↑Note that this image includes 'Th' ligatures, common in Adobe typefaces but not found in the 16th century.
↑Specifically, Manutius's type, the first type now classified as "Garalde", was not so different from other typefaces around at the time.[16] However, the waves of "Garalde" faces coming out of France from the 1530s onwards did tend to cleanly displace earlier typefaces, and became an international standard.[17][18]
↑Early italics were intended to exist on their own on the page, and so often had very long ascenders and descenders, especially the "chancery italics" of printers such as Arrighi.[29]Jan van Krimpen's Cancelleresca Bastarda typeface, intended to complement his serif family Romulus, was nonetheless cast on a larger body to allow it to have an appropriately expansive feel.
↑Monotype executive Stanley Morison, who commissioned Times New Roman, noted that he hoped that it "has the merit of not looking as if it had been designed by somebody in particular".[44]
↑It should be realised that "Transitional" is a somewhat nebulous classification, almost always including Baskerville and other typefaces around this period but also sometimes including 19th and 20th-century reimaginations of old-style faces, such as Bookman and Plantin, and sometimes some of the later "old-style" faces such as the work of Caslon and his imitators. In addition, of course Baskerville and others of this period would not have seen their work as "transitional" but as an end in itself. Eliason (2015) provides a leading modern critique and assessment of the classification, but even in 1930 A.F. Johnson called the term "vague and unsatisfactory."[45][47]
↑Additional subgenres of Didone type include "fat faces" (ultra-bold designs for posters) and "Scotch Modern" designs (used in the English-speaking world for book and newspaper printing).[48]
↑Early slab-serif types were given a variety of names for branding purposes, such as 'Egyptian', 'Italian', 'Ionic', 'Doric', 'French-Clarendon' and 'Antique', which generally have little or no connection to their actual history. Nonetheless, the names have persisted in use.
อ้างอิง
↑Phinney, Thomas. "Sans Serif: Gothic and Grotesque". TA. Showker Graphic Arts & Design. Showker. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 19 October 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 February 2013.
↑Dixon, Catherine (2002), "Twentieth Century Graphic Communication: Technology, Society and Culture", Typeface classification, Friends of St Bride, คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2014-10-26, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-08-14
↑อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ <ref> ไม่ถูกต้อง ไม่มีการกำหนดข้อความสำหรับอ้างอิงชื่อ The first roman fonts
↑ 23.023.1Vervliet, Hendrik D.L. (2008). The palaeotypography of the French Renaissance. Selected papers on sixteenth-century typefaces. 2 vols. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 90–91, etc. ISBN978-90-04-16982-1. [On Robert Estienne's typefaces of the 1530s]: Its outstanding design became standard for Roman type in the two centuries to follow...From the 1540s onwards French Romans and Italics had begun to infiltrate, probably by way of Lyons, the typography of the neighbouring countries. In Italy, major printers replaced the older, noble but worn Italian characters and their imitations from Basle.
↑Carter, Harry (1969). A View of Early Typography up to about 1600 (Second edition (2002) ed.). London: Hyphen Press. pp. 72–4. ISBN0-907259-21-9. De Aetna was decisive in shaping the printers' alphabet. The small letters are very well made to conform with the genuinely antique capitals by emphasis on long straight strokes and fine serifs and to harmonise in curvature with them. The strokes are thinner than those of Jenson and his school...the letters look narrower than Jenson's, but are in fact a little wider because the short ones are bigger, and the effect of narrowness makes the face suitable for octavo pages...this Roman of Aldus is distinguishable from other faces of the time by the level cross-stroke in 'e' and the absence of top serifs from the insides of the vertical strokes of 'M', following the model of Feliciano. We have come to regard his small 'e' as an improvement on previous practice.
↑Boardley, John (25 November 2014). "Brief notes on the first italic". i love typography. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 19 October 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 September 2017.
↑Lane, John (1983). "The Types of Nicholas Kis". Journal of the Printing Historical Society: 47–75. Kis's Amsterdam specimen of c. 1688 is an important example of the increasing tendency to regard a range of roman and italic types as a coherent family, and this may well have been a conscious innovation. But italics were romanised to a greater degree in many earlier handwritten examples and occasional earlier types, and Jean Jannon displayed a full range of matching roman and italic of his own cutting in his 1621 specimen...[In appendix] [György] Haiman notes that this trend is foreshadowed in the specimens of Guyot in the mid-sixteenth century and Berner in 1592.
↑"Renner Antiqua – Reviving a serif typeface from the designer of Futura". Linotype. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2013-10-07. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-04-15. Antiqua is a term used in German to denote serif typefaces, many of them oldstyles (Garamond-Antiqua, Palatino-Antiqua, etc.). The word is used in very much the same way as "roman" [is used] in English-speaking typography to differentiate between upright and italic typefaces in a family.
↑"Type History 1". Typofonderie Gazette. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 23 December 2015. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 December 2015.
