復以不謹削籍。」
  4. ^ 張廷玉等:《明史‧卷二百三十六‧列傳第一百二十四》:「天啟初,大起遺佚。元薦格於例,獨不召。至四年,廷臣交訟其冤,起刑部檢校,歷尚寶少卿。明年,朝事大變,復削其籍。元薦初學於許孚遠,已,從顧憲成遊。慷慨負氣,遇事奮前,屢躓無少挫。通籍四十年,前後服官不滿一載。同邵沈召入閣,邀一見,謝不往。嘗過高攀龍,請與交歡,辭曰:『吾老矣,不能涉嫌要津。』遽別去。當東林、浙黨之分,浙黨所彈射東林者,李三才之次則元薦與于玉立。」
  5. ^ 啟禎野乘‧卷三》,頁107
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 《啟禎野乘‧卷三》,頁107
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 張廷玉等:《明史‧卷二百三十六‧列傳第一百二十四》
  8. ^ 夏允彝:《倖存錄‧門戶大略》:「自萬曆以前,未有黨名,及四明(沈一貫)為相,以才自許,不為人下,而一時賢者如顧憲成、孫丕揚、鄒元標趙南星之流,蹇諤自負,每相持。附四明者,言路亦有人。而憲成講學於東林,名流咸樂於趨之,此東林、浙黨所白始也。」
  9. ^ 《弘光朝偽東宮偽後及黨禍紀略》:「黨禍始於萬曆間,浙人沈一貫為相,擅權自恣,多置私人於要路;而一時賢者如顧憲成、高攀龍、孫丕揚、鄒元標、趙南星之屬,氣節自許,每與政府相持。而高、顧講學於東林,名流咸樂附之,此東林黨禍所自始也。」
  10. ^ 張廷玉等:《明史‧卷二百三十六‧列傳第一百二十四》
  11. ^ 葉銘:《廣印人傳》

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