AI研究の重要な目標の1つが、コンピューターと英語などの自然言語で会話できるようにすることである。初期の成功例として Daniel Bobrow の STUDENT というプログラムがあり、高校レベルの代数問題を解くことができた[58]。
意味ネットワークは、概念(例えば、「家」、「ドア」)をノードとし、概念間の関係(例えば "has-a")をノード間のリンクで表したものである。意味ネットワークを使った最初のAIプログラムは Ross Quillian が書いたもので[59]、最も成功した(議論も呼んだ)のはロジャー・シャンクのCD理論である[60]。
一部の哲学者は、AI研究者の主張に強く反論した。最初の批判者の1人 John Lucas は、ゲーデルの不完全性定理が形式体系(コンピュータプログラムなど)では人間が真偽を判断できることも判断できない場合があることを示していると主張した[93]。ヒューバート・ドレイファスは60年代の守られなかった約束を嘲笑し、人間の推論は「記号処理」などではなく、大部分が身体的かつ本能的で無意識なノウハウによっているとし、AIの前提を批評した[94][95]。1980年、ジョン・サールが提示した中国語の部屋は、プログラムが記号群を使っているからといって、それについて「理解」しているとは言えないことを示したものである(志向性)。記号群が機械にとって何の意味もないなら、その機械は「思考」しているとは言えないとサールは主張した[96]。
それらの成功は何か革新的な新パラダイムがもたらしたのではなく、アプリケーションの地道な改良とコンピュータのすさまじい性能向上によるものである[142]。実際、1951年に世界初のチェスプログラムが動作した Ferranti Mark 1 に比べると、ディープ・ブルーは1000万倍の性能である[143]。この劇的な進化はムーアの法則に沿ったもので、コンピュータの速度とメモリ容量は2年ごとに倍増すると予言した法則である。かつて根本問題の1つだった「コンピュータ性能の限界」は徐々に克服されつつある。
^Moravec (1988, p. 20) "I am confident that this bottom-up route to artificial intelligence will one date meet the traditional top-down route more than half way, ready to provide the real world competence and the commonsense knowledge that has been so frustratingly elusive in reasoning programs. Fully intelligent machines will result when the metaphorical golden spike is driven uniting the two efforts."
^ ab"AI-inspired systems were already integral to many everyday technologies such as internet search engines, bank software for processing transactions and in medical diagnosis." Nick Bostrom, quoted in CNN 2006
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