↑ 37.037.1Mosley, James. "Type and its Uses, 1455-1830"(PDF). Institute of English Studies. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม(PDF)เมื่อ 9 October 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 7 October 2016. Although types on the 'Aldine' model were widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries, a new variant that was often slightly more condensed in its proportions, and darker and larger on its body, became sufficiently widespread, at least in Northern Europe, to be worth defining as a distinct style and examining separately. Adopting a term used by Fournier le jeune, the style is sometimes called the 'Dutch taste', and sometimes, especially in Germany, 'baroque'. Some names associated with the style are those of Van den Keere, Granjon, Briot, Van Dijck, Kis (maker of the so-called 'Janson' types), and Caslon.
↑de Jong, Feike; Lane, John A. "The Briot project. Part I". PampaType. TYPO, republished by PampaType. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 12 June 2018. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 June 2018.
↑Unger, Gerard (1 January 2001). "The types of François-Ambroise Didot and Pierre-Louis Vafflard. A further investigation into the origins of the Didones". Quaerendo. 31 (3): 165–191. doi:10.1163/157006901X00047.
↑Eliason, Craig (October 2015). ""Transitional" Typefaces: The History of a Typefounding Classification". Design Issues. 31 (4): 30–43. doi:10.1162/DESI_a_00349. S2CID57569313.
↑Shinn, Nick. "Modern Suite"(PDF). Shinntype. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม(PDF)เมื่อ 25 February 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 August 2015.
↑Shaw, Paul (10 February 2011). "Overlooked Typefaces". Print magazine. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 22 June 2015. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 July 2015.
↑Ovink, G.W. (1971). "Nineteenth-century reactions against the didone type model - I". Quaerendo. 1 (2): 18–31. doi:10.1163/157006971x00301.
↑Ovink, G.W. (1971). "Nineteenth-century reactions against the didone type model - II". Quaerendo. 1 (4): 282–301. doi:10.1163/157006971x00239.
↑Ovink, G.W. (1 January 1972). "Nineteenth-century reactions against the didone type model-III". Quaerendo. 2 (2): 122–128. doi:10.1163/157006972X00229.
↑Frazier, J.L. (1925). Type Lore. Chicago. p. 14. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 August 2015.
↑"HFJ Didot". Hoefler & Frere-Jones. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 8 July 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 August 2015.
↑Leonidas, Gerry. "A primer on Greek type design". Gerry Leonidas/University of Reading. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 4 January 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 May 2017.
↑"GFS Didot". Greek Font Society. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 21 August 2015. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 August 2015.
↑Pracha Suveeranont. "ฝรั่งเศส". ๑๐ ตัวพิมพ์ กับ ๑๐ ยุคสังคมไทย (10 Faces of Thai Type and Thai Nation). Thaifaces. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2020. Originally exhibited 18–31 October 2002 at the Jamjuree Art Gallery, Chulalongkorn University, and published in Sarakadee. 17 (211). September 2002.
บรรณานุกรม
Robert Bringhurst, The Elements of Typographic Style, version 4.0 (Vancouver, BC, Canada: Hartley & Marks Publishers, 2012), ISBN0-88179-211-X.
Harry Carter, A View of Early Typography: Up to about 1600 (London: Hyphen Press, 2002).
Father Edward Catich, The Origin of the Serif: Brush Writing and Roman Letters, 2nd ed., edited by Mary W. Gilroy (Davenport, Iowa: Catich Gallery, St. Ambrose University, 1991), ISBN9780962974021.
Stanley Morison, A Tally of Types, edited by Brooke Crutchley et al., 2nd ed. (London: Cambridge University Press, 1973), ISBN978-0-521-09786-4. (on revivals of historical typefaces created by the British company Monotype)
———, “Type Designs of the Past and Present,” was serialized in 4 parts in 1937 in PM Magazine (the last 2 are available online):
Sébastien Morlighem, The 'modern face' in France and Great Britain, 1781-1825: typography as an ideal of progress (thesis, University of Reading, 2014), download linkเก็บถาวร 2022-09-28 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
Sébastien Morlighem, Robert Thorne and the Introduction of the 'modern' fat face, 2020, Poem, and presentation
James Mosley, Ornamented types: twenty-three alphabets from the foundry of Louis John Poucheé, I.M. Imprimit, 1993
Paul Shaw, Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past (Brighton: Quid Publishing, 2017), ISBN978-0-300-21929-6.
Walter Tracy, Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design, 2nd ed. (David R. Godine, 2003), ISBN9781567922400.
Daniel Berkeley Updike, Printing Types, their History, Forms, and Use: A Study in Survivals, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1922), volume 1 and volume 2—now outdated and known for a strong, not always accurate dislike of Dutch and modern-face printing, but extremely comprehensive in scope.
H. D. L. Vervliet, The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-Century Typefaces, 2 vols., Library of the Written Word series, No. 6, The Handpress World subseries, No. 4 (Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2008-11-27), ISBN978-90-04-16982-1.
———, Sixteenth Century Printing Types of the Low Countries, Annotated catalogue (Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1968-01-01), ISBN978-90-6194-859-9.
———, French Renaissance Printing Types: A Conspectus (Oak Knoll Press, 2010).
———, Liber librorum: 5000 ans d'art du livre (Arcade, 1972).
Translation: Fernand Baudin, The Book Through Five Thousand Years: A Survey, edited by Hendrik D. L. Vervliet (London: Phaidon, 1972